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Gholami R, Azizi K, Ganjali Koli M. Unveiling the dynamic and thermodynamic interactions of hydrocortisone with β-cyclodextrin and its methylated derivatives through insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12495. [PMID: 38822025 PMCID: PMC11143220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) can enhance the stability and bioavailability of pharmaceutical compounds by encapsulating them within their cavities. This study utilized molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction mechanisms between hydrocortisone (HC) and various methylated CD derivatives. The results reveal that the loading of HC into CD cavities follows different mechanisms depending on the degree and position of methylation. Loading into βCD and 6-MeβCD was more complete, with the hydroxyl groups of HC facing the primary hydroxyl rim (PHR) and the ketone side facing the secondary hydroxyl rim (SHR). In contrast, 2,3-D-MeβCD and 2,6-D-MeβCD showed a different loading mechanism, with the ketone side facing the PHR and the hydroxyl groups facing the SHR. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analysis demonstrated that methylation increases the flexibility of CD heavy atoms, with 3-MeβCD and 2,3-D-MeβCD exhibiting the highest flexibility. However, upon inclusion of HC, 3-MeβCD, 2,3-D-MeβCD, 2-MeβCD, and 6-MeβCD showed a significant reduction in flexibility, suggesting a more rigid structure that effectively retains HC within their cavities. The radial distribution function revealed a significant reduction in the number of water molecules within the innermost layer of the methylated CD cavities, particularly in TMeβCD, indicating a decrease in polarity. The presence of HC led to the release of high-energy water molecules, creating more favorable conditions for HC loading. Conformational analysis showed that methylation caused a partial decrease in the area of the PHR, a significant decrease in the area of the middle rim, and a notable decrease in the area of the SHR. The loading of HC increased the area of the PHR in most derivatives, with the most pronounced increase observed in 2,6-D-MeβCD and 6-MeβCD. The analysis of interaction energies and binding free energies demonstrated that the binding of HC to methylated CD derivatives is thermodynamically more favorable than to βCD, with the strongest association observed for 6-MeβCD, 2-MeβCD, and 2,3-D-MeβCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Khaled Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Kask Afrand Exire Ltd., Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Mokhtar Ganjali Koli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Kask Afrand Exire Ltd., Sanandaj, Iran
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Radeva L, Yordanov Y, Spassova I, Kovacheva D, Tibi IPE, Zaharieva MM, Kaleva M, Najdenski H, Petrov PD, Tzankova V, Yoncheva K. Incorporation of Resveratrol-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Complexes into Hydrogel Formulation for Wound Treatment. Gels 2024; 10:346. [PMID: 38786263 PMCID: PMC11121020 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol could be applied in wound healing therapies because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. However, the main limitation of resveratrol is its low aqueous solubility. In this study, resveratrol was included in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes and further formulated in Pluronic F-127 hydrogels for wound treatment therapy. IR-spectroscopy and XRD analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of resveratrol into complexes. The wound-healing ability of these complexes was estimated by a scratch assay on fibroblasts, which showed a tendency for improvement of the effect of resveratrol after complexation. The antimicrobial activity of resveratrol in aqueous dispersion and in the complexes was evaluated on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans strains. The results revealed a twofold decrease in the MIC and stronger inhibition of the metabolic activity of MRSA after treatment with resveratrol in the complexes compared to the suspended drug. Furthermore, the complexes were included in Pluronic hydrogel, which provided efficient drug release and appropriate viscoelastic properties. The formulated hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility which was confirmed via skin irritation test on rabbits. In conclusion, Pluronic hydrogel containing resveratrol included in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes is a promising topical formulation for further studies directed at wound therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubomira Radeva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Spassova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Maya M. Zaharieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mila Kaleva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Najdenski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar D. Petrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Virginia Tzankova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
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Su M, Ren X, Du D, He H, Zhang D, Xie R, Deng X, Zou C, Zou H. Curcumol β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex enhances radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer under hypoxic and normoxic condition. Jpn J Radiol 2023; 41:1275-1289. [PMID: 37227584 PMCID: PMC10613597 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is an indispensable treatment for esophageal cancer (EC), but radioresistance is not uncommon. Curcumol, as an active extract from traditional Chinese medicines, has been reported to have antitumor activity in various types of human tumor cells. However, its reversal of radioresistance has been rarely reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, curcumol was prepared as an inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin. EC cell lines were treated with radiation and curcumol β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (CβC), and the effect of radiosensitization of CβC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro experiments included cell proliferation assay, clonogenic survival assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle assay, and western blot assay. RESULTS The in vitro data revealed that CβC and irradiation synergistically inhibited the proliferation, reduced the colony formation, promoted the apoptosis, increased the G2/M phase, inhibited DNA damage repair, and reversed the hypoxia-mediated radioresistance of EC cells to a greater extent than did CβC alone or irradiation alone. The sensitization enhancement ratios (SERs) were 1.39 for TE-1 and 1.48 for ECA109 under hypoxia. The SERs were 1.25 for TE-1 and 1.32 for ECA109 under normoxia. The in vivo data demonstrated that the combination of CβC and irradiation could inhibit tumor growth to the greatest extent compared with either monotherapy alone. The enhancement factor was 2.45. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CβC could enhance radiosensitivity of EC cells under hypoxic and normoxic condition. Thus, CβC can be used as an effective radiosensitizer for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexi Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Raoying Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haizhou Zou
- Derpartment of Medical Oncology, Wenzhou Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No. 9 Jiaowei Street, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Yilmaz AS, Ozturk S, Salih B, Ayyala RS, Sahiner N. ESI-IM-MS characterization of cyclodextrin complexes and their chemically cross-linked alpha (α-), beta (β-) and gamma (γ-) cyclodextrin particles as promising drug delivery materials with improved bioavailability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 230:113522. [PMID: 37657404 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are natural cyclic oligosaccharides with a relatively hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface. In this study, alpha (α-), beta (β-) and gamma (γ-) CD particles were prepared by directly using α-, β-, and γ-CDs as monomeric units and divinyl sulfone (DVS) as a crosslinker in a single-step via reverse micelle microemulsion crosslinking technique. Particles of p(α-CD), p(β-CD), and p(γ-CD) were perfectly spherical in sub- 10 µm size ranges. The prepared p(CD) particles at 1.0 mg/mL concentrations were found biocompatible with > 95 % cell viability against L929 fibroblasts. Furthermore, p(α-CD) and p(β-CD) particles were found non-hemolytic with < 2 % hemolysis ratios, whereas p(γ-CD) particles were found to be slightly hemolytic with its 2.1 ± 0.4 % hemolysis ratio at 1.0 mg/mL concentration. Furthermore, a toxic compound, Bisphenol A (BPA) and a highly antioxidant polyphenol, curcumin (CUR) complexation with α-, β-, and γ-CD molecules was investigated via Electrospray-Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-IM-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. It was determined that the most stable noncovalent complex was in the case of β-CD, but the complex stoichiometry was changed by the hydrophobic nature of the guest molecules. In addition, BPA and CUR were separately loaded into prepared p(CD) particles as active agents. The drug loading and release studies showed that p(CD) particles possess governable loading and releasing profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Sanem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Serhat Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ramesh S Ayyala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Eye Institute, 12901 Bruce B Down Blvd, MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, and Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Eye Institute, 12901 Bruce B Down Blvd, MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Grecu M, Minea B, Foia LG, Bostanaru-Iliescu AC, Miron L, Nastasa V, Mares M. Short Review on the Biological Activity of Cyclodextrin-Drug Inclusion Complexes Applicable in Veterinary Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:5565. [PMID: 37513437 PMCID: PMC10383344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of carrier molecules used to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of therapeutic molecules. These cyclic oligosaccharides have medical and pharmaceutical applications by being able to form inclusion complexes with molecules that are poorly soluble in water. The benefits of these complexes are directed towards improving the chemical and biological properties-i.e., solubility, bioavailability, stability, non-toxicity and shelf life of drug molecules. Since the 1960s, the first inclusion complexes used in therapeutics were those with α-, β- and γ-CD, which proved their usefulness, but had certain degrees of particularly renal toxicity. Currently, to correct these deficiencies, β-CD derivatives are most frequently used, such as sulfobutylether-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, etc. Therefore, it is of interest to bring to the attention of those interested the diversity of current and potential future clinical applications of inclusion complexes in veterinary medicine and to present the contribution of these inclusion complexes in improving drug efficacy. The most important biological activities of β-CD complexed molecules in the veterinary field are summarized in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grecu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Minea
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Liliana-Georgeta Foia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Andra-Cristina Bostanaru-Iliescu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liviu Miron
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Valentin Nastasa
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Mares
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
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Araj SK, Szeleszczuk Ł. A Review on Cyclodextrins/Estrogens Inclusion Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108780. [PMID: 37240133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the methods of preparation and biological, physiochemical, and theoretical analysis of the inclusion complexes formed between estrogens and cyclodextrins (CDs). Because estrogens have a low polarity, they can interact with some cyclodextrins' hydrophobic cavities to create inclusion complexes, if their geometric properties are compatible. For the last forty years, estrogen-CD complexes have been widely applied in several fields for various objectives. For example, CDs have been used as estrogen solubilizers and absorption boosters in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as in chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures for their separation and quantification. Other applications include the removal of the endocrine disruptors from environmental materials, the preparation of the samples for mass spectrometric analysis, or solid-phase extractions based on complex formation with CDs. The aim of this review is to gather the most important outcomes from the works related to this topic, presenting the results of synthesis, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kamil Araj
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Bethanis K, Christoforides E, Dudek MK, Zielińska-Pisklak M, Pisklak DM. 17-β-Estradiol-β-Cyclodextrin Complex as Solid: Synthesis, Structural and Physicochemical Characterization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093747. [PMID: 37175157 PMCID: PMC10180119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
17-β-estradiol (EST) is the most potent form of naturally occurring estrogens; therefore, it has found a wide pharmaceutical application. The major problem associated with the use of EST is its very low water solubility, resulting in poor oral bioavailability. To overcome this drawback, a complexation with cyclodextrins (CD) has been suggested as a solution. In this work, the host-guest inclusion complex between the ß-CD and EST has been prepared using four different methods. The obtained samples have been deeply characterized using 13C CP MAS solid state NMR, PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Using SCXRD, the crystal structure of the complex has been determined, being to the best of our knowledge the first solved crystal structure of an estrogen/CD complex. The periodic DFT calculations of NMR properties using GIPAW were found to be particularly helpful in the analysis of disorder in the solid state and interpretation of experimental NMR results. This work highlights the importance of a combined ssNMR/SCXRD approach to studying the structure of the inclusion complexes formed by cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helena Mazurek
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 81 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kostas Bethanis
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Christoforides
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Marta Katarzyna Dudek
- Structural Studies Department, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112 Str., 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomaterials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Encapsulation of Benzyl Isothiocyanate with β-Cyclodextrin Using Ultrasonication: Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Assay. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223724. [PMID: 36429316 PMCID: PMC9689685 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is widely utilized in multiple biomedical fields, due to its significant antibacterial properties and low toxicity. However, poor water solubility and pungent odor has limited its application in the food industry. In this study, we first prepared inclusion complexes of BITC in GLU-β-CD and HP-β-CD using ultrasound, which is able to overcome the hindrance of poor water solubility and high volatility. Then, the BITC-β-CD inclusion complexes were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra (1H-NMR), infrared absorption spectra (IR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm their stability. Further, the evaluation of antibacterial and antitumor effects of the BITC-β-CD inclusion complexes showed that they had great bactericidal activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells, and also inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in vitro. In addition, our results indicated that BITC-β-CD complexes were able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus in broccoli juice and extend the shelf life of broccoli juice, demonstrating the potential of β-cyclodextrin to improve the stability and controlled release of BITC. Taken together, our results show that BITC-β-CD complexes have good potential for application in the food industry.
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Testing the Protective Effects of Sulfobutylether-Βeta-Cyclodextrin (SBECD) and Sugammadex against Chlorpromazine-Induced Acute Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cell Line and in NMRI Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091888. [PMID: 36145637 PMCID: PMC9504268 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an antipsychotic drug which can cause several adverse effects and drug poisoning. Recent studies demonstrated that CPZ forms highly stable complexes with certain cyclodextrins (CDs) such as sulfobutylether-β-CD (SBECD) and sugammadex (SGD). Since there is no available antidote in CPZ intoxication, and considering the good tolerability of these CDs even if when administered parenterally, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of SBECD and SGD against CPZ-induced acute toxicity employing in vitro (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells) and in vivo (zebrafish embryo) models. Our major findings and conclusions are the following: (1) both SBECD and SGD strongly relieved the cytotoxic effects of CPZ in SH-SY5Y cells. (2) SGD co-treatment did not affect or increase the CPZ-induced 24 h mortality in NMRI mice, while SBECD caused a protective effect in a dose-dependent fashion. (3) The binding constants of ligand–CD complexes and/or the in vitro protective effects of CDs can help to estimate the in vivo suitability of CDs as antidotes; however, some other factors can overwrite these predictions.
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The aphrodisiac potential of β-cyclodextrin-curcumin via stimulating cAMP-PKA pathway in testicular Leydig cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14263. [PMID: 35995927 PMCID: PMC9395524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble β-cyclodextrin–curcumin (CDC) is used in pharmaceutical applications and as a natural food colorant. The previous study revealed that curcumin potentially impacted the reproductive system. The present study investigated the possible roles of the CDC in testosterone secretion in Leydig cells and mice. Primary Leydig cells were treated with the CDC to determine their effect on cell proliferation, testosterone levels, the protein and mRNA expression of the transcription factor, and steroidogenic enzymes. Our data showed that CDC stimulated testosterone production via upregulating transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), 3β-/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β/17β-HSD, HSD3b1/HSD17b1). CDC could significantly stimulate H89-suppressed StAR and CREB expression but not reverse melatonin-suppressed StAR expression. We further detected the hormonal activity with transgenic yeast, and CDC showed potential androgenic antagonistic activity. Meanwhile, we investigated its aphrodisiac effect on hydrocortisone-induced mice. Exposure to hydrocortisone decreased the mating ability, reproductive organs, and testosterone level and disrupted testicular histology. However, all of these effects were significantly improved by CDC treatment. In conclusion, these results indicated that mechanisms of CDC in stimulating testosterone production involve upregulating the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Turza A, Ulici A, Muresan-Pop M, Borodi G. Solid forms and β-cyclodextrin complexation of turinabol. Acta Crystallogr C 2022; 78:305-313. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229622004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Chloro-17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one (C20H27ClO2), known as turinabol, is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic agent which belongs to the steroid class. Recrystallization from various solvents was performed and the following new solid forms of turinabol were obtained: the hemihydrate (C20H27ClO2·0.5H2O), the anhydrous form (C20H27ClO2), the multicomponent acetic acid hydrate (2C20H27ClO2·C2H4O2·H2O) and the 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol hemisolvate (C20H27ClO2·0.5C2H3F3O). The absolute structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The starting hemihydrate form contains one turinabol molecule in the asymmetric unit, while the others contain two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Structural features were investigated in terms of the conformational analysis of the steroid skeleton rings and intermolecular interactions. The magnitudes, the nature of the crystal structure energies and the intermolecular interactions were also evaluated. Complexation with β-cyclodextrin was performed and the obtained complex was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA).
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Lin ZY, Wang XX, Kou SB, Shi JH. Exploring the inclusion interaction of estradiol with β-CD and HP-β-CD with the help of molecular dynamics simulation as well as multi-spectroscopic approaches. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120764. [PMID: 34954480 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion behaviors of estradiol with β-CD and HP-β-CD were characterized using molecular dynamics simulation combined with multi-spectroscopic approaches. The findings revealed that estradiol enclosed into the cavity of β-CD and HP-β-CD and produced the estradiol-β-CD and estradiol-HP-β-CD complexes with the stoichiometry of 1:1. The association constants of the estradiol-β-CD and estradiol-HP-β-CD complexes were 3.14 × 104 and 3.22 × 104 M-1 at 298 K, respectively, which declined with rising temperature. The analysis results of thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the dominate interaction forces were the hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions for stabilizing the estradiol-β-CD complex, and were the hydrogen bonding interaction and van der Waals forces for stabilizing the estradiol-HP-β-CD complex. Moreover, it was confirmed from the results of molecular modeling that estradiol inserted into the hydrophobic cavity of β-CD and HP-β-CD and form a stable estradiol-CD complexes. And, it is also observed that the phenyl moiety in estradiol is almost parallel to the central axis of β-CD and HP-β-CD, and the phenyl moiety was located on wider rim of β-CD and HP-β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Song-Bo Kou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jie-Hua Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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14
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Turza A, Borodi G, Muresan-Pop M, Ulici A. Polymorphism and β-cyclodextrin complexation of methyldrostanolone. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Kawamura S, Kawasaki R, Hino S, Yamana K, Okuno M, Eto T, Ikeda A. Formulation of water-dispersible hydrophobic compound nanocomplexes with polypeptides via a supramolecular approach using a high-speed vibration milling technique. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32012-32019. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptides were used to solubilize functional hydrophobic molecules via a high-speed vibrational milling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kawamura
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Riku Kawasaki
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Shodai Hino
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Keita Yamana
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masafumi Okuno
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takuro Eto
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Program of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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16
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Enhanced topical corticosteroids delivery to the eye: A trade-off in strategy choice. J Control Release 2021; 339:91-113. [PMID: 34560157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical corticosteroids are the primary treatment of ocular inflammation caused by surgery, injury, or other conditions. Drug pre-corneal residence time, drug water solubility, and drug corneal permeability coefficient are the major factors that determine the ocular drug bioavailability after topical administration. Although growing research successfully enhanced local delivery of corticosteroids utilizing various strategies, rational and dynamic approaches to strategy selection are still lacking. Within this review, an overview of the various strategies as well as their performance in retention, solubility, and permeability coefficient of corticosteroids are provided. On this basis, the tradeoff of strategy selection is discussed, which may shed light on the rational choice and application of ophthalmic delivery enhancement strategies.
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Lucia Appleton S, Navarro-Orcajada S, Martínez-Navarro FJ, Caldera F, López-Nicolás JM, Trotta F, Matencio A. Cyclodextrins as Anti-inflammatory Agents: Basis, Drugs and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091384. [PMID: 34572597 PMCID: PMC8472668 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli. Importantly, inflammation is also a hallmark of several human diseases such as cancer or diabetes. Novel drugs to treat this response are constantly researched, but the formulation is usually forgotten. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a well-known excipient for complexing and drug delivery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and bioactive compounds with similar activities have been favored from these CD processes. CDs also illustrate anti-inflammatory activity per se. This review tried to describe the capacities of CDs in this field, and is divided into two parts: Firstly, a short description of the inflammation disease (causes, symptoms, treatment) is explained; secondly, the effects of different CDs alone or forming inclusion complexes with drugs or bioactive compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lucia Appleton
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Navarro-Orcajada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francisco Juan Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.N.-O.); (J.M.L.-N.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.L.A.); (F.C.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.M.-N.); or (A.M.)
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18
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19
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Characterization of the inclusion interaction of ethinyloestradiol with β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Multi-spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Nakhle L, Kfoury M, Greige-Gerges H, Fourmentin S. Effect of dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, α- and β-cyclodextrins and their association on the solubility of natural bioactive compounds. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Ideguchi H, Takasaki Y, Kondo S, Nakanose M, Teradahira N, Yamamoto Y, Mouri U, Nakahara H. Solubilization of Progesterone and its Derivatives into Gemini Surfactant Solutions. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:557-562. [PMID: 32404550 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubilization of poorly water-soluble progesterone derivatives into micelles of a gemini surfactant was investigated in an aqueous medium. The aqueous solubility at different temperatures was determined spectroscopically using an ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer. Thermodynamic parameters for the solubilization were calculated under the basis of the solubility change against temperature. The solubility of progesterone was quite low and remained constant below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the surfactant. On the other hand, the solubility increased considerably with increasing surfactant concentration above the cmc. It was suggested that the solubilizates were located in the vicinity of polar regions of micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ideguchi
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Yuya Takasaki
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Shintaro Kondo
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Mai Nakanose
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Nana Teradahira
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Yumeka Yamamoto
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Umi Mouri
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
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22
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Celebioglu A, Uyar T. Hydrocortisone/cyclodextrin complex electrospun nanofibers for a fast-dissolving oral drug delivery system. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:245-258. [PMID: 33479631 PMCID: PMC7484989 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrospinning of hydrocortisone/cyclodextrin complex nanofibers was performed in order to develop a fast-dissolving oral drug delivery system. Hydrocortisone is a water-insoluble hydrophobic drug, yet, the water solubility of hydrocortisone was significantly enhanced by inclusion complexation with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD). In this study, hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD complexes were prepared in aqueous solutions having molar ratios of 1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2 (hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD). Highly concentrated aqueous solutions of HP-β-CyD (180%, w/v) were used for hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD systems (1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2) in order to perform electrospinning without the use of an additional polymer matrix. The turbidity of hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/1 and 1/1.5) aqueous solutions indicated the presence of some uncomplexed crystals of hydrocortisone whereas the aqueous solution of hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/2) was homogeneous indicating that hydrocortisone becomes totally water-soluble by inclusion complexation with HP-β-CyD. Nonetheless, the electrospinning of hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD systems (1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2) successfully yielded defect-free uniform nanofibrous structures. Moreover, the electrospinning process was quite efficient that hydrocortisone was completely preserved without any loss yielding hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD nanofibers having the initial molar ratios (1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2). The structural and thermal characterization of the hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD nanofibers revealed that hydrocortisone was totally inclusion complexed with HP-β-CyD and was in the amorphous state in hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/2) nanofibers whereas some uncomplexed crystalline hydrocortisone was present in hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/1 and 1/1.5) nanofibers. Nevertheless, hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2) complex aqueous systems were electrospun in the form of nanofibrous webs having a free-standing and flexible nature. The hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2) nanofibrous webs have shown fast-dissolving behavior in water or when they were in contact with artificial saliva. Yet, the hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/2) nanofibrous web dissolved more quickly than the hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD (1/1 and 1/1.5) nanofibrous webs due to the full inclusion complexation and the amorphous state of hydrocortisone in this sample. In short, the results suggest that polymer-free electrospun nanofibrous webs produced from hydrocortisone/HP-β-CyD could be quite applicable for fast-dissolving oral drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Celebioglu
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design , College of Human Ecology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA . ;
| | - Tamer Uyar
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design , College of Human Ecology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA . ;
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23
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Yu B, Zhan A, Liu Q, Ye H, Huang X, Shu Y, Yang Y, Liu H. A designed supramolecular cross-linking hydrogel for the direct, convenient, and efficient administration of hydrophobic drugs. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119075. [PMID: 31991187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels formed through reversible supramolecular interactions may attain self-healing in the in situ environment. However, the low grafting degree of functional groups and steric hindrance effect of polymer backbones significantly reduced the self-healing efficacy and kinetics. To overcome these deficiencies, we designed a novel hydrogel via non-covalent host-guest interaction between β-cyclodextrin modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CD) and adamantane modified 4-arm-PEG (4-arm-PEG-Ad). The multi-armed monomer enabled to increase the number of functional groups and avoid steric hindrance effects, offering more efficient host-guest interaction. The insoluble dexamethasone could be loaded in the β-CDs' hydrophobic cavities. The designed hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing properties. The mechanical strengths, swelling rate and release of dexamethasone could be adjusted by adding 4-arm-PEG-Ad. The novel hydrogels significantly improved the therapeutic effect of the dexamethasone in burn wound healing. Herein, these hydrogels had great potential for direct, convenient, and efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs and improved their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohong Yu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Aiyan Zhan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Ye
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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24
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Gadalla HH, Mohammed FA, El-Sayed AM, Soliman GM. Colon-targeting of progesterone using hybrid polymeric microspheres improves its bioavailability and in vivo biological efficacy. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119070. [PMID: 31981708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to enhance progesterone (PG) oral bioavailability via its incorporation into hybrid colon-targeted pectin/NaCMC microspheres (MS) cross-linked with Zn2+ and Al3+. The MS were characterized for particle morphology, encapsulation efficiency, swelling behavior, drug release, mucoadhesivity and colon-specific degradability. Response-surface methodology was adopted to optimize the fabrication conditions. Enhancement of in vivo drug performance was evaluated through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. The optimized formulation was typically spherical with a mean diameter of 1031 µm and drug entrapment efficiency of 88.8%. This formulation exhibited pH-dependent swelling, negligible drug release in simulated gastric fluid and sustained-release pattern in simulated small intestinal fluid with a mean t50% of 26.5 h. It also showed prolonged and preferential adhesion to rat colonic mucosa, as well as expedited degradation in presence of rat caecal contents. The MS significantly increased the area under the curve and mean residence time by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the free drug. Orally administered MS showed ~10 times increase in myometrial thickness compared with the drug suspension and elicited uterine responses very similar to that obtained parenterally. These results confirm the ability of this new carrier system to improve the oral bioavailability of PG and attain adequate clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hytham H Gadalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Fergany A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ghareb M Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Hesler M, Schwarz DH, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Wagner S, von Briesen H, Wenz G, Kohl Y. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cyclodextrin hyaluronic acid conjugates as a new candidate for intestinal drug carrier for steroid hormones. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 143:105181. [PMID: 31852628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones became increasingly interesting as active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of endocrine disorders. However, medical applications of many steroidal drugs are inhibited by their very low aqueous solubilities giving rise to low bioavailabilities. Therefore, the prioritized oral administration of steroidal drugs remains problematic. Cyclodextrins are promising candidates for the development of drug delivery systems for oral route applications, since they solubilize hydrophobic steroids and increase their rate of transport in aqueous environments. In this study, the synthesis and characterization of polymeric β-cyclodextrin derivates is described, which result from the attachment of a hydrophilic β-CD-thioether to hyaluronic acid. Host-guest complexes of the synthesized β-cyclodextrin hyaluronic acid conjugates were formed with two poorly soluble model steroids (β-estradiol, dexamethasone) and compared to monomeric β-cyclodextrin derivates regarding solubilization and complexation efficiency. The β-cyclodextrin-drug (host-guest) complexes were evaluated in vitro for their suitability (cytotoxicity and transport rate) as intestinal drug carriers for steroid hormones. In case of β-estradiol, higher solubilities could be achieved by complexation with both synthesized β-cyclodextrin derivates, leading to significantly higher intestinal transport rates in vitro. However, this success could not be shown for dexamethasone, which namely solubilized better, but could not enhance the transport rate significantly. Thus, this study demonstrates the biocompatibility of the synthesized and characterized β-cyclodextrin derivates and shows their potential as new candidate for intestinal drug carrier for steroid hormones like β-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany.
| | - Dennis H Schwarz
- Saarland University, Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | | - Sylvia Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany.
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Wenz
- Saarland University, Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany.
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26
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Synthesis and characterization of a new cyclodextrin derivative with improved properties to design oral dosage forms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:273-283. [PMID: 30264285 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to synthesize a novel β-cyclodextrin derivative, itaconyl-β-cyclodextrin to evaluate whether albendazole inclusion complexes with the new β-cyclodextrin derivative-improved albendazole dissolution efficiency and its anthelminthic activity. The new derivative was thoroughly evaluated and characterized, and an average degree of substitution of 1.4 per cyclodextrin molecule was observed. Albendazole:itaconyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared by spray drying procedures and investigated using phase solubility diagrams, dissolution efficiency, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electronic microscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phase solubility diagrams and mass spectrometry studies showed that the inclusion complex was formed in an equimolar ratio. Stability constant values were 602 M-1 in water, and 149 M-1 in HCl 0.1 N. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments of the inclusion complex showed correlation signals between the aromatic and propyl protons of albendazole and the itaconyl-β-cyclodextrin inner protons. The studies indicated solid structure changes of albendazole included in itaconyl-β-cyclodextrin. The maximum drug release was reached at 15 min, and the inclusion complex solubility was 88-fold higher than that of the pure drug. The in vitro anthelmintic activity assay showed that the complex was significantly more effective than pure albendazole.
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27
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Lu L, Armstrong EA, Yager JY, Unsworth LD. Sustained Release of Dexamethasone from Sulfobutyl Ether β-cyclodextrin Modified Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffolds in a Perinatal Rat Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900083. [PMID: 30977596 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) induced newborn brain damage. A localized, sustained delivery of dexamethasone (Dex) through an intracerebral injection could reduce the inflammatory response in the injured perinatal brain while avoiding unnecessary side effects. Herein, investigated using anionic sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) to load Dex in the (RADA)4 nanofiber networks as a means of reducing the inflammatory response to HI injury is investigated. The ionic interaction between SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 dramatically affects nanofiber formation and the stability of the nanoscaffold is highly dependent on the SBE-β-CD/(RADA)4 ratio. It is observed that the Dex release rate is affected by the concentration of SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 peptide. A higher concentration of SBE-β-CD or (RADA)4 results in a higher drug encapsulation efficiency and slower release rate of Dex. This phenomenon may be related to the structure of fiber bundles. Animal studies show that nanoscaffold loaded with Dex inhibits both microglia activation and glial scar formation compared to controls (Dex alone or nanoscaffold alone) within 2 days of injury. It is thought that this is a step toward building a multifaceted nanoscaffold that can be used to treat HI events in perinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 611756 China
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Larry D. Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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Zhang D, Zhang J, Lv P, Zhao Y, Liao X, Gao C, Yang B. Biotin-functionalized targeting anti-tumor complex based on β-cyclodextrin and methotrexate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schönbeck C, Gaardahl K, Houston B. Drug Solubilization by Mixtures of Cyclodextrins: Additive and Synergistic Effects. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:648-654. [PMID: 30608695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are popular drug solubilizers, but the use of the natural cyclodextrins is hampered by their tendency to coprecipitate with the drug. To understand and overcome such problems, we have studied the solubility of dexamethasone in the presence of natural β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin, individually and in various combinations. Equilibrium models of the phase-solubility diagrams with individual cyclodextrins revealed that dexamethasone was solubilized as 1:1 complexes, but formation of insoluble higher-order complexes set an upper limit to the concentration of solubilized dexamethasone. This limit could be raised from 8 to 17 mM by using combinations of the two cyclodextrins, as their solubilizing properties were additive in some regions of the phase-solubility diagram and synergistic in other regions. The additive effects arise from the additivity of solubilities-the same phenomenon contributes to the good solubilizing properties of many modified cyclodextrins. The synergistic effects, however, could not be explained. The results open up for an increased use of the natural cyclodextrins as an improved alternative to modified cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schönbeck
- Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Universitetsvej 1 , DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Karina Gaardahl
- Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Universitetsvej 1 , DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Bryan Houston
- Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Universitetsvej 1 , DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
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Nepafenac-Loaded Cyclodextrin/Polymer Nanoaggregates: A New Approach to Eye Drop Formulation. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12020229. [PMID: 30641887 PMCID: PMC6356765 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The topical administration route is commonly used for targeting therapeutics to the eye; however, improving the bioavailability of drugs applied directly to the eye remains a challenge. Different strategies have been studied to address this challenge. One of them is the use of aggregates that are formed easily by self-assembly of cyclodextrin (CD)/drug complexes in aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to design a new eye drop formulation based on aggregates formed between CD/drug complexes. For this purpose, the physicochemical properties of the aggregates associated with six CDs and selected water-soluble polymers were analysed. Complex formation was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results showed that HPβCD performed best in terms of solubilization, while γCD performed best in terms of enhancing nanoaggregate formation. Formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed by DSC, FT-IR and 1H-NMR studies. A mixture of 15% (w/v) γCD and 8% (w/v) HPβCD was selected for formulation studies. It was concluded that formulations with aggregate sizes less than 1 µm and viscosity around 10–19 centipoises can be easily prepared using a mixture of CDs. Formulations containing polymeric drug/CD nanoaggregates represent an interesting strategy for enhanced topical delivery of nepafenac.
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31
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Zhang Z, Li F, Cao Y, Tian Y, Li J, Zong Y, Song H. Electricity-driven 7α-hydroxylation of a steroid catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in engineered yeast. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schematic diagram of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-catalyzed BES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Tian
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Zong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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32
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Avila-Salas F, Rodriguez Nuñez YA, Marican A, Castro RI, Villaseñor J, Santos LS, Wehinger S, Durán-Lara EF. Rational Development of a Novel Hydrogel as a pH-Sensitive Controlled Release System for Nifedipine. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E806. [PMID: 30960732 PMCID: PMC6403543 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work depicts the rational development (in-silico design, synthesis, characterization and in-vitro evaluation) of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels (PVAH) cross-linked with maleic acid (MA) and linked to γ-cyclodextrin molecules (γ-CDPVAHMA) as systems for the controlled and sustained release of nifedipine (NFD). Through computational studies, the structural blocks (PVA chain + dicarboxylic acid + γ-CD) of 20 different hydrogels were evaluated to test their interaction energies (ΔE) with NFD. According to the ΔE obtained, the hydrogel cross-linked with maleic acid was selected. To characterize the intermolecular interactions between NFD and γ-CDPVAHMA, molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out. Experimentally, three hydrogel formulations with different proportions of γ-CD (2.43%, 3.61% and 4.76%) were synthesized and characterized. Both loading and release of NFD from the hydrogels were evaluated at acid and basic pH. The computational and experimental results show that γ-CDs linked to the hydrogels were able to form 1:1 inclusion complexes with NFD molecules. Finally, γ-CDPVAHMA-3 demonstrated to be the best pH-sensitive release platform for nifedipine. Its effectiveness could significantly reduce the adverse effects caused by the anticipated release of NFD in the stomach of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Avila-Salas
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba 8580000, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Yeray A Rodriguez Nuñez
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Adolfo Marican
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Ricardo I Castro
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Carrera de Ingeniería en Construcción e Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Jorge Villaseñor
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Leonardo S Santos
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
| | - Sergio Wehinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Heatlh Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Universidad de Chile, Independencia 8380000, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Esteban F Durán-Lara
- BioNanoMaterials Lab|Drug Delivery and Controlled Release, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Maule, Chile.
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Cova TFGG, Milne BF, Nunes SCC, Pais AACC. Drastic Stabilization of Junction Nodes in Supramolecular Structures Based on Host–Guest Complexes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F. G. G. Cova
- Coimbra Chemisty Centre, CQC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruce F. Milne
- Coimbra Chemisty Centre, CQC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra C. C. Nunes
- Coimbra Chemisty Centre, CQC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A. C. C. Pais
- Coimbra Chemisty Centre, CQC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of γ-CD-Containing Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel as a Prednisone Delivery Platform. Pharmaceutics 2018. [PMID: 29518980 PMCID: PMC5874843 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the in-silico rational design, synthesis and evaluation of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels containing γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CDHSAs) as platforms for the sustained release of prednisone (PDN). Through in-silico studies using semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations, the effectiveness of 20 dicarboxylic acids to generate a specific cross-linked hydrogel capable of supporting different amounts of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was evaluated. According to the interaction energies calculated with the in-silico studies, the hydrogel made from PVA cross-linked with succinic acids (SA) was shown to be the best candidate for containing γ-CD. Later, molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed in order to evaluate the intermolecular interactions between PDN and three cross-linked hydrogel formulations with different proportions of γ-CD (2.44%, 4.76% and 9.1%). These three cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized and characterized. The loading and the subsequent release of PDN from the hydrogels were investigated. The in-silico and experimental results showed that the interaction between PDN and γ-CDHSA was mainly produced with the γ-CDs linked to the hydrogels. Thus, the unique structures and properties of γ-CDHSA demonstrated an interesting multiphasic profile that could be utilized as a promising drug carrier for controlled, sustained and localized release of PDN.
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