Recent research involving consent, alcohol intoxication, and memory: Implications for expert testimony in sexual assault cases

Drugs Used in "Chemsex"/Sexualized Drug Behaviour-Overview of the Related Clinical Psychopharmacological Issues

Background: "Chemsex" involves the intake of a range of drugs (e.g., synthetic cathinones, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid/gamma-butyrolactone (GHB/GBL), ketamine, methamphetamine, "poppers", type V phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, MDMA/ecstasy, cocaine, cannabis, and occasionally a few other molecules as well, to enhance and prolong sexual experiences. This paper aims to provide an overview of the clinical pharmacology of the vast range of drugs that are being used for chemsex with a focus on both the medical and psychopathological disturbances that they can produce. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 273 papers published up to January 2025 were screened; articles were selected based on relevance to chemsex/sexualized used behaviour and related substances. Both human and preclinical studies were considered. Results: The use of stimulants is likely related to the need to increase as much as possible both sexual arousal and performance but also to increase social interactions. Furthermore, the empathogenic/entactogenic activities of some MDMA-like "love drugs" facilitate the occurrence of "feeling closer/more intimate" emotional sensations, and GHB/GBL may provide the user with a subjective sensation of disinhibition, hence facilitating condomless meetings with a higher number of random partners. Conversely, ketamine may be used to both enjoy its psychotropic dissociative characteristics and facilitate the potentially painful receptive anal intercourse and/or fisting experiences. Most typically, these drugs are consumed in combination, with polydrug exposure possibly facilitating the occurrence of serotonergic syndrome, seizures, drug-drug pharmacokinetics' interaction, and sympathomimetic overstimulation. Following these polydrug exposures, a range of psychopathological conditions have at times been reported. These issues may lead to misuse of opiates/opioids, gabapentinoids, and/or antipsychotics. Conclusions: Further actions should aim at reducing the stigma that prevents individuals from accessing necessary healthcare and support services. A multidisciplinary approach that combines medical, psychological, and social support remains key to managing the complex challenges posed by chemsex-related drug use.