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Hassan NMF, Ghazy AA. Advances in diagnosis and control of anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal helminths infecting ruminants. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:901-915. [PMID: 36091263 PMCID: PMC9458815 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with gastrointestinal helminths is widely spread among ruminant causing severe losses and adversely affects the livestock husbandry. Synthetic chemotherapeutics have been utilized throughout years, as a means of combating helminthiasis. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) has a serious concern on livestock industry which, mainly arises as outcome of misuse, improper dosing and frequent utilization of the synthetic drugs.Various gastrointestinal helminths have the capability to survive the therapeutic dose of anthelmintics and become resistant to the major anthelmintic classes. Early diagnosis might delay or reduce the risk of AR. Conventional phenotyping methods were commonly used for detection of anthelmintic resistant helminths, but appeared to lack of sensitivity, especially when the frequency of resistant allele is very low. Several molecular assays were carried out to detect the AR with greater accuracy. Sustainable effective preventive and control measures for gastrointestinal helminths infection remain the corner stone to overcome AR. Rational use of anthelmintics with keeping unexposed proportion of worm populations, could have the potentiality to maintain and prolong the efficacy of anthelmintics. Several alternative anthelmintic treatments might offer valuable solutions either alone or adjunct to synthetic drugs to dilute the spread of resistance alleles among the helminths population. This article reviews current status of various diagnostic methods and control measures for anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal helminths infecting ruminants and tries to present a practical protocol to avoid or delay the development of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. F. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box: 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Ghazy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, P.O. Box: 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Geurden T, Smith ER, Vercruysse J, Yazwinski T, Rehbein S, Nielsen MK. Reflections and future directions for continued development and refinement of guidelines for anthelmintic efficacy studies. Vet Parasitol 2022; 307-308:109741. [PMID: 35667202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This reflection paper complements the WAAVP (World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology) general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, which outlines the general principles of anthelmintic efficacy evaluation across all animal host species. It provides background to the recommendations made in the WAAVP general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, with insights into the discussions leading to specific recommendations in the general guideline or the absence thereof. Furthermore, this paper discusses recent technological advancements with potential value to the evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy that may be considered for future versions of the general or species-specific guidelines if supported by sufficient levels of evidence. Finally, it also identifies potential research questions, such as the statistical approach for comparing worm counts between groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R Smith
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, USA Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, USA
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Investigating the benefits of targeted selective treatment according to average daily weight gain against gastrointestinal nematodes in Morada Nova lambs. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2433-2444. [PMID: 35624382 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a method of targeted selective treatment (TST) of Morada Nova lambs, based on the average daily weight gain (DWG). For this, 114 lambs in the rainy and 102 in the dry season were randomized into three treatments: control (CT), routine (RT, treated every 42 days), and targeted selective (TST, treated according to DWG). Packed cell volume (PCV) and eggs per gram of feces (EPG) tests were performed. The anthelmintic resistance of parasites was assessed by the EPG count reduction test (FECRT), RESISTA-Test©, and molecular test. For CT, RT, and TST groups, the following results were obtained: mean EPG values were 4665.1, 3063.5, and 3462.1 in the rainy season and 4475.1, 1341.7, and 2863.4 in the dry season, respectively; mean PCV values were 32.1, 33.4, and 32.3% in the rainy season and 33.9, 36.0, and 35.1% in the dry season; mean DWG readings were 0.087, 0.101, and 0.094 kg in the rainy season and 0.102, 0.113, and 0.112 kg in the dry season; efficacies of levamisole in FECRT were 66.4, 24.1, and 76.4% in the rainy and 90.7, 12.4, and 64.8% in the dry season, respectively; in the RESISTA-Test©, the LC50 values were 0.482, 1.926, and 0.117 µg.mL-1 in the rainy and 0.437, 0.851, and 0.045 µg.mL-1 in the dry season, respectively; the frequencies of the homozygous-resistant genotype were 57.1, 71.4, and 40.0% in the rainy and 47.8, 55.9, and 41.9% in the dry season. In conclusion, TST reduced the development of resistance through refugia maintenance, without productive losses, contributing to the sustainability of sheep breeding.
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Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Kuzmina TA, van Doorn DC, Meana A, Rehbein S, Elliott T, Reinemeyer CR. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): Third edition of guideline for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Teixeira WFP, Gomes LVC, Felippelli G, Buzzulini C, Zapa DMB, Cavalcante ASDA, Borges DGL, Ferreira LL, Santos TRD, Soares VE, Arnhold E, Costa AJD, Borges FDA, Lopes WDZ. Investigation of fecal egg counts versus worm burden and helminth fauna in cattle treated or not with macrocyclic lactones in a tropical region. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109618. [PMID: 34808589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes negatively impact the health and productivity of livestock. Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are the most common class of chemicals used in helminth control programs, however, their intense use is accelerating the development of parasite resistance. For cattle, little is known regarding the relationship between fecal egg counts (FECs) and the helminth population inside the animal's gastrointestinal tract and so this study evaluated the correlation between FEC and worm burden in cattle treated or not with MLs (ivermectin 200 μg/kg, ivermectin 630 μg/kg, abamectin 200 μg/kg, doramectin 700 μg/kg and moxidectin 200 μg/kg). Animals were necropsied to determine if there were any modifications to the proportions of worm species due to chemical treatment. FECs of ML-treated and untreated animals showed significant (p ≤ 0.05 and R2 ≥0.70) positive linear correlations and substantial or perfect strength-of-agreement (LCCC ≥ 0.61) with total worms present, all of which were Haemonchus placei and Cooperia punctata. However, this correlation and strength-of-agreement did not occur when the efficacy of MLs was ≥80 % against these helminths. Among the active MLs tested, moxidectin had the weakest relationship between FEC and worm burden, except for H. placei. Analysis of the helminthological fauna found an increase of H. placei (35.6 % = 95 % CI 35.4-35.6) and a consequent decrease of C. punctata (52.5 % = 95 % CI 52.3-52.6) in untreated animals, when compared to studies carried out over 20-40 years ago, but this proportion was reversed for ML-treated animals (C. punctata 64.5 % = 95 % CI 64.4-64.8; H. placei 30.8 % = 95 % CI 30.6-30.8). It is possible that MLs mitigate this effect in the field and that C. punctata remained prevalent in cattle in different regions of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dyego Gonçaslves Lino Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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O'Shaughnessy J, Drought Y, Lynch J, Denny M, Hurley C, Byrne W, Casey M, de Waal T, Sheehan M. Ivermectin treatment failure on four Irish dairy farms. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:4. [PMID: 31123583 PMCID: PMC6521450 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the use of the faecal egg count reduction test to evaluate the performance of ivermectin in treating gastrointestinal nematode infections in first grazing season (FGS) calves on four dairy farms in Co. Kilkenny, Ireland. On each farm, FGS calves were injected subcutaneously with ivermectin in accordance with their live weight (day 0). Calves were individually faecal sampled on both day 0 and day 14. Faecal egg counts were determined using the Mini-FLOTAC technique. Composite faecal cultures for each farm were performed on each sampling occasion. The faecal egg count reductions (mode) ranged from 17.3–80.2% with the lower 95% confidence limit ranging from 3.1–72.3% on the four farms, respectively. Ivermectin-resistant nematodes were detected on all farms, with evidence of Ostertagia resistance on one farm. This study highlights the urgent need for Irish producers to reappraise their parasite control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Shaughnessy
- 1Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Yvonne Drought
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Lynch
- Archersfield Veterinary Clinic, Archersfield, Castle Rd, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - Marian Denny
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Hebron Road, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - Christine Hurley
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Hebron Road, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - William Byrne
- 1Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Mícheál Casey
- 1Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Theo de Waal
- 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Maresa Sheehan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Hebron Road, Kilkenny, Ireland
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Odden A, Denwood MJ, Stuen S, Robertson LJ, Ruiz A, Hamnes IS, Hektoen L, Enemark HL. Field evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy: A novel approach demonstrates reduced efficacy of toltrazuril against ovine Eimeria spp. in Norway. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:304-311. [PMID: 29777962 PMCID: PMC6039322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ovine Eimeria spp. infections cause reduced welfare, increased mortality, and substantial economic losses, and anticoccidials are crucial for their control. Recent reports of toltrazuril resistance in pigs, and anecdotal reports of reduced anticoccidial efficacy in lambs, necessitate evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy. Due to the substantial lifecycle differences between nematodes and coccidia, current WAAVP methods for assessing anthelmintic efficacy are not suitable for such evaluations. Faecal samples were collected from 8 pairs of twin lambs from 36 Norwegian sheep farms 6-8 days after turnout. One twin of each pair was then treated with 20 mg/kg toltrazuril and a second faecal sample from all lambs was collected 7-11 days later. Oocyst excretion rate in all samples was determined using McMasters. Suitability of treatment timing was investigated by evaluating the increase in mean log oocyst excretion in untreated lambs. Based on comparisons between groups, a threshold of ≥0.75 (13 farms) was used to identify farms where drug efficacy could be assessed with confidence, drug efficacy on farms with increases of ≥0.5 but <0.75 (7 farms) were evaluated with caution, and drug efficacy on farms with increases of <0.5 (16 farms) was not estimated. Reduction in oocyst excretion between samples from treated lambs compared with controls from the 20 farms with a threshold of ≥0.5 were then analysed using a generalised linear mixed model. The results were classified based on 95% CI obtained using parametric bootstrapping. Among these 20 farms, two exhibited reduced drug efficacy (upper 95% CI < 95%), 13 had good efficacy (lower 95% CI > 90%), and for 5 the results were inconclusive. This is the first evidence-based report of reduced anticoccidial efficacy in ovine Eimeria spp. Additionally, we highlight the problem of sub-optimal timing of treatment (16/36 farms), which could potentially result in incorrect conclusions being reached regarding lack of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Odden
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, 4325 Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Matthew J Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, 4325 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Inger Sofie Hamnes
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Hektoen
- Animalia, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, P.O. Box 396, Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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