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Biedunkiewicz A, Cichocka JM, Jabłońska-Barna I, Bielecki A. Theromyzon maculosum (Rathke, 1862) as a vector of potentially pathogenic fungi in aquatic ecosystems. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:43-50. [PMID: 37662590 PMCID: PMC10473974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to check the integument and alimentary tract of Theromyzon for the occurrence of fungi. Moreover, the mycological purity of water sources from which leeches were collected was analyzed. The potential role of the duck leech Theromyzon maculosum in transmitting pathogenic fungi has not been studied until now. Mycological analyses were performed according to the procedure approved in mycological diagnostic laboratories, using classical diagnostic methods (macro- and microcultures, microscopic observations). In total, 22 species of yeasts were detected. The specimens belong to eight genera: Candida, Citeromyces, Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, Lodderomyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces and Saccharomycodes. Overall, 18 species of fungi were isolated from leeches Theromyzon maculosum, including seven species from the integument and 11 species from the gastrointestinal system. Among fungi isolated from body integument, fungi of the genus Candida were dominant, whereas in the gastrointestinal system, the genus Saccharomyces dominated. From the river waters, nine fungi species were isolated, and yeasts of the genera Candida and Kluyveromyces dominated. Isolation of the same species of microfungi from the integument of leeches and the river water suggests that Theromyzon maculosum may be a potential vector of pathogenic yeasts for vertebrates living in the same ecosystems and for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biedunkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A Str., 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Jabłońska-Barna
- Institute of Technology, University of Applied Sciences in Elbląg, Grunwaldzka Avenue 137, 82-300, Elbląg, Poland
| | - Aleksander Bielecki
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5 Str., 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Xu S, Dai Q, Zheng Y. Male spiny frogs enter the underwater battlefield with loose skin exhibiting enhanced penetration of capillaries into the epidermis. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:19. [PMID: 37803369 PMCID: PMC10557191 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin has multiple functions, and capillaries can penetrate the epidermis to shorten the diffusion path while allowing maintenance of overall epidermal thickness for nonrespiratory roles. However, a method for quantifying the capillary penetration extent is lacking. Such a method may facilitate making comparisons and detecting associations, potentially making the extent a useful variable in biological studies. We quantified the extent as the ratio of the average minimum thickness of epidermis overlying each capillary to the average epidermal thickness along a skin section and then explored its performance in the Emei mustache toad, Leptobrachium boringii, a species in which breeding males with loose skin call and fight each other with maxillary spines underwater. The ratio showed informative associations with other variables, such as perfused capillary density. It displayed small intragroup variation and could be more sensitive than other variables in revealing structural differences in the skin. The ratio estimates were lowest and were correlated with epidermal and stratum compactum thicknesses in breeding males, i.e., a covariation but not reinforcement against stabbing, constituting early evidence consistent with the increased extensibility of loose skin conferring a defensive advantage during combat in amphibians. In addition, our results lead to the hypothesis that high hemoglobin density along subepidermal capillaries favors the maintenance of low blood partial oxygen pressure and hence increases cutaneous oxygen uptake. We also provide evidence supporting the new idea that the cooccurrence of loose skin and underwater calling found in some frogs can be explained by the latter benefiting from a large functional respiratory surface area. Awareness of the usefulness of the ratio may promote its application and the quantification of the penetration. Regarding exchange surface design, these findings for L. boringii imply a case in which looseness increases surface area as well as prevents damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchi Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #9 of Section 4, Ren-Min-Nan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, Sichuan, China.
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Zink L, Wiseman S, Pyle GG. Single and combined effects of cadmium, microplastics, and their mixture on whole-body serotonin and feeding behaviour following chronic exposure and subsequent recovery in the freshwater leech, Nephelopsis obscura. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106538. [PMID: 37043988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and metals are contaminants detected in many freshwater systems globally. Interactions of microplastics with other contaminants including cadmium poses potential threats to the health of aquatic organisms including Nephelopsis obscura, a predatory leech species that is widespread and serves important ecological and economic roles. The feeding biology of N. obscura has been well-described, including that serotonin regulates feeding behaviour. Further, exposure to cadmium has been found to cause decrease whole-body concentrations of serotonin. The influence that microplastic contamination and co-contamination of cadmium and microplastics has on N. obscura is unknown. The present study had three objectives: (1) to determine if water or sediment contaminated with cadmium, microplastics, or their mixture resulted in greater cadmium uptake by N. obscura, (2) to assess effects of chronic (21-day) exposure of N. obscura to waterborne cadmium, microplastics, and their mixture on bioaccumulation of cadmium, concentrations of serotonin, and feeding behaviour (latency to feeding, time spent feeding, and distance moved), and (3) to reassess the bioaccumulation of cadmium, concentrations of serotonin, and feeding behaviour following transfer to an uncontaminated environment for a one-week recovery period. This study revealed that access to and presence of sediment is protective against cadmium uptake and that cadmium is more readily accumulated from waterborne sources, even in environments where both sediment and surface water are contaminated. After 21-days of exposure to waterborne cadmium, microplastics, and their mixture, accumulation of cadmium, decreased concentrations of serotonin, and impaired feeding behaviours were greatest in leeches from the co-exposures compared to leeches from either single contaminant exposure group. Finally, after one week of depuration and recovery in freshwater following the 21-day exposures, concentrations of serotonin and feeding behaviour were restored in individuals from the microplastic exposure; however, cadmium-exposed individuals continued to show decreased concentrations of serotonin and behavioural deficits. The co-exposure of leeches to cadmium and microplastics resulted in additive effects to serotonin synthesis and feeding behaviour; however, this study demonstrated that leeches were able to recover from microplastic toxicity within a week whereas cadmium toxicity persisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zink
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Liu J, Liu J, Li M, Zhou L, Kong W, Zhang H, Jin P, Lu F, Lin G, Shi L. Division of developmental phases of freshwater leech Whitmania pigra and key genes related to neurogenesis revealed by whole genome and transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:203. [PMID: 37069497 PMCID: PMC10111769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater leech Whitmania pigra (W. pigra) Whitman (Annelida phylum) is a model organism for neurodevelopmental studies. However, molecular biology research on its embryonic development is still scarce. Here, we described a series of developmental stages of the W. pigra embryos and defined five broad stages of embryogenesis: cleavage stages, blastocyst stage, gastrula stage, organogenesis and refinement, juvenile. We obtained a total of 239.64 Gb transcriptome data of eight representative developmental phases of embryos (from blastocyst stage to maturity), which was then assembled into 21,482 unigenes according to our reference genome sequenced by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing. We found 3114 genes differentially expressed during the eight phases with phase-specific expression pattern. Using a comprehensive transcriptome dataset, we demonstrated that 57, 49 and 77 DEGs were respectively related to morphogenesis, signal pathways and neurogenesis. 49 DEGs related to signal pathways included 30 wnt genes, 14 notch genes, and 5 hedgehog genes. In particular, we found a cluster consisting of 7 genes related to signal pathways as well as synapses, which were essential for regulating embryonic development. Eight genes cooperatively participated in regulating neurogenesis. Our results reveal the whole picture of W. pigra development mechanism from the perspective of transcriptome and provide new clues for organogenesis and neurodevelopmental studies of Annelida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lisi Zhou
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Panpan Jin
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuhua Lu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Linchun Shi
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193, China Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Zhang D, Xu J, Liu X, Zhang Q, Cong Q, Chen T, Liu C. Advanced Bionic Attachment Equipment Inspired by the Attachment Performance of Aquatic Organisms: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010085. [PMID: 36810416 PMCID: PMC9944885 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, aquatic organisms have evolved various attachment systems, and their attachment ability has become a specific and mysterious survival skill for them. Therefore, it is significant to study and use their unique attachment surfaces and outstanding attachment characteristics for reference and develop new attachment equipment with excellent performance. Based on this, in this review, the unique non-smooth surface morphologies of their suction cups are classified and the key roles of these special surface morphologies in the attachment process are introduced in detail. The recent research on the attachment capacity of aquatic suction cups and other related attachment studies are described. Emphatically, the research progress of advanced bionic attachment equipment and technology in recent years, including attachment robots, flexible grasping manipulators, suction cup accessories, micro-suction cup patches, etc., is summarized. Finally, the existing problems and challenges in the field of biomimetic attachment are analyzed, and the focus and direction of biomimetic attachment research in the future are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Institute of Modern Agriculture on Yellow River Delta, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongying 257300, China
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Tingkun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London HA7 4LP, UK
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6
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Bolotov IN, Kondakov AV, Eliseeva TA, Aksenova OV, Babushkin ES, Bespalaya YV, Chertoprud ES, Dvoryankin GA, Gofarov MY, Klass AL, Konopleva ES, Kropotin AV, Lyubas AA, Makhrov AA, Palatov DM, Shevchenko AR, Sokolova SE, Spitsyn VM, Tomilova AA, Vikhrev IV, Zubrii NA, Vinarski MV. Cryptic taxonomic diversity and high-latitude melanism in the glossiphoniid leech assemblage from the Eurasian Arctic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20630. [PMID: 36450804 PMCID: PMC9712395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Glossiphoniidae is a diverse and widespread clade of freshwater leeches, playing a significant role in functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The taxonomy and biogeography of leeches from temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions attracted much attention of zoologists, while their taxonomic richness and distribution in the Arctic are poorly understood. Here, we present an overview of the Eurasian Arctic Glossiphoniidae based on the most comprehensive occurrence and DNA sequence datasets sampled to date. This fauna contains 14 species, belonging to five genera and three subfamilies. One genus and five species are new to science and described here. The world's northernmost occurrences of glossiphoniids are situated on the Taymyr Peninsula at 72° N, although further records at higher latitudes are expected. Most Arctic leeches are characterized by broad ranges crossing several climatic zones (e.g., Glossiphonia balcanica and G. nebulosa), although the distribution of two new species may be confined to the high-latitude areas. The Taymyr Peninsula with the nearby Putorana Plateau represents the most species-rich area (totally 9 species), while the European Arctic, Iceland, Kolyma Highland, and Chukotka Peninsula house depleted faunas (2-4 species per subregion). Finally, we show that the high-latitude melanism is a common phenomenon in glossiphoniid leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Bolotov
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.452489.6SSC/IUCN-Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Alexander V. Kondakov
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.462706.10000 0004 0497 5323Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Eliseeva
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.462706.10000 0004 0497 5323Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Aksenova
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Babushkin
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia ,grid.446175.50000 0000 9607 5007Surgut State University, Lenina Ave., 1, 628403 Surgut, Russia ,Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Bespalaya
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena S. Chertoprud
- grid.437665.50000 0001 1088 7934A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prt., 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of General Ecology and Hydrobiology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady A. Dvoryankin
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Gofarov
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Anna L. Klass
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Konopleva
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kropotin
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Artem A. Lyubas
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Makhrov
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia ,grid.437665.50000 0001 1088 7934A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prt., 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry M. Palatov
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia ,grid.437665.50000 0001 1088 7934A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prt., 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander R. Shevchenko
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Sokolova
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Vitaly M. Spitsyn
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alena A. Tomilova
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Vikhrev
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia ,grid.452489.6SSC/IUCN-Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Natalia A. Zubrii
- grid.513051.3N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163069 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Vinarski
- grid.452489.6SSC/IUCN-Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Macroecology and Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia ,Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
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Shan H, Ren K, Liu J, Rehman SU, Yan X, Ma X, Zheng Y, Feng T, Wang X, Li Z, Zhou W, Chuang C, Liang M, Zheng J, Liu Q. Comprehensive Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Hirudinaria manillensis in Different Growth Periods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:897458. [PMID: 35694407 PMCID: PMC9174698 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.897458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical leeches are widely been used in biochemical and clinical medical studies, helping to restore blood circulation to grafted or severely injured tissue. Mostly, adult leeches are being used in the traditional pharmacopeia, but the gene expression profiling of leeches in different growth periods is not well-reported. So, in this study, we used transcriptome analysis to analyze the comparative gene expression patterns of Hirudinaria manillensis (H. manillensis) in different growth periods, including larval, young, and adult stages. We constructed 24 cDNA libraries from H. manillensis larval, young, and adult stages, and about 54,639,118 sequences were generated, 18,106 mRNA transcripts of which 958 novel mRNAs and 491 lncRNAs were also assembled as well. Furthermore, the results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially upregulated genes from the larval to adult stages were enriched in pathways such as cilium, myofibril, contractile fiber, cytoskeleton proteins, dilated cardiomyopathy, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, etc. Moreover, in the adult stages, a significant increase in the expression of the Hirudin-HM (HIRM2) genes was detected. In addition, our comparative transcriptome profiling data from different growth stages of H. manillensis also identified a large number of DEGs and DElncRNAs which were tentatively found to be associated with the growth of H. manillensis; as it grew, the muscle-related gene expression increased, while the lipid metabolism and need for stimulation and nutrition-related genes decreased. Similarly, the higher expression of HIRM2 might attribute to the high expression of protein disulfide isomerase gene family (PDI) family genes in adulthood, which provides an important clue that why adult leeches rather than young leeches are widely used in clinical therapeutics and traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jiasheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaocong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yalin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro- Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiguan Zhou
- THAI Natural Hirudin Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chen Chuang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Mingkun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jinghui Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jinghui Zheng, ; Qingyou Liu,
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jinghui Zheng, ; Qingyou Liu,
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8
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Gül MU, Çakıcı Ö. Comparison of body wall histologic structure of two medicinal leeches Hirudo sulukii and Hirudo verbana (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae). Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:75-84. [PMID: 34725716 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine secretory cell types using histochemical properties of secretory cells and epidermis histology in the body wall of two medicinal leech species, Hirudo verbana and Hirudo sulukii. In addition, areas of epidermis epithelial cells, secretory cell types, and secretion areas of secretory cells stained with histochemical stains were statistically compared in both species. Epidermis is composed of single layer of cylindrical epithelium and secretory cells. The cuticle layer covers the epithelial layer. Some Type 1 cells within and close to the epidermis were determined as pear-shaped secretory cells. Type 2a and Type 2b secretory cells were found in large groups in the inner parts of the body wall, especially around muscles. While Type 1 cells were stained weakly with PAS and AB, Type 2b cells were stained darker than Type 2a cells. Statistical calculations showed that areas of epithelial and secretory cells were generally larger in H. sulukii than in H. verbana. Therefore, H. sulukii was thought to be a more resistant species compared to H. verbana. As secretion areas of secretory cells reacting with PAS and AB stains were generally larger in H. sulukii, it was concluded that mucus composition between the two species has different concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Uncu Gül
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, Zoology Section, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Çakıcı
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, Zoology Section, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Lynggaard C, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Kvist S, Gilbert MTP, Bohmann K. The potential of aquatic bloodfeeding and nonbloodfeeding leeches as a tool for iDNA characterisation. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:539-553. [PMID: 34402209 PMCID: PMC9292958 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leeches play important roles in food webs due to their abundance, diversity and feeding habits. Studies using invertebrate‐derived DNA (iDNA) extracted from leech gut contents to target vertebrate DNA have focused on the Indo‐Pacific region and mainly leveraged the leech family Haemadipsidae, composed of bloodfeeding terrestrial leeches, while predatory, fluid/tissue‐feeding and aquatic bloodfeeding species have been largely disregarded. While there is some general knowledge regarding the taxonomic groups that leeches prefer to feed on, detailed taxonomic resolution is missing and, therefore, their potential use for monitoring animals is unknown. In this study, 116 leeches from 12 species (six families) and spanning the three feeding habits were collected in Mexico and Canada. We used DNA metabarcoding to investigate their diet and assess their potential use for biodiversity monitoring. We detected vertebrates from five orders including fish, turtles and birds in the diet of aquatic bloodfeeding leeches; eight invertebrate orders of annelids, arthropods and molluscs in leeches that feed on body fluids and tissues; and 10 orders of invertebrates belonging to Arthropoda and Annelida, as well as one vertebrate and one parasitic nematode, in predatory leeches. These results show the potential use of iDNA from aquatic bloodfeeding leeches for retrieving vertebrate taxa, and from predatory and fluid‐feeding leeches for invertebrates. Our study provides information about the dietary range of freshwater leeches and one terrestrial leech and contributes proof‐of‐concept for the use of these leeches for animal monitoring, expanding our knowledge of the use of iDNA from leech gut contents to North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lynggaard
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sebastian Kvist
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,University Museum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Bohmann
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Ayhan H, Özyurt Koçakoğlu N, Candan S. Functional morphology of the suckers and teeth of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida): A scanning electron microscope study. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2930-2935. [PMID: 34263498 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the triple jaws and suckers of the leeches belonging to the Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida) were examined using the stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In H. verbana, suckers are seen on the first annulus and last annulus of the body. The mouth opens in the center of the front suction cup, and behind this opening is a movable triple jaw apparatus with many teeth. The posterior sucker disc consists of the last seven body segments and lacks an opening. The shape of the jaw is trignatous. The pharynx is equally located around of the three muscular jaws. The jaws are muscular covered with cuticle and carry a row of teeth arranged at the tip. In this study, it was determined that secretory canal holes were identified between the teeth. The results show that the size of teeth determines long-term bleeding so revealing the structure and working mechanism of the teeth has importance for medicinal leeches. At the same time, the difference of teeth and jaw structures of leeches may be a criterion in the classification of medicinal leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Ayhan
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Selami Candan
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology Ankara, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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