1
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Shi C, Zhao H, Fang Y, Shen L, Zhao L. Lactose in tablets: Functionality, critical material attributes, applications, modifications and co-processed excipients. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103696. [PMID: 37419210 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is one of the most widespread excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. Because of its water solubility and acceptable flowability, lactose is generally added into tablet formulation to improve wettability and undesirable flowability. Based on Quality by Design, a better understanding of the critical material attributes (CMAs) of raw materials is beneficial in guiding the improvement of tablet quality and the development of lactose. Additionally, the modifications and co-processing of lactose can introduce more-desirable characteristics to the resulting particles. This review focuses on the functionality, CMAs, applications, modifications and co-processing of lactose in tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuting Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Haiyue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ying Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cai-lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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2
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Anuschek M, Skelbæk-Pedersen AL, Kvistgaard Vilhelmsen T, Skibsted E, Zeitler JA, Rantanen J. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for the investigation of tablets prepared from roller compacted granules. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123165. [PMID: 37356510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Roller compaction before tableting is a common unit operation to increase the processability of powders. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has recently been introduced as a potential process analytical technology (PAT) for measuring tablet porosity based on the refractive index of the tablet. Tablet porosity is a governing parameter for tablet disintegration and dissolution. The first aim of this study was to investigate tablets prepared from roller-compacted materials with THz-TDS to explore its usefulness for particle size evaluation of granules in tablets. Secondly, the impact of roller compaction and granule size before tablet compression on the established THz-TDS based measurement of tablet porosity was investigated. Microcrystalline cellulose and α-lactose monohydrate were roller compacted separately at five specific compaction forces (2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 kN cm-1) and fractionated into three size fractions. Tablets were prepared from the fractionated and unfractionated granules at twelve tableting pressures and subjected to THz-TDS transmission measurements. It was possible to use the scattering behaviour of the tablets at terahertz frequencies to describe the granulated materials' particle size changes during tableting. At the same time, prediction of porosity was impaired due to the deviation of the refractive index in strongly scattering samples. A correction method was introduced in which the porosity error was corrected based on the tablet's scattering behaviour, resulting in an improved prediction of tablet porosity. In conclusion, THz-TDS is considered a promising technique for the process monitoring of tableting based on its sensitivity to porosity and particle size changes within the tablet non-destructively, with a possible application as part of an in-process control strategy of the tableting of granulated or non-granulated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Anuschek
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; ET Oral Product Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Erik Skibsted
- ET Oral Product Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Han C, Qu F, Wang X, Zhai X, Li J, Yu K, Zhao Y. Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques for Herbal Medicinal Plants Detection: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36856792 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2183077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine (HM), derived from various therapeutic plants, has garnered considerable attention for its remarkable effectiveness in treating diseases. However, numerous issues including improved varieties selection, hazardous residue detection, and concoction management affect herb quality throughout the manufacturing process. Therefore, a practical, rapid, nondestructive detection technology is necessary. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, with low energy, penetration, and fingerprint features, becomes preferable method for herb quality appraisal. There are three parts in our review. THz techniques, data processing, and modeling methods were introduced in Part I. Three primary applications (authenticity, composition and active ingredients, and origin detection) of THz in medicinal plants quality detection in industrial processing and marketing were detailed in Part II. A thorough investigation and outlook on the well-known applications and advancements of this field were presented in Part III. This review aims to bring new enlightenment to the in-depth THz application research in herbal medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Han
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Qu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuedong Zhai
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junmeng Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Keqiang Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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4
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Pepin XJH, Hammarberg M, Mattinson A, Moir A. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model for Selumetinib Food Effect Investigation and Capsule Dissolution Safe Space - Part I: Adults. Pharm Res 2023; 40:387-403. [PMID: 36002614 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) was developed to mechanistically investigate the effect of formulation and food on selumetinib pharmacokinetics. METHODS Selumetinib is presented as a hydrogen sulfate salt, and in vitro and in vivo data were used to verify the precipitation rate to apply to simulations. Dissolution profiles observed for capsules and granules were used to derive product-particle size distributions for model input. The PBBM incorporated gut efflux and first-pass gut metabolism, based on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data, alongside in vitro data for the main enzyme isoform and P-glycoprotein efflux. The PBBM was validated across eight clinical scenarios. RESULTS The quality-control dissolution method for selumetinib capsules was found to be clinically relevant through PBBM validation. A safe space for capsule dissolution was established using a virtual batch. The effect of food (low fat vs high fat) on capsules and granules was elucidated by the PBBM. For capsules, a lower amount was dissolved in the fed state due to a pH increase in the stomach followed by higher precipitation in the small intestine. First-pass gut extraction is higher for capsules in the fed state due to drug dilution in the stomach chyme and reduced concentration in the lumen. The enteric-coated granules dissolve more slowly than capsules after stomach emptying, attenuating the difference in first-pass gut extraction between prandial states. CONCLUSIONS The PBBM was instrumental in understanding and explaining the different behaviors of the selumetinib formulations. The model can be used to predict the impact of food in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Maria Hammarberg
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Alexandra Mattinson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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5
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Li Q, Lei T, Sun DW. Analysis and detection using novel terahertz spectroscopy technique in dietary carbohydrate-related research: Principles and application advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1793-1805. [PMID: 36647744 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2165032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main functional substances, carbohydrates account for a large proportion of the human diet. Conventional analysis and detection methods of dietary carbohydrates and related products are destructive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. In order to improve the efficiency of measurement and ensure food nutrition and consumer health, rapid and nondestructive quality evaluation techniques are needed. In recent years, terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, as a novel detection technology with dual characteristics of microwave and infrared, has shown great potential in dietary carbohydrate analysis. The current review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of research advances in using the THz spectroscopy technique in analysis and detection applications related to dietary carbohydrates. In the review, the principles of the THz spectroscopy technique are introduced. Advances in THz spectroscopy for quantitative and qualitative analysis and detection in dietary carbohydrate-related research studies from 2013 to 2022 are discussed, which include analysis of carbohydrate concentrations in liquid and powdery foods, detection of foreign body and chemical residues in carbohydrate food products, authentication of natural carbohydrate produce, monitoring of the fermentation process in carbohydrate food production and examination of crystallinity in carbohydrate polymers. In addition, applications in dietary carbohydrate-related detection research using other spectroscopic techniques are also briefed for comparison, and future development trends of THz spectroscopy in this field are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Li
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tong Lei
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin 4, Ireland
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6
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Selected Applications of Terahertz Pulses in Medicine and Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article contains a brief summary of areas where terahertz technology is making an impact in research and industrial applications. We cover some of its uses in the pharmaceutical setting, where both imaging and spectroscopy play important roles. Medical applications are also being pursued in many research laboratories, primarily for imaging purposes and following on from the first results just over 20 years ago. The three-dimensional imaging capability of pulsed terahertz allows for the observation of tumours below the surface of tissue, such as basal cell carcinoma of skin. The recent use of the technology in studies of cultural heritage has shown to increase our understanding of the past. The power of terahertz is exemplified by the discussion on its importance in different industries, such as semiconductor circuit manufacturing and automotive assembly.
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7
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Santitewagun S, Thakkar R, Zeitler JA, Maniruzzaman M. Detecting Crystallinity Using Terahertz Spectroscopy in 3D Printed Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2380-2389. [PMID: 35670498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the applicability of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in evaluating the solid-state of the drug in selective laser sintering-based 3D printed dosage forms. Selective laser sintering is a powder bed-based 3D printing platform, which has recently demonstrated applicability in manufacturing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) through a layer-by-layer fusion process. When formulating ASDs, it is critical to confirm the final solid state of the drug as residual crystallinity can alter the performance of the formulation. Moreover, SLS 3D printing does not involve the mixing of the components during the process, which can lead to partially amorphous systems causing reproducibility and storage stability problems along with possibilities of unwanted polymorphism. In this study, a previously investigated SLS 3D printed ASD was characterized using THz-TDS and compared with traditionally used solid-state characterization techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (pXRD). THz-TDS provided deeper insights into the solid state of the dosage forms and their properties. Moreover, THz-TDS was able to detect residual crystallinity in granules prepared using twin-screw granulation for the 3D printing process, which was undetectable by the DSC and XRD. THz-TDS can prove to be a useful tool in gaining deeper insights into the solid-state properties and further aid in predicting the stability of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawan Santitewagun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Rishi Thakkar
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D printing Lab (PharmE3D), The Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D printing Lab (PharmE3D), The Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Zhu A, Mao C, Luner PE, Lomeo J, So C, Marchal S, Zhang S. Investigation of Quantitative X-ray Microscopy for Assessment of API and Excipient Microstructure Evolution in Solid Dosage Processing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:117. [PMID: 35441297 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment and understanding of changes in particle size of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients as a function of solid dosage form processing is an important but under-investigated area that can impact drug product quality. In this study, X-ray microscopy (XRM) was investigated as a method for determining the in situ particle size distribution of API agglomerates and an excipient at different processing stages in tablet manufacturing. An artificial intelligence (AI)-facilitated XRM image analysis tool was applied for quantitative analysis of thousands of individual particles, both of the API and the major filler component of the formulation, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Domain size distributions for API and MCC were generated along with the calculation of the porosity of each respective component. The API domain size distributions correlated with laser diffraction measurements and sieve analysis of the API, formulation blend, and granulation. The XRM analysis demonstrated that attrition of the API agglomerates occurred secondary to the granulation stage. These results were corroborated by particle size distribution and sieve potency data which showed generation of an API fines fraction. Additionally, changes in the XRM-calculated size distribution of MCC particles in subsequent processing steps were rationalized based on the known plastic deformation mechanism of MCC. The XRM data indicated that size distribution of the primary MCC particles, which make up the larger functional MCC agglomerates, is conserved across the stages of processing. The results indicate that XRM can be successfully applied as a direct, non-invasive method to track API and excipient particle properties and microstructure for in-process control samples and in the final solid dosage form. The XRM and AI image analysis methodology provides a data-rich way to interrogate the impact of processing stresses on API and excipients for enhanced process understanding and utilization for Quality by Design (QbD).
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9
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Garg D, Bandyopadhyay A, Sengupta A. Critical spectroscopic considerations towards reliable detection of material using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120632. [PMID: 34840050 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopic (TDS) and imaging techniques have been recognized as important tools in recent times for non-contact and non-destructive evaluation of materials, such as, food, pharmaceuticals, and other composite materials of interest. The application of the THz-TDS technique in both material identification and quantification, however, involves the analyses of extremely complex response of the constituents of these composite materials. For a spectroscopist, therefore, it is essential to consider certain critical spectroscopic parameters while acquiring the spectroscopic data using THz-TDS. In this work, using sorbic acid, a widely used preservative in processed food as the typical sample for the spectroscopic measurements, we have systematically investigated the impact of all these critical factors on the spectroscopic identification, quantification, and repeatability of the same. We observed that any sample inhomogeneity or clusters formed inside the composite pellet of the sorbic acid mixed with Teflon during pellet preparation can lead to false spectral responses, depending on the choice of spectroscopic probing point on the sample and number of spectroscopic averages. Furthermore, we analyzed the THz-TDS acquisition in frequency-domain and noted the effect of pellet thickness and sample concentration on the resultant frequency bandwidth and absorption features. Besides THz spectroscopists, a clear understanding of these aspects addressed in this present work, will also assist material engineers in selecting optimum concentration and weight towards formulating advanced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Garg
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aparajita Bandyopadhyay
- Joint Advanced Technology Center, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amartya Sengupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; School of IT and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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Moradikouchi A, Sparén A, Folestad S, Stake J, Rodilla H. Terahertz Frequency Domain Sensing for Fast Porosity Measurement of Pharmaceutical Tablets. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121579. [PMID: 35181461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porosity is an important property of pharmaceutical tablets since it may affect tablet disintegration, dissolution, and bio-availability. It is, therefore, essential to establish non-destructive, fast, and compact techniques to assess porosity, in-situ, during the manufacturing process. In this paper, the terahertz frequency-domain (THz-FD) technique was explored as a fast, non-destructive, and sensitive technique for porosity measurement of pharmaceutical tablets. We studied a sample set of 69 tablets with different design factors, such as particle size of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), Ibuprofen, particle size of the filler, Mannitol, API concentration, and compaction force. The signal transmitted through each tablet was measured across the frequency range 500-750 GHz using a vector network analyzer combined with a quasi-optical set-up consisting of four off-axis parabolic mirrors to guide and focus the beam. We first extracted the effective refractive index of each tablet from the measured complex transmission coefficients and then translated it to porosity, using an empirical linear relation between effective refractive index and tablet density. The results show that the THz-FD technique was highly sensitive to the variations of the design factors, showing that filler particle size and compaction force had a significant impact on the effective refractive index of the tablets and, consequently, porosity. Moreover, the fragmentation behaviour of particles was observed by THz porosity measurements and was verified with scanning electron microscopy of the cross-section of tablets. In conclusion, the THz-FD technique, based on electronic solutions, allows for fast, sensitive, and non-destructive porosity measurement that opens for compact instrument systems capable of in-situ sensing in tablet manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Moradikouchi
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Sparén
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Folestad
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Stake
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Rodilla
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pepin X, Goetschy M, Abrahmsén-Alami S. Mechanistic Models for USP2 Dissolution Apparatus, Including Fluid Hydrodynamics and Sedimentation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:185-196. [PMID: 34666045 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug product dissolution is a key input to Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models (PBBM) to be able to predict in vivo dissolution. The integration of product dissolution in PBBMs for immediate release drug products should be mechanistic, i.e. allow to capture the main determinants of the in vitro dissolution experiment, and extract product batch specific parameter(s). This work focussed on the Product Particle Size Distribution (P-PSD), which was previously shown to integrate the effect of dose, volume, solubility (pH), size and concentration of micelles in the calculation of a batch specific input to PBBMs, and proposed new hydrodynamic (HD) models, which integrate the effect of USP2 apparatus paddle rotation speed and medium viscosity on dissolution. In addition, new models are also proposed to estimate the quantitative impact of formulation and drug sedimentation or "coning" on dissolution. Model "HDC-1" predicts coning in the presence of formulation insoluble excipients and "HDC-2" predicts the sedimentation of the drug substance only. These models were parameterized and validated on 166 dissolution experiments and 18 different drugs. The validation showed that the HD model average fold errors (AFE) for dissolution rate prediction of immediate release formulations, is comprised between 0.85 and 1.15, and the absolute average fold errors (AAFE) are comprised between 1.08 and 1.28, which shows satisfactory predictive power. For experiments where coning was suspected, the HDC-1 model improved the precision of the prediction (defined as ratio of "AAFE-1"values) by 2.46 fold compared to HD model. The calculation of a P-PSD integrating the impact of USP2 paddle rotation, medium viscosity and coning, will improve the PBBM predictions, since these parameters could have an influence on in vitro dissolution, and could open the way to better prediction of the effect of prandial state on human exposure, by developing new in silico tools which could integrate variation of velocity profiles due to the chyme viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
| | - Matéo Goetschy
- During manuscript preparation: European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials. University of Strasbourg (ECPM-Strasbourg), Strasbourg, France
| | - Susanna Abrahmsén-Alami
- Innovation Sciences & External Liaisons, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for powder compact porosity and pore shape measurements: An error analysis of the anisotropic bruggeman model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2021; 3:100079. [PMID: 34027385 PMCID: PMC8120941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a novel technique which has been applied for pore structure analysis and porosity measurements. For this, mainly the anisotropic Bruggeman (AB-EMA) model is applied to correlate the effective refractive index (neff) of a tablet and the porosity as well as to evaluate the pore shape based on the depolarisation factor L. This paper investigates possible error sources of the AB-EMA for THz-TDS based tablet analysis. The effect of absorption and tablet anisotropy – changes of pore shape with porosity and density distribution – have been investigated. The results suggest that high tablet absorption has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the AB-EMA. In regards of tablet anisotropy the accuracy of the porosity determination is not impaired significantly. However, density distribution and variations in the pore shape with porosity resulted in an unreliable extraction of the tablet pore shape. As an extension of the AB-EMA a new concept was introduced to convert the model into bounds for L. This new approach was found useful to investigate tablet pore shape but also the applicability of the AB-EMA for an unknown set of data.
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Key Words
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ϵ
˜
eff
, Effective complex dielectric permittivity
-
ϵ
˜
s
, Complex dielectric permittivity of the solid fract
-
n
˜
, Complex refractive index
- AB-EMA, Anisotropic Bruggemen model
- API, Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- Anisotropy
- Bruggeman model
- D, Tablet diameter
- Density distribution
- H, Tablet thickness
- Ibu, Ibuprofen formulation
- L, Depolarisation factor
- L1, Depolarisation factor at the lowest porosity
- Lac, Lactose
- Lfit, Estimation of the depolarisation factor based on a fitting model
- Ll/u, Lower/upper bound of the depolarisation factor
- Lmax/min, Maximal/minimal depolarisation factor in the simulation of a tablet set
- M, Tablet mass
- MCC, Microcrystalline cellulose
- Pharmaceutical tablet
- Pore structure
- RMSE, Root-mean squared error
- THz-TDS, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
- Terahertz
- a1, Gradient of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- a2, Y-intercept of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- c, Speed of light
- f, Porosity
- f1, Lowest porosity in a set of tablets
- n, Refractive index
- neff, 1, Effective refractive index at the lowest porosity
- neff, Effective refractive index
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper Wiener bound for neff
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper margin for ns
- ns, Intrinsic refractive index of the solid fraction
- ns, c, ns estimated with accounting for absorption
- ns, fit, Estimation of the intrinsic refractive index based on a fitting model
- p, Polar axis of a spheroid, parallel to the wavevector
- q, r, Equatorial axes of a spheroid, perpendicular to the wavevector
- tablename Str, Starch
- αeff, Effective absorption coefficient
- κ, Extinction coefficient
- κeff, Effective extinction coefficient
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The relevance of granule fragmentation on reduced tabletability of granules from ductile or brittle materials produced by roll compaction/dry granulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120035. [PMID: 33152477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Roll compaction/dry granulation often results in loss of tabletability. The two main hypotheses for this are granule hardening and granule size enlargement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granule size, roll compaction force, and granule fragmentation upon tableting and its effect on tabletability of granules constituting a ductile or brittle material. Plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting lactose monohydrate (lactose) were roll compacted at five roll compaction forces ranging from 2 to 16 kN/cm. Granule size fractions of 250-355 and 500-710 µm were blended with 10% magnesium stearate (MgSt), compressed into tablets and ground to obtain compressed granules. The predominant deformation behaviour of the particles constituting the granules directly impacted granule deformation upon tableting, as lactose granules fractured extensively upon tableting, whereas MCC granules predominantly deformed by plastic deformation. Increased roll compaction force resulted in more granule hardening of both materials and thereby granules less susceptible to fragmentation upon tableting. Granule hardening accounted for the largest loss of tabletability of MCC granules upon roll compaction. Roll compaction force and granule size had no or negligible effect on tabletability of lactose tablets without MgSt, whereas increased roll compaction force and larger granules decreased tensile strength of tablets containing lactose granules blended with MgSt. This was explained by inter-particle and inter-granular bonds contributing equally to the tensile strength of lactose tablets without MgSt. However, after addition of MgSt, the decreased fragmentation tendency of larger granules compacted at higher roll compaction forces resulted in greater MgSt coverage of the granules upon tableting, thereby decreasing tabletability.
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Yang R, Dong X, Chen G, Lin F, Huang Z, Manzo M, Mao H. Novel Terahertz Spectroscopy Technology for Crystallinity and Crystal Structure Analysis of Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010006. [PMID: 33375052 PMCID: PMC7792770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallinity is an essential indicator for evaluating the quality of fiber materials. Terahertz spectroscopy technology has excellent penetrability, no harmful substances, and commendable detection capability of absorption characteristics. The terahertz spectroscopy technology has great application potential in the field of fiber material research, especially for the characterization of the crystallinity of cellulose. In this work, the absorption peak of wood cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, wood nano cellulose, and cotton nano cellulose were probed in the terahertz band to calculate the crystallinity, and the result compared with XRD and FT-IR analysis. The vibration model of cellulose molecular motion was obtained by density functional theory. The results showed that the average length of wood cellulose (WC) single fiber was 300 μm. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was bar-like, and the average length was 20 μm. The cotton cellulose nanofiber (C-CNF) was a single fibrous substance with a length of 50 μm, while the wood cellulose nanofiber (W-CNF) was with a length of 250 μm. The crystallinity of cellulose samples in THz was calculated as follows: 73% for WC, 78% for MCC, 85% for W-CNF, and 90% for C-CNF. The crystallinity values were obtained by the three methods which were different to some extent. The absorption peak of the terahertz spectra was most obvious when the samples thickness was 1 mm and mixed mass ratio of the polyethylene and cellulose was 1:1. The degree of crystallinity was proportional to the terahertz absorption coefficients of cellulose, the five-movement models of cellulose molecules corresponded to the five absorption peak positions of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (R.Y.); (X.D.); (G.C.)
- Dehua Tubaobao New Decoration Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Xianyin Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (R.Y.); (X.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Gang Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (R.Y.); (X.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Feng Lin
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (Z.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurizio Manzo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; (Z.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (R.Y.); (X.D.); (G.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Jiangsu Chenguang Coating Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence:
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