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Huanbutta K, Burapapadh K, Sriamornsak P, Sangnim T. Practical Application of 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals in Hospitals and Pharmacies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1877. [PMID: 37514063 PMCID: PMC10385973 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an unrivaled technique that uses computer-aided design and programming to create 3D products by stacking materials on a substrate. Today, 3D printing technology is used in the whole drug development process, from preclinical research to clinical trials to frontline medical treatment. From 2009 to 2020, the number of research articles on 3D printing in healthcare applications surged from around 10 to 2000. Three-dimensional printing technology has been applied to several kinds of drug delivery systems, such as oral controlled release systems, micropills, microchips, implants, microneedles, rapid dissolving tablets, and multiphase release dosage forms. Compared with conventional manufacturing methods of pharmaceutical products, 3D printing has many advantages, including high production rates due to the flexible operating systems and high drug loading with the desired precision and accuracy for potent drugs administered in small doses. The cost of production via 3D printing can be decreased by reducing material wastage, and the process can be adapted to multiple classes of pharmaceutically active ingredients, including those with poor solubility. Although several studies have addressed the benefits of 3D printing technology, hospitals and pharmacies have only implemented this process for a small number of practical applications. This article discusses recent 3D printing applications in hospitals and pharmacies for medicinal preparation. The article also covers the potential future applications of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Kanokporn Burapapadh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Lima AL, Gross IP, de Sá-Barreto LL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M. Extrusion-based systems for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:979-992. [PMID: 37522812 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2241362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the administration of drugs on the skin is a safe and noninvasive therapeutic alternative, producing formulations capable of disrupting the cutaneous barriers is still a challenge. In this scenario, extrusion-based techniques have emerged as disruptive technologies to ensure unique drug-excipient interactions that facilitate drug skin diffusion for systemic or local effect and even mean the key to obtain viable industrial products. AREAS COVERED This article presents a comprehensive overview of extrusion-based techniques in developing pharmaceutical dosage forms for topical or transdermal drug delivery. First, the theoretical basis of how extrusion-based techniques can optimize the permeation of drugs through the skin is examined. Then, the current state-of-the-art of drug products developed by extrusion-based techniques, specifically by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, are discussed and contrasted with the current pharmaceutical processes. EXPERT OPINION A wide variety of pharmaceutical products can be obtained using HME and FDM 3D printing, including new dosage forms designed for a perfect anatomical fit. Despite the limitations of pharmaceutical products produced with HME and FDM 3D printing regarding thermal stability and available excipients, the advantages in industrial adaptability and improved bioavailability allied with patient-match devices certainly deserve full attention and investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Lima
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Idejan P Gross
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lívia Lira de Sá-Barreto
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Maurizii G, Moroni S, Khorshid S, Aluigi A, Tiboni M, Casettari L. 3D-printed EVA-based patches manufactured by direct powder extrusion for personalized transdermal therapies. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122720. [PMID: 36781085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing has attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical field as a promising tool for the on-demand manufacturing of patient-centered pharmaceutical forms. Among the existing 3D printing techniques, direct powder extrusion (DPE) resulted as the most practical approach thanks to the possibility to directly process excipients and drugs in a single step. The main goal of this work was to determine whether different grades of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer might be employed as new feedstock materials for the DPE technique to manufacture transdermal patches. By selecting two model drugs with different thermal behavior, (i.e., ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium) we also wanted to pay attention to the versatility of EVA excipient in preparing patches for customized transdermal therapies. EVA was combined with 30 % (w/w) of each model drugs. The physicochemical composition of the printed devices was investigated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analyses. FT-IR spectra confirmed that the starting materials were effectively incorporated into the final formulation, and thermal analyses demonstrated that the extrusion process altered the crystalline morphology of the raw polymers inducing the formation of crystals at lower thicknesses. Lastly, the drug release and permeation profile of the printed systems was evaluated for 48 h and showed to be dependent on the VA content of the EVA grade (74.5 % of ibuprofen released from EVA 4030AC matrix and 12.6 % of diclofenac sodium released from EVA1821A matrix). Hence, this study demonstrated that EVA and direct powder extrusion technique could be promising tools for manufacturing transdermal patches. By selecting the EVA grade with the appropriate VA content, drugs with dissimilar melting points could be printed preserving their thermal stability. Moreover, the desired drug release and permeation profile of the drug can be achieved, representing an important advantage in terms of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Maurizii
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Sofia Moroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Shiva Khorshid
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; Prosopika Srl, Via del Trabocchetto, 1, 61034, Fossombrone, PU, Italy
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Single and multi-dose drug loaded electrospun fiber mats for wound healing applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ullah F, Shah KU, Shah SU, Nawaz A, Nawaz T, Khan KA, Alserihi RF, Tayeb HH, Tabrez S, Alfatama M. Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan Nanoparticles Physically Admixed with Lactose Microspheres for Pulmonary Delivery of Montelukast. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173564. [PMID: 36080637 PMCID: PMC9460706 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesise montelukast-loaded polymeric nanoparticles via the ionic gelation method using chitosan as a natural polymer and tripolyphosphate as a crosslinking agent. Tween 80, hyaluronic acid and leucine were added to modify the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, reduce the nanoparticles’ uptake by alveolar macrophages and improve powder aerosolisation, respectively. The nanoparticles ranged from 220 nm to 383 nm with a polydispersity index of ≤0.50. The zeta potential of nanoparticles ranged from 11 mV to 22 mV, with a drug association efficiency of 46–86%. The simple chitosan nanoparticles (F2) were more spherical in comparison to other formulations (F4–F6), while the roughness of hyaluronic acid (F5) and leucine (F6) added formulations was significantly high er than F2 and Tween 80 added formulation (F4). The DSC and FTIR analysis depict that the physical and chemical properties of the drug were preserved. The release of the drugs from nanoparticles was more sustained in the case of F5 and F6 when compared to F2 and F4 due to the additional coating of hyaluronic acid and leucine. The nanoparticles were amorphous and cohesive and prone to exhalation due to their small size. Therefore, nanoparticles were admixed with lactose microspheres to reduce particle agglomeration and improve powder dispersion from a dry powder inhaler (DPI). The DPI formulations achieved a dispersed fraction of 75 to 90%, a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1–2 µm and a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 28–83% when evaluated using the Anderson cascade impactor from Handihaler®. Overall, the montelukast-loaded nanoparticles physically admixed with lactose microspheres achieved optimum deposition in the deep lung for potential application in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqir Ullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (K.U.S.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Asif Nawaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (K.U.S.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Touseef Nawaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ahmad Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Raed F. Alserihi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam H. Tayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.U.S.); (A.N.); (M.A.)
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Fabrication of three dimensional printed tablets in flexible doses: A comprehensive study from design to evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Alkilani AZ, Nasereddin J, Hamed R, Nimrawi S, Hussein G, Abo-Zour H, Donnelly RF. Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061152. [PMID: 35745725 PMCID: PMC9231212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent years, there has been increased interest in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as a non-invasive delivery approach that is generally regarded as being easy to administer to more vulnerable age groups, such as paediatric and geriatric patients, while avoiding certain bioavailability concerns that arise from oral drug delivery due to poor absorbability and metabolism concerns. However, despite its many merits, TDD remains restricted to a select few drugs. The physiology of the skin poses a barrier against the feasible delivery of many drugs, limiting its applicability to only those drugs that possess physicochemical properties allowing them to be successfully delivered transdermally. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of drugs. Both chemical (e.g., thermal and mechanical) and passive (vesicle, nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, solid dispersion, and nanocrystal) techniques have been investigated to enhance the permeability of drug substances across the skin. Furthermore, hybrid approaches combining chemical penetration enhancement technologies with physical technologies are being intensively researched to improve the skin permeation of drug substances. This review aims to summarize recent trends in TDD approaches and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the various chemical, physical, and hybrid approaches currently being investigated for improving drug permeability across the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Zaid Alkilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Rania Hamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Sukaina Nimrawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ghaid Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Hadeel Abo-Zour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; (J.N.); (S.N.); (G.H.); (H.A.-Z.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
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Kim KJ, Hwang MJ, Yun YH, Yoon SD. Synthesis and drug release behavior of functional montelukast imprinted inulin-based biomaterials as asthma treatment. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Parhi R, Jena GK. An updated review on application of 3D printing in fabricating pharmaceutical dosage forms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:2428-2462. [PMID: 34613595 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of "one size fits all" followed by the conventional healthcare system has drawbacks in providing precise pharmacotherapy due to variation in the pharmacokinetics of different patients leading to serious consequences such as side effects. In this regard, digital-based three-dimensional printing (3DP), which refers to fabricating 3D printed pharmaceutical dosage forms with variable geometry in a layer-by-layer fashion, has become one of the most powerful and innovative tools in fabricating "personalized medicine" to cater to the need of therapeutic benefits for patients to the maximum extent. This is achieved due to the tremendous potential of 3DP in tailoring various drug delivery systems (DDS) in terms of size, shape, drug loading, and drug release. In addition, 3DP has a huge impact on special populations including pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women with unique or frequently changing medical needs. The areas covered in the present article are as follows: (i) the difference between traditional and 3DP manufacturing tool, (ii) the basic processing steps involved in 3DP, (iii) common 3DP methods with their pros and cons, (iv) various DDS fabricated by 3DP till date with discussing few research studies in each class of DDS, (v) the drug loading principles into 3D printed dosage forms, and (vi) regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar-788011, Assam, India.
| | - Goutam Kumar Jena
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-7600010, Odisha, India
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Azizoglu E, Ozer O, Prausnitz MR. Fabrication of pure-drug microneedles for delivery of montelukast sodium. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:444-458. [PMID: 34480297 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dissolving microneedle (MN) patches are usually formulated with a blend of drug and excipients added for mechanical strength and drug stabilization. In this study, we developed MNs made of pure drug to maximize drug loading capacity. MN patches were fabricated for transdermal delivery of montelukast sodium (MS) which is used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. We developed three different fabrication methods - solvent casting, melt casting, and solvent washing - and determined that filling molds with MS powder followed by a solvent washing method enabled MS to be loaded selectively to the MNs. Drug localization was confirmed with Raman imaging. MNs were able to penetrate in vitro and ex vivo skin models, and maintained strong mechanical properties during 6 months' storage at 22 °C. MS was also stable and compatible with the formulation used for the patch backing layer after 3 months' storage at 40 °C. MS delivery efficiency into skin was 55%, which enabled delivery of 3.2 mg MS into porcine skin ex vivo, which is in the range of MS doses in human clinical use. We conclude that the solvent washing method can be used to prepare MNs containing pure drug, such as MS at milligram doses in a ~ 1 cm2 MN patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Azizoglu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ege University, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Ozer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ege University, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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