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Leong XY, Lee CY, Veera Singham G, Chong Shu-Chien A, Naylor R, Naylor A, Miller DM, Wilson MM, Lilly DG, Doggett SL. The Efficacy of a Pyrethroid-impregnated Mattress Liner on Multiple International Strains of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:19-28. [PMID: 35640206 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern bed bugs are resistant to multiple insecticide classes, particularly the pyrethroids. The efficacy of pyrethroid-impregnated mattress liners marketed for bed bug management has been variable. This study evaluated the efficacy of a permethrin-impregnated mattress liner, ActiveGuard, against 24 bed bug strains, consisting of both Cimex hemipterus (F.) and Cimex lectularius L. A 'mat assay', employing an allethrin-impregnated mat, was used to establish the pyrethroid resistance profile of all strains. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ActiveGuard exposure on bed bug knockdown: 1) exposing the bed bugs continuously on the liner for up to 24 d, 2) holding the bed bugs on the liner for either 4 or 6 h, and 3) placing a noninsecticide treated fabric above the liner with the bed bugs held continuously on top. Our results indicated that all modern strains (collected within the last 15 years during the current resurgence) were pyrethroid-resistant, although the magnitude of resistance was highly variable between strains. In the continuous exposure study, an incomplete knockdown was recorded for most modern bed bug strains, with some having no knockdown even up to 7 d of constant exposure. In the 4 or 6 h exposure study, the level of knockdown was reduced even further, and very few bed bugs were knocked down in the double fabric study. The results of this study indicate that pyrethroid-impregnated mattress liners are not likely to be effective in the management of most modern bed bug infestations involving either C. hemipterus or C. lectularius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yeng Leong
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Richard Naylor
- CimexStore, Priors Loft, Tidenham, Chepstow NP16 7JD, UK
| | - Alexia Naylor
- CimexStore, Priors Loft, Tidenham, Chepstow NP16 7JD, UK
| | - Dini M Miller
- Department of Medical Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Morgan M Wilson
- Department of Medical Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David G Lilly
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney and Pathology West - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Tiotour M, Shaddel M, Aminianfar M, Mirahmadi H, Barzegar G, Solgi R, Darvishi M. Identification of Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:204-207. [PMID: 35895369 PMCID: PMC9294690 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide resurgence of tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus beginning in the late 1990s has led to growing concern. Molecular data on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the control strategies, is unknown for C. hemipterus in Iran. The current study evaluated the deltamethrin resistance status of C. hemipterus by bioassay and molecular tests. Live bed bugs were collected from sleeping quarters (dormitories) in the city of Tehran and used for insecticide bioassay tests. For bioassay evaluation, mixed-sex pools of adult bugs were exposed to deltamethrin (0.025%)-treated paper. Polymerase chain reaction assay evaluated resistance-related mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) gene of studied populations. On the basis of the bioassay test within the 48-h exposure to deltamethrin, C. hemipterus were determined to be resistant. Knockdown time ratios (KR50) in the studied populations of C. hemipterus was 5.5-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Teh strain. DNA sequencing of the VGSC gene revealed the presence of mutations at M918I and L1014 in C. hemipterus. According to the bioassay and molecular results of current study, C. hemipterus showed a high degree of pyrethroid resistance. The application of multiple approaches including physical, biological, and chemical tests should be regarded in future bed bug control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Tiotour
- Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Shaddel
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aminianfar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Barzegar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahmat Solgi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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