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Nuytten G, De Geest BG, De Beer T. Relevance of controlled cooling and freezing phases in T-cell cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2024; 116:104907. [PMID: 38768801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
When cells are cryopreserved, they go through a freezing process with several distinct phases (i.e., cooling until nucleation, ice nucleation, ice crystal growth and cooling to a final temperature). Conventional cell freezing approaches often employ a single cooling rate to describe and optimize the entire freezing process, which neglects its complexity and does not provide insight into the effects of the different freezing phases. The aim of this work was to elucidate the impact of each freezing phase by varying different process parameters per phase. Hereto, spin freezing was used to freeze Jurkat T cells in either a Me2SO-based or Me2SO-free formulation. The cooling rates before ice nucleation and after total ice crystallization impacted cell viability, resulting in viability ranging from 26.7% to 52.8% for the Me2SO-free formulation, and 22.5%-42.6% for the Me2SO-based formulation. Interestingly, the degree of supercooling upon nucleation did not exhibit a significant effect on cell viability in this work. However, the rate of ice crystal formation emerged as a crucial factor, with viability ranging from 2.4% to 53.2% for the Me2SO-free formulation, and 0.3%-53.2% for the Me2SO-based formulation, depending on the freezing rate. A morphological study of the cells post-cryopreservation was performed using confocal microscopy, and it was found that cytoskeleton integrity and cell volume were impacted, depending on the formulation-process parameter combination. These findings underscore the importance of scrutinizing all cooling and freezing phases, as each phase impacted post-thaw viability in a distinct way, depending of the specific formulation used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gust Nuytten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Susrisweta B, Veselý L, Štůsek R, Hauptmann A, Loerting T, Heger D. Investigating freezing-induced acidity changes in citrate buffers. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123211. [PMID: 37422143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrate buffers are commonly utilized in the field of biomolecule stabilization. We investigate their applicability in the frozen state within a range of initial pHs (2.5 to 8.0) and concentrations (0.02 to 0.60 M). Citrate buffer solutions subjected to various cooling and heating temperatures are examined in terms of the freezing-induced acidity changes, revealing that citrate buffers acidify upon cooling. The acidity is assessed with sulfonephthalein molecular probes frozen in the samples. Optical cryomicroscopy combined with differential scanning calorimetry was employed to investigate the causes of the observed acidity changes. The buffers partly crystallize and partly vitrify in the ice matrix; these processes influence the resulting pH and allow designing the optimal storage temperatures in the frozen state. The freezing-induced acidification apparently depends on the buffer concentration; at each pH, we suggest pertinent concentration, at which freezing causes minimal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behera Susrisweta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Štůsek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Tan M, Ding Z, Chu Y, Xie J. Potential of Good's buffers to inhibit denaturation of myofibrillar protein upon freezing. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112484. [PMID: 36869497 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic study sought to examine the potential use of three Good's buffers (MES, MOPS and HEPES) in inhibiting myofibrillar protein (MFP) denaturation induced by acidity changes. The highest degree of acidity variation was found in the center and bottom of large bottles due to the freeze-concentration effect. Good's buffer tended to basify during freezing, and it could prevent the crystallization of sodium phosphate (Na-P) buffer. Acidification upon freezing Na-P disrupted the natural conformation of MFP and induced the formation of large proteins aggregates with tight packing. The 15 mM MES, 20 mM MOPS, and 30 mM HEPES were respectively added to neutralize the strong acidity drop induced by freezing 20 mM Na-P, and all of them significantly improved the stability of the MFP conformation (P < 0.05). This work is not only critical to meet the growing demand for protein, but also groundbreaking for broadening the applicability of Good's buffers in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yuanming Chu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116034, China.
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Henderson MI, Eygeris Y, Jozic A, Herrera M, Sahay G. Leveraging Biological Buffers for Efficient Messenger RNA Delivery via Lipid Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4275-4285. [PMID: 36129254 PMCID: PMC9916253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles containing messenger RNA (mRNA-LNPs) have launched to the forefront of nonviral delivery systems with their realized potential during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we investigate the impact of commonly used biological buffers on the performance and durability of mRNA-LNPs. We tested the compatibility of three common buffers─HEPES, Tris, and phosphate-buffered saline─with a DLin-MC3-DMA mRNA-LNP formulation before and after a single controlled freeze-thaw cycle. We hypothesized that buffer composition would affect lipid-aqueous phase separation. Indeed, the buffers imposed structural changes in LNP morphology as indicated by electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and membrane fluidity assays. We employed in vitro and in vivo models to measure mRNA transfection and found that Tris or HEPES-buffered LNPs yielded better cryoprotection and transfection efficiency compared to PBS. Understanding the effects of various buffers on LNP morphology and efficacy provides valuable insights into maintaining the stability of LNPs after long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Henderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Yulia Eygeris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Antony Jozic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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