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Lech A, Garbacz P, Sikorski A, Gazda M, Wesolowski M. New Saccharin Salt of Chlordiazepoxide: Structural and Physicochemical Examination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912050. [PMID: 36233346 PMCID: PMC9570060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the formation of organic salts can improve the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the aim of this work was to prepare an organic salt of chlordiazepoxide with saccharin. To achieve this goal, the saccharin salt of chlordiazepoxide was obtained from a physical mixture of both components by grinding them with a small volume of solvent and by crystallizing them with complete evaporation of the solvent. The resulting salt was examined by methods such as Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of the studies proved that saccharin salt of chlordiazepoxide crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group with one chlordiazepoxide cation and one saccharin anion in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal of the title compound, the chlordiazepoxide cation and the saccharin anion interact through strong N–H···O hydrogen bonds and weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds. The disappearance of the N–H band in the FT-IR spectrum of saccharin may indicate a shift of this proton towards chlordiazepoxide, while the disappearance of the aromatic bond band in the chlordiazepoxide ring in the Raman spectrum may suggest the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between chlordiazepoxide molecules. The melting point of the salts differs from that of the starting compounds. Thermal decomposition of the salt begins above 200 °C and shows at least two overlapping stages of mass loss. In summary, the results of the research showed that the crystalline salt of the saccharin and chlordiazepoxide can be obtained by various methods: grinding with the addition of acetonitrile and crystallization from acetonitrile or a mixture of methanol with methylene chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lech
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Garbacz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria Gazda
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wesolowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-15-25
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Sweet-Tasting Ionic Conjugates of Local Anesthetics and Vasoconstrictors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040983. [PMID: 33673320 PMCID: PMC7918242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local anesthetics are widely utilized in dentistry, cosmetology, and medicine. Local anesthesia is essential to providing a pain-free experience during dental and local surgeries as well as cosmetic procedures. However, the injection itself may produce discomfort and be a source of aversion. A novel approach toward the taste modulation of local anesthetics is proposed, in which the anesthetics of the “-caine” family serve as cations and are coupled with anionic sweeteners such as saccharinate and acesulfamate. Ionic conjugates of vasoconstrictor epinephrine such as epinephrine saccharinate and epinephrine acesulfamate have also been synthesized. Novel ionic conjugates were developed using anion exchange techniques. Reported compounds are sweet-tasting and are safe to use both topically and as injections.
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Surov AO, Voronin AP, Drozd KV, Churakov AV, Roussel P, Perlovich GL. Diversity of crystal structures and physicochemical properties of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin salts with fumaric acid. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce02033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin – antibacterial fluoroquinolone compounds – with fumaric acid resulted in the isolation of six distinct solid forms of the drugs with different stoichiometries and hydration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O. Surov
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Alexander P. Voronin
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Ksenia V. Drozd
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | | | - Pascal Roussel
- UCCS UMR 8181 University des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-1
- Lille
- France
| | - German L. Perlovich
- Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- Ivanovo
- Russia
- Department of Chemistry
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Romañuk CB, Garro-Linck Y, Alves de Santana MS, Manzo RH, Ayala AP, Monti GA, Chattah AK, Olivera ME. Application of 1-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to the Characterization of Morphine, Morphine Hydrochloride, and Their Hydrates. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3033-3040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zhang G, Zhang L, Yang D, Zhang N, He L, Du G, Lu Y. Salt screening and characterization of ciprofloxacin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:20-8. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520615018582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of improving the solubility of ciprofloxacin, polybasic organic acids were utilized to react with ciprofloxacin in different stoichiometric proportions. The use of the solvent drop grinding (SDG) method, as well as the solvent evaporation method, resulted in the crystalline salts ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (1:1, 2:1), ciprofloxacin/maleic acid (1:1) and ciprofloxacin/citric acid (2:1). The solubilities of these salts in pure water (pH 7.0) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 310 K, with the salts showing considerably greater solubility than ciprofloxacin itself and, interestingly, ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (2:1) being more soluble than ciprofloxacin/fumaric acid (1:1). Intrigued by this phenomenon, we undertook a comparison of the crystal structures of the salts: the three-dimensional sandwich-like structure observed in the 2:1 salt indicates that the preferred stacking may be a factor in increasing the solubility of ciprofloxacin.
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Lebedyeva IO, Oliferenko AA, Oliferenko PV, Hromas RA, Neubert JK, Caudle RM, Wickersham J, Castleman WL, Altschuler GI, Ostrov DA, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Ionic conjugates of lidocaine and sweeteners as better tasting local anesthetics for dentistry. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8492-8498. [PMID: 32262689 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lidocaine is the most widely utilized intraoral injected dental anesthetic, used for more than 500 million dental injections per year. Local anesthesia is essential for pain-free dentistry, yet intraoral injections are often considered painful and a source of anxiety for many patients. Any new anesthetics that will reduce the stress and anxiety of dental injection are expected to be beneficial. A novel chemical approach to taste modulation is proposed, in which the lidocaine cation is coupled with anionic sweeteners such as saccarinate and acesulfamate. The ionic conjugates synthesized using anion exchange techniques, were much less bitter, demonstrated a high local anesthetic potential in animal studies, and were as safe as the original hydrochloride. Based on the currently robust market for lidocaine it is expected that the resulting anesthetics will be in high demand in clinical practices worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna O Lebedyeva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
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Surov AO, Manin AN, Voronin AP, Drozd KV, Simagina AA, Churakov AV, Perlovich GL. Pharmaceutical salts of ciprofloxacin with dicarboxylic acids. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bag PP, Ghosh S, Khan H, Devarapalli R, Malla Reddy C. Drug–drug salt forms of ciprofloxacin with diflunisal and indoprofen. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two drug–drug salt forms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) with diflunisal (CIP/DIF) and indoprofen (CIP/INDP/H2O) were synthesized and characterized by PXRD, FTIR, DSC and TGA. Crystal structure determination revealed the transferability of the robust synthon 1 in the two novel salt forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Bag
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Hamza Khan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Ramesh Devarapalli
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
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Singh SS, Thakur TS. New crystalline salt forms of levofloxacin: conformational analysis and attempts towards the crystal structure prediction of the anhydrous form. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brittain HG. Polymorphism and Solvatomorphism 2010. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:464-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Taylor LS. Application of mid-IR spectroscopy for the characterization of pharmaceutical systems. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Garro Linck Y, Chattah AK, Graf R, Romañuk CB, Olivera ME, Manzo RH, Monti GA, Spiess HW. Multinuclear solid state NMR investigation of two polymorphic forms of ciprofloxacin-saccharinate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6590-6. [PMID: 21384011 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02919j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two polymorphic forms of a novel pharmaceutical compound, ciprofloxacin-saccharinate (CIP-SAC), are analyzed using one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at fast magic angle spinning (MAS). Additionally (15)N spectroscopy and (1)H-(13)C correlation experiments were performed to complement our conclusions. The 1D (1)H NMR spectra of CIP and complexes reveal valuable information about the ionic bonding between ciprofloxacin and saccharine. Additionally, these spectra allow us to perform a clear characterization of each solid form, giving the number of molecules per unit cell in one of the polymorphs. From 2D (1)H-(1)H spectra obtained through double quantum correlations we can arrive at important conclusions about the hydrogen bonding, conformation, and intra and inter-molecular interactions present in these compounds. Comparing and contrasting the (1)H-(1)H correlation data obtained for both polymorphic forms and taking into account the single crystal structure data existing for the solid form CIP-SAC (II) was possible to extract some conclusions on the polymorph CIP-SAC (I) where no single crystal information is available. (1)H MAS NMR is shown to be an important tool in the field of polymorphism and for the characterization of multicomponent pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Garro Linck
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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