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da Fonseca RX, Gomes da Cruz CJ, Soares EDMKVK, Garcia GL, Porto LGG, Molina GE. Post-exercise heart rate recovery and its speed are associated with resting-reactivity cardiovagal modulation in healthy women. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5526. [PMID: 38448470 PMCID: PMC10917800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to expand upon prior investigations of the relationship between post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) and cardiovagal resting-reactivity modulation. HRR from 1st to 5th min after maximal exercise test was correlated with a cardiovagal index of heart rate variability (SD1) at resting (supine and orthostatic positions) and its reactivity after the orthostatic stress test in 34 healthy women. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with a p-value set at 5%. HRR, ∆%HRR, and coefficient of HRR (CHRR) at the 3rd and 5th min correlated with SD1 and SD1n (normalized units) in the supine position (rs = 0.36 to 0.47; p = < 0.01). From the 1st to 5th min, HRR, ∆%HRR, and CHRR correlated with SD1 and SD1n in the orthostatic position (rs = 0.29 to 0.47; p = ≤ 0.01 to 0.05), except for HRR at 5th min with SD1n (p = 0.06). Following the orthostatic stress test, HRR at 3rd and HRR, %∆HRR at 5th min correlated with ∆absSD1 (rs = 0.28 to 0.35; p = 0.02 to 0.05). All HRR measurements at 1st min correlated with ∆absSD1n (rs = 0.32 to 0.38; p = 0.01 to 0.03), and the CHRR at 1st min correlated with ∆%SD1(rs = 0.37; p = 0.01). After the sample was divided into high and low cardiovagal modulation subgroups, the subgroup with high modulation at rest (supine and orthostatic) and higher cardiovagal reactivity (reduction) showed faster HRR (p = ≤ 0.01 to 0.05; ES:0.37 to 0.50). HRR throughout the 1st to 5th min positively correlates with cardiovagal modulation in the orthostatic position, and the 3rd and 5th min positively correlate with cardiovagal modulation in both postures at rest. Faster HRR following the maximal exercise test is associated with high resting-reactivity cardiovagal modulation in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Xavier da Fonseca
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Janssen Gomes da Cruz
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- University Center Euro Americano, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Edgard de Melo Keene Von Koening Soares
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Skidemore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Giliard Lago Garcia
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- University Center Institute of Higher Education of Brasília - IESB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Grossi Porto
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eckhardt Molina
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Grupo de Estudo em Fisiologia e Epidemiologia do Exercício e da Atividade Física (GEAFS), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Frasier RM, Starski PA, de Oliveira Sergio T, Grippo AJ, Hopf FW. Sex differences in heart rate variability measures that predict alcohol drinking in rats. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13387. [PMID: 38502109 PMCID: PMC11061848 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Problem alcohol drinking continues to be a substantial cost and burden. In addition, alcohol consumption in women has increased in recent decades, and women can have greater alcohol problems and comorbidities. Thus, there is a significant need for novel therapeutics to enhance sex-specific, individualized treatment. Heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) are of broad interest because they may be both biomarkers for and drivers of pathological states. HRV reflects the dynamic balance between sympathetic (SNS, 'fight or flight') and parasympathetic (PNS, 'rest and digest') systems. Evidence from human studies suggest PNS predominance in women and SNS in men during autonomic regulation, indicating the possibility of sex differences in risk factors and physiological drivers of problem drinking. To better understand the association between HRV sex differences and alcohol drinking, we examined whether alcohol consumption levels correlated with time domain HRV measures (SDNN and rMSSD) at baseline, at alcohol drinking onset, and across 10 min of drinking, in adult female and male Wistar rats. In particular, we compared both HRV and HR measures under alcohol-only and compulsion-like conditions (alcohol + 10 mg/L quinine), because compulsion can often be a significant barrier to treatment of alcohol misuse. Importantly, previous work supports the possibility that different HRV measures could be interpreted to reflect PNS versus SNS influences. Here, we show that females with higher putative PNS indicators at baseline and at drinking onset had greater alcohol consumption. In contrast, male intake levels related to increased potential SNS measures at drinking onset. Once alcohol was consumed, HR predicted intake level in females, perhaps a pharmacological effect of alcohol. However, HRV changes were greater during compulsion-like intake versus alcohol-only, suggesting HRV changes (reduced SNS in females, reduced PNS and increased HR in males) specifically related to aversion-resistant intake. We find novel and likely clinically relevant autonomic differences associated with biological sex and alcohol drinking, suggesting that different autonomic mechanisms may promote differing aspects of female and male alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raizel M. Frasier
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Phillip A. Starski
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Angela J. Grippo
- Department of PsychologyNorthern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIllinoisUSA
| | - F. Woodward Hopf
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Zhang L, Li X, Wu H, Luo J. Risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation following lung cancer surgery: A multi-center case-control study. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:176-183. [PMID: 37419802 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after major thoracic operations. The objective of this case-control study was to identify the risk factors for POAF following lung cancer surgery. METHODS In total, 216 patients with lung cancer who were selected from three different hospitals were followed up between May 2020 and May 2022. They were divided into two groups: case group, patients with POAF and control group, patients without POAF (case-control). Risk factors associated with POAF were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Risk factors that were significantly associated with POAF were preoperative brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels [odds ratio (OR): 4.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-13.06; P = 0.0064], sex (OR: 0.07; 95%CI: 0.02-0.28; P = 0.0001), preoperative white blood cell (WBC) count (OR: 3.00; 95%CI: 1.89-4.77; P < 0.0001), lymph node dissection (OR: 11.49; 95%CI: 2.81-47.01; P = 0.0007), and cardiovascular disease (OR: 4.93; 95%CI: 1.14-21.31; P = 0.0326). CONCLUSION In summary, data from the three hospitals suggested that preoperative BNP levels, sex, preoperative WBC count, lymph node dissection, and hypertension/coronary heart disease/myocardial infarction were associated with a significantly high risk of POAF following lung cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Zhang
- ECG Room, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Xinv Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xinyu People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, Xinyu, 338000, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Health Care, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Won JY, Nam EC, Chun KJ, Kim JW, Lee WH. The 24-Hour Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e400. [PMID: 38050912 PMCID: PMC10695759 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitive knowledge of the 24-hour cardiac autonomic activity in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) is lacking. Thus, we aimed to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV), which is used to measure cardiac autonomic activity by 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with AR. METHODS We enrolled 32 patients who visited our clinic and were diagnosed with AR. The control group was selected four-fold (n = 128) by matching (age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes) in the AR group from a Holter registry in the cardiology department. The HRV results, which were measured using 24-hour Holter monitoring, were compared between the AR and control groups. RESULTS All time-domain parameters of HRV revealed no differences between the groups. However, among the frequency domain parameters of HRV, the low-frequency to high-frequency ratio and low-frequency power in normalized units were significantly lower in the AR group. Conversely, high-frequency power in normalized units was significantly higher in the AR group. In the multiple regression analysis, AR was independently associated with sympathetic withdrawal (adjusted odds ratio = 3.393, P = 0.020) after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest differences in cardiac autonomic activity which are related with sympathetic withdrawal in patients with AR compared with that in the normal population over 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Won
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Chun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Whun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Frasier RM, De Oliveira Sergio T, Starski PA, Grippo AJ, Hopf FW. Heart rate variability measures indicating sex differences in autonomic regulation during anxiety-like behavior in rats. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1244389. [PMID: 38025424 PMCID: PMC10644002 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health conditions remain a substantial and costly challenge to society, especially in women since they have nearly twice the prevalence of anxiety disorders. However, critical mechanisms underlying sex differences remain incompletely understood. Measures of cardiac function, including heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV), reflect balance between sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) systems and are potential biomarkers for pathological states. Methods To better understand sex differences in anxiety-related autonomic mechanisms, we examined HR/HRV telemetry in food-restricted adult rats during novelty suppression of feeding (NSF), with conflict between food under bright light in the arena center. To assess HRV, we calculated the SDNN (reflective of both SNS and PNS contribution) and rMSSD (reflective of PNS contribution) and compared these metrics to behaviors within the anxiety task. Results Females had greater HR and lower SNS indicators at baseline, as in humans. Further, females (but not males) with higher basal HR carried this state into NSF, delaying first approach to center. In contrast, males with lower SNS measures approached and spent more time in the brightly-lit center. Further, females with lower SNS indicators consumed significantly more food. In males, a high-SNS subpopulation consumed no food. Among consumers, males with greater SNS ate more food. Discussion Together, these are congruent with human findings suggesting women engage PNS more, and men SNS more. Our previous behavior-only work also observed female differences from males during initial movement and food intake. Thus, high basal SNS in females reduced behavior early in NSF, while subsequent reduced SNS allowed greater food intake. In males, lower SNS increased engagement with arena center, but greater SNS predicted higher consumption. Our findings show novel and likely clinically relevant sex differences in HRV-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raizel M. Frasier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Phillip A. Starski
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Angela J. Grippo
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - F. Woodward Hopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Zhang X, Wang S, Sun Y, Ding Y. Gender moderates the association between resting vagally mediated heart rate variability and attentional control. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1165467. [PMID: 37654989 PMCID: PMC10466397 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1165467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women typically exhibit weaker attentional control ability than men. Lower resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is thought to reflect the poorer function of the neurophysiological pathways underlying attentional control and thus, poorer attentional control ability. However, existing findings are inconsistent regarding the relationship between vmHRV and attentional control. Gender may be an important moderator. Objective To examine whether gender moderates the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control, and to provide neurophysiological evidence for elucidating gender differences in attentional control ability. Methods Two hundred and twenty college students completed the Attentional Control Scale to evaluate their attentional control ability. Resting vmHRV was assessed during a 5 min baseline period using an electrocardiographic amplifier (ECG100C) of the Biopac MP150 physiological recorder. Results (1) There was no significant difference in the total scores of the Attentional Control Scale between men and women (t = 0.498, p > 0.05), but the scores of the attentional shifting dimension of women were significantly lower than those of men (t = 1.995, p < 0.05); (2) Resting vmHRV was significantly negatively correlated with attentional control in women(r = -0.233, p < 0.01), whereas the correlation was not significant in men; (3) Gender significantly moderated the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control (B = -3.088, 95% boot CI [-5.431, -0.745], t = -2.598, p < 0.05); (4) Among participants with lower resting vmHRV, there was no significant difference in attentional control between men and women (B = 2.284, 95% boot CI [-0.748, 5.310], p > 0.05), but among participants with higher resting vmHRV, men scored significantly higher than women in attentional control (B = -3.377, 95% boot CI [-6.406, -0.348], p < 0.05). Conclusion Gender moderates the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control, with higher resting vmHRV in women reflecting a compensatory response to deficits in attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Chu YH, Sun ZJ, Chang YF, Yang YC, Chang CJ, Chou YT, Wu JS. Different Factors Associated with Morning Blood Pressure Surge in Antihypertensive-Naïve Dipper and Non-Dipper Subjects. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072464. [PMID: 37048548 PMCID: PMC10095290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) and cardiovascular risk is inconclusive. Previous studies have not taken into consideration dipping status in examining the MBPS and its associated factors. The aim was to examine factors associated with the MBPS in dippers and non-dippers. The MBPS was calculated by data obtained from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, using the definition of sleep-trough morning surge. Dipping systolic blood pressure (DipSBP) was defined as [1 - (SBPsleeping/SBPawake)] × 100%. The value in milliseconds of standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR interval after waking up (SDNNaw) was calculated during the 2 h period after waking up. A total of 140 eligible subjects were divided into dippers (n = 62) and non-dippers (n = 78). Multiple regression analysis on data for all subjects revealed different correlations with the MBPS: positive in age, body mass index (BMI), and DipSBP, and inverse in cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, fasting blood glucose, and 2 h SDNNaw. When dippers were examined separately, age, female gender, and BMI correlated positively with MBPS, while cholesterol/HDL-C ratio and 2 h SDNNaw correlated negatively. For non-dippers, only age was associated with the MBPS. The factors associated with the MBPS were different for dippers and non-dippers. The MBPS seems to be a physiological response in this dipper group because age and BMI correlated positively with the MBPS, while parasympathetic neural activity after waking up and cholesterol/HDL-C ratio showed inverse correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Chu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jie Sun
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Fan Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Wesarg C, Van den Akker AL, Oei NY, Wiers RW, Staaks J, Thayer JF, Williams DP, Hoeve M. Childhood adversity and vagal regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ferreira FC, Padilha MCSV, Tobadini E, Bellocchi C, Carandina A, Montano N, Soares PPS, Rodrigues GD. Women have a greater cardiac vagal withdrawal to heat stress compared to men. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:444-453. [PMID: 38130655 PMCID: PMC10732604 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2135354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heated environment shifts the sympatho-vagal balance toward sympathetic predominance and vagal withdrawal. Women's heart is more reliant on vagal autonomic control, while men's heart is more dependent on sympathetic control. However, sex differences in cardiovascular autonomic responses to heat stress remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular autonomic regulation under heat stress between sexes. Thirty-two young participants (27 ± 4 years old; 16 women) were enrolled in a single visit, resting for 30min at baseline (thermal reference condition TC; ∼24°C) and 30min under a heated environment (HOT; ∼38°C). Blood pressure (BP), skin temperature, electrocardiogram, and respiratory oscillations were continuously recorded. The heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed by spectral analysis (low-frequency [LFnu; sympathetic and vagal] and high-frequency [HFnu; vagal]), and symbolic analysis (0 V% [sympathetic] and 2UV%, and 2LV% [vagal]). The spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was calculated by the gain between BP and R-R within the LF band (αLF). The estimated maximal aerobic capacity and body surface area were employed as covariates in sex comparisons. The effects of HOT were the following: 1) Women have a greater cardiac vagal withdrawal to heat stress compared to men; 2) Sex differences on cardiac autonomic response to heat stress exist after controlling for the effect of estimated physical fitness and body surface area. Therefore, heat stress provokes a higher vagal withdrawal to the heart in women compared to men. It could be attributed to sex per se since significant differences between men and women were not modified after covariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Michelle Cristina S. V. Padilha
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Tobadini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Carandina
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Paulo S. Soares
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122Milan, Italy
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Kvadsheim E, Sørensen L, Fasmer OB, Osnes B, Haavik J, Williams DP, Thayer JF, Koenig J. Vagally mediated heart rate variability, stress, and perceived social support: a focus on sex differences. Stress 2022; 25:113-121. [PMID: 35238276 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2043271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), reflecting vagal activity as indexed by heart function and lower stress vulnerability, is associated with higher perceived social support. Seeking social support is an adaptive stress response, and evolutionary theories suggest that females use this strategy more than males. The current study investigated the hypothesis that higher vmHRV is related to higher perceived social support under conditions of higher, relative to lower, stress, and that this association is most prominent in females. A healthy student sample (n = 143; 82 males, 61 females; mean age 19.9) completed the short version of the Medical outcomes study social support survey (MOS) and the Perceived stress scale (PSS). Activity in the high frequency band of heart rate variability (HF-HRV), deducted from five-minute resting electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, indexed vmHRV. A moderation analysis was conducted, with PSS and sex as moderators of the association between vmHRV and MOS. Statistical effects were adjusted for age, education, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), alcohol and drug use, ECG-derived respiration (EDR), and mean heart rate. Higher PSS scores moderated the association between vmHRV and MOS in females but not males. Lower PSS scores did not moderate the relation between vmHRV and MOS. This suggests that higher vmHRV is associated with higher perceived social support under conditions of higher stress in females but not males, consistent with evolution of different stress management strategies in the sexes. The results may have implications for individualized intervention strategies for increasing vmHRV and perceived social support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole B Fasmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Vanderhasselt MA, Ottaviani C. Combining top-down and bottom-up interventions targeting the vagus nerve to increase resilience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:725-729. [PMID: 34801258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has dramatically increased over the last years and is one of the major health concerns of the 21st century. Targeted interventions are traditionally based on inducing cognitive changes and enhancing control with the aim to promote adaptive emotion regulation, ultimately enhancing stress resilience. Crucially, bodily functions have received little attention in this quest, despite increasing evidence on the impact of mind-body interactions on resilience. An exemplary model is constituted by accumulating empirical support on the vagus nerve, which enables two-way communication between heart and brain, allowing to engage in an adaptive stress response in a context-appropriate manner. Yet, research on such bidirectional communication is mainly correlational. We propose to consider resonance breathing (bottom-up approach, heart > brain), and neuromodulation (top-down approach, brain > heart) as evidence-based ways to increase vagal nerve inhibitory control and hence increase stress resilience. These promising, likely cost-effective and easily employable techniques can be used alone or in combination, harnessing neurobiological scientific advances to select treatment options with the greatest likelihood of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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12
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De Longis E, Ottaviani C, Alessandri G. Personal Resources and Organizational Outcomes: Sex as a Moderator of the Complex Relationships Between Self-Esteem, Heart Rate Variability, and Work-Related Exhaustion. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:615363. [PMID: 34675761 PMCID: PMC8523779 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.615363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global self-esteem represents a protective personal resource lowering the risk of psychological distress. Research conducted in the work setting has confirmed the psychosocial benefits of high self-esteem. However, research linking self-esteem to neurobiological adaptability appears quite scarce. In this study, we propose a theoretical model in which self-esteem predicts work-related exhaustion indirectly, through the mediation of heart rate variability (HRV) and negative affect at work. Moreover, we explore the relationship between self-esteem and HRV. From one side, one would expect a positive link between self-esteem and HRV, signaling higher autonomic adaptability. However, recent studies have shown that in women, such associations become more complex, with even reversed patterns as compared with that in men. Thus, we included sex as a moderator of the relationship between HRV and self-esteem. The model was tested on a sample of 110 individuals working in the relational professions (54% males; M age = 42.6, SD = 13.73), observed for an entire workday. Results confirmed the protective role of self-esteem against the experience of negative affect and (indirectly) work-related exhaustion. Symptoms of exhaustion at work were also negatively predicted by HRV, and both HRV and negative affect acted as mediators of the relationship between self-esteem and work-related exhaustion. Notably, sex differences emerged in the association between global self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone at work: in women, self-esteem was negatively related to HRV, which in turn led to higher work-related exhaustion, whereas in men, no evidence of this indirect effect appeared. Burnout prevention programs should not ignore important sex differences in how individuals respond to work-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Alessandri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Gamache I, Legault MA, Grenier JC, Sanchez R, Rhéaume E, Asgari S, Barhdadi A, Zada YF, Trochet H, Luo Y, Lecca L, Murray M, Raychaudhuri S, Tardif JC, Dubé MP, Hussin J. A sex-specific evolutionary interaction between ADCY9 and CETP. eLife 2021; 10:69198. [PMID: 34609279 PMCID: PMC8594919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic studies have revealed associations between rs1967309 in the adenylyl cyclase type 9 (ADCY9) gene and clinical responses to the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modulator dalcetrapib, however, the mechanism behind this interaction is still unknown. Here, we characterized selective signals at the locus associated with the pharmacogenomic response in human populations and we show that rs1967309 region exhibits signatures of positive selection in several human populations. Furthermore, we identified a variant in CETP, rs158477, which is in long-range linkage disequilibrium with rs1967309 in the Peruvian population. The signal is mainly seen in males, a sex-specific result that is replicated in the LIMAA cohort of over 3400 Peruvians. Analyses of RNA-seq data further suggest an epistatic interaction on CETP expression levels between the two SNPs in multiple tissues, which also differs between males and females. We also detected interaction effects of the two SNPs with sex on cardiovascular phenotypes in the UK Biobank, in line with the sex-specific genotype associations found in Peruvians at these loci. We propose that ADCY9 and CETP coevolved during recent human evolution due to sex-specific selection, which points toward a biological link between dalcetrapib’s pharmacogene ADCY9 and its therapeutic target CETP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gamache
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marc-André Legault
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Eric Rhéaume
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Samira Asgari
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amina Barhdadi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Holly Trochet
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Megan Murray
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Hussin
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
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14
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Spangler DP, Dunn EJ, Aldao A, Feeling NR, Free ML, Gillie BL, Vasey MW, Williams DP, Koenig J, Thayer JF. Gender Matters: Nonlinear Relationships Between Heart Rate Variability and Depression and Positive Affect. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:612566. [PMID: 34054402 PMCID: PMC8155374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.612566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), a measure of the parasympathetic nervous system's control over the heart, is often negatively related to maladaptive emotional outcomes. Recent work suggests that quadratic relationships involving these factors may be present; however, research has not investigated gender differences in these nonlinear functions. To address this gap, the current study tested for quadratic relationships between resting vmHRV and depression and positive affect while investigating gender differences in these relationships. Significant quadratic effects were found between resting vmHRV and reports of both depression symptoms and positive affect in women but not men. Specifically, the lowest levels of depression and the highest levels of positive affect were found at moderate vmHRV in women. These results suggest that examinations of vmHRV's nonlinear associations require the consideration of gender. Our findings are interpreted based on proposed differential neuropsychological mechanisms of vmHRV in men versus women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Spangler
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Emily J Dunn
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amelia Aldao
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicole R Feeling
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew L Free
- Anxiety and Behavioral Health Services, Worthington, OH, United States
| | - Brandon L Gillie
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sports Medicine Concussion Program, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael W Vasey
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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15
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Tong C, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Xu M, Wu J, Cao H. Risk factors and outcomes of intraoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing thoracoscopic anatomic lung surgery. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:543. [PMID: 33987241 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common after thoracoscopic anatomic lung surgery and can be associated with increased adverse outcomes. However, the incidence, risk factors, and related outcomes of intraoperative AF in thoracoscopic anatomical lung surgery are unknown. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the files of 14,986 patients who had presented to the Shanghai Chest Hospital for thoracoscopic anatomic lung operations between January 2016 and December 2018. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for intraoperative AF, and a 1:1 propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was performed to compare postoperative outcomes. Results The incidence of intraoperative AF was 1.2% (177/14,986). Multivariate analysis identified age older than or equal to 60 years [odds ratio (OR) =1.872, P<0.001], male sex (OR =2.979, P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR =2.287, P=0.014), lesion diameter of 1.4 cm or larger (OR =1.855, P=0.002), clinical nodal involvement (OR =1.920, P=0.005), lobectomy resection (OR =2.958, P=0.001), and right resection (OR =1.475, P=0.021) as independent risk factors for intraoperative AF. After 1:1 PSM, we evaluated outcomes in 350 (175 pairs) patients with or without intraoperative AF. Patients who had intraoperative AF were associated with prolonged median ICU stay {28 [26-54] vs. 24 [22-44] hours, P=0.001} and length of stay (LOS) {6 [4-7] vs. 5 [4-6] days, P=0.009}. However, the differences in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other complications were not significant. In the subgroup analysis, patients who recovered sinus rhythm during operation (n=16) had a shorter median LOS {4 [4-6] vs. 6 [4-7] days, P=0.031}, and a similar incidence of complications compared with patients who recovered sinus rhythm after surgery (n=159). Conclusions We identified 7 independent risk factors for intraoperative AF, which were associated with prolonged ICU and hospital stays. The findings may help clinicians identify high-risk patients and take preventive measures to minimize the incidence and adverse outcomes of intraoperative AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Statistical Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Hilgarter K, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Csanády-Leitner R, Mörtl M, Rössler A, Lackner HK. Phasic heart rate variability and the association with cognitive performance: A cross-sectional study in a healthy population setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246968. [PMID: 33647023 PMCID: PMC7920382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sympathovagal balance measured by heart rate variability is a core component of psychophysiological research. Through the close link of physiological and psychological aspects, often a reduced heart rate variability is associated with impaired cognitive function. A better understanding of the associations between cognitive and cardiovascular dysfunctions is necessary to prevent the manifestation of diseases. Therefore, this study investigated phasic heart rate variability using rest, anticipatory, stress, and recovery periods and the association with high and low cognitive performance in a generally healthy population setting. Methods 114 healthy individuals (40 males, 74 females) aged 20 to 70 participated in the cross-sectional study. The heart rate variability based on standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), and the root means square of successive differences (RMSSD), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio and its association with high and low cognitive performance measured by the California Verbal Learning Task II were examined. Results The results of this study indicate that the paradigm was successful in producing stress and showed a significant association between phasic heart rate variability (SDNN) and verbal episodic memory performance, irrespective of age and sex. Discussion The results of this study suggest that a reduced heart rate variability is associated with reduced cognitive function regardless of age and sex and seem to be an early indicator of sympathovagal disbalance. Conclusion This leads to the conclusion that differences between high and low cognitive performance might show differences in heart rate variability at an early stage, where no diseases are yet manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hilgarter
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Schmid-Zalaudek
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Csanády-Leitner
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Mörtl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Centre Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Andreas Rössler
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Karl Lackner
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Autonomic Modulation of Cardiac Activity Across Levels of Sleep Depth in Individuals With Depression and Sleep Complaints. Psychosom Med 2021; 82:172-180. [PMID: 31977732 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed mean heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) across wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep, and across varying levels of NREM sleep depth in individuals with depression and sleep complaints. METHODS Retrospective polysomnographic data were obtained for 25 individuals diagnosed as having depression (84% female; mean age = 33.8 ± 12.2 years) and 31 mentally healthy controls (58.1% female; mean age = 37.2 ± 12.4 years). All were free of psychotropic and cardiovascular medication, cardiovascular disease, and sleep-related breathing disorders. HR and time-domain HRV parameters were computed on 30-second electrocardiography segments and averaged across the night for each stage of sleep and wake. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the depression group had higher HR across wake, REM, and all levels of NREM depth (F(1,51) = 6.3, p = .015). Significant group by sleep stage interactions were found for HRV parameters: SD of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN; F(2.1,107.7) = 4.4, p = .014) and root mean square differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD; F(2.2,113.5) = 3.2, p = .041). No significant group difference was found for SDNN or RMSSD during wake (all, p ≥ .32). However, compared with the control group, the depression group had significantly lower SDNN in REM (p = .040) and all NREM stages (all p ≤ .045), and lower RMSSD during NREM 2 (p = .033) and NREM 3 (p = .034). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the abnormalities in autonomic cardiac regulation associated with depression and sleep problems are more prominent during sleep, especially NREM sleep, than during wake. This may be due to abnormalities in parasympathetic modulation of cardiac activity.
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18
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McIntosh RC, Hoshi R, Nomi JS, Di Bello M, Goodman ZT, Kornfeld S, Uddin LQ, Ottaviani C. Neurovisceral integration in the executive control network: A resting state analysis. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Stone LB, Lewis GM, Bylsma LM. The autonomic correlates of dysphoric rumination and post-rumination savoring. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113027. [PMID: 32592700 PMCID: PMC7388732 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trait dysphoric rumination is a transdiagnostic factor associated with depression and anxiety that has also been linked with blunted respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of reduced emotion regulation capacity. However, the autonomic correlates of state dysphoric rumination remain unclear. We examined the physiological correlates of state dysphoric rumination and the potential repairing effects of savoring on autonomic functioning. To provide a comprehensive assessment of autonomic correlates, we examined changes in parasympathetic (RSA) and sympathetic (cardiac pre-ejection period, PEP; and electrodermal activity, EDA) arousal independently, as well as autonomic coordination among indices. Eighty-two women (ages 18-25) completed laboratory physiological assessments, including rumination and savoring tasks, and self-report measures of trait rumination. Dysphoric rumination was associated with sympathetic activation (i.e., decreases in PEP, increases in EDA), and subsequent savoring following a recovery period also corresponded with decreases in PEP. Trait rumination did not predict autonomic changes during state rumination. However, higher trait rumination was associated with greater sympathetic coordination (PEP-EDA correspondence) during savoring. In summary, dysphoric rumination co-occurred with sympathetic activation, and subsequent savoring successfully recruited sympathetic activity (PEP) redirected on positive moods and events. Results also emphasize the utility of examining sympathetic and parasympathetic indices, and coordination among autonomic indices to delineate autonomic activity associated with emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey B Stone
- Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, U.S..
| | - Genevieve M Lewis
- Department of Psychology, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, U.S
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U. S
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20
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Impact of sex and depressed mood on the central regulation of cardiac autonomic function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1280-1288. [PMID: 32152473 PMCID: PMC7298013 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic dysregulation has been implicated in the comorbidity of major psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular disease, potentially through dysregulation of physiological responses to negative stressful stimuli (here, shortened to stress response). Further, sex differences in these comorbidities are substantial. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mood- and sex-dependent alterations in brain circuitry implicated in the regulation of the stress response are associated with reduced peripheral parasympathetic activity during negative emotional arousal. Fifty subjects (28 females) including healthy controls and individuals with major depression, bipolar psychosis and schizophrenia were evaluated. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and physiology (cardiac pulse) data were acquired during a mild visual stress reactivity challenge. Associations between changes in activity and functional connectivity of the stress response circuitry and variations in cardiovagal activity [normalized high frequency power of heart rate variability (HFn)] were evaluated using GLM analyses, including interactions with depressed mood and sex across disorders. Our results revealed that in women with high depressed mood, lower cardiovagal activity in response to negative affective stimuli was associated with greater activation of hypothalamus and right amygdala and reduced connectivity between hypothalamus and right orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. No significant associations were observed in women with low levels of depressed mood or men. Our results revealed mood- and sex-dependent interactions in the central regulation of cardiac autonomic activity in response to negative affective stimuli. These findings provide a potential pathophysiological mechanism for previously observed sex differences in the comorbidity of major depression and cardiovascular disease.
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21
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Delk LA, Spangler DP, Guerra R, Ly V, White BA. Antisocial Behavior: the Impact of Psychopathic Traits, Heart Rate Variability, and Gender. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Hamidovic A, Van Hedger K, Choi SH, Flowers S, Wardle M, Childs E. Quantitative meta-analysis of heart rate variability finds reduced parasympathetic cardiac tone in women compared to men during laboratory-based social stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:194-200. [PMID: 32320815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is the inter-beat interval variation between consecutive heartbeats and an autonomic reflection of emotional regulatory abilities to flexibly respond to challenges, such as psychosocial stress. Whereas there are known sex differences in stress-induced hormonal and emotional responses, we identified a gap in our understanding of sex-specific autonomic cardiac control during stress. Thus, we assessed HRV prior to, during and after administration of a public speech task in healthy participants (n = 929) according to sex. Our meta-analysis found that during stress, women had lower HRV than men, with an overall Hedges' g of 0.29 (p < 0.0001) and 0.29 (p = 0.0003) for fixed and random effects models, respectively. We did not find significant heterogeneity or evidence of publication bias. Analyses of additional timepoints showed no baseline difference and marginally lower HRV in women during anticipation and recovery. Findings of the present meta-analysis confirm sex differences in stress-induced hyperarousal and form a justification for implementation of mechanistic studies evaluating gonadal hormones, their potent metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines as mediators of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | | | - So Hee Choi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Stephanie Flowers
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Margaret Wardle
- University of Illinois at Chicago 1007 W. Harrison St. Chicago IL 60607.
| | - Emma Childs
- University of Illinois at Chicago 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612.
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between waist circumference as a measure of abdominal obesity and brain responses to stress among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Patients with CAD (N = 151) underwent acute mental stress tasks in conjunction with high-resolution positron emission tomography and radiolabeled water imaging of the brain. Brain responses to mental stress were correlated with waist circumference. RESULTS Waist circumference was positively correlated with increased activation in the right and left frontal lobes (β values ranging from 2.81 to 3.75 in the paracentral, medial, and superior gyri), left temporal lobe, left hippocampal, left amygdala, left uncus, and left anterior and posterior cingulate gyri (β values ranging from 2.93 to 3.55). Waist circumference was also negatively associated with the left and right parietal lobes, right superior temporal gyrus, and right insula and precuneus (β values ranging from 2.82 to 5.20). CONCLUSION Increased brain activation in the brain regions involved in the stress response and autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system during psychological stress may underlie stress-induced overeating and abdominal obesity in patients with CAD.
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24
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Menstrual Cycle Changes in Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability are Associated with Progesterone: Evidence from Two Within-Person Studies. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030617. [PMID: 32106458 PMCID: PMC7141121 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent meta-analysis revealed that cardiac vagal activity (mostly indicated by vagally-mediated heart rate variability; HRV) decreases significantly from the follicular to luteal menstrual cycle phase in naturally-cycling participants. However, the question remains as to whether cyclical changes in estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), or both are responsible for HRV fluctuations. We present the first studies to use repeated measures of E2, P4, and HRV across the cycle to model both the unique and interactive effects of person-centered E2 and P4 on HRV in multilevel models. In study one, 40 naturally-cycling participants were assessed weekly across four weeks, and were blind to the cycle focus of the study. In study two, 50 naturally-cycling participants were examined in three precisely defined cycle phases via ovulation testing. Both studies revealed that only P4 was correlated with HRV, such that higher-than-usual P4 significantly predicted lower-than-usual HRV within a given participant. In line with this, cycle phase comparisons revealed lower HRV in the mid-luteal phase (characterized by elevated P4) than in other phases. No significant main or interactive effects of E2 on HRV were found. Future female health studies should investigate individual differences in these effects and potential consequences of cyclical HRV changes on daily functioning.
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Jiang S, Postovit L, Cattaneo A, Binder EB, Aitchison KJ. Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31780969 PMCID: PMC6857662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (e.g., early life adversity or stress and childhood trauma) and have a lifelong impact on mental and physical health. For example, childhood trauma has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The heritability of ACE-related phenotypes such as PTSD, depression, and resilience is low to moderate, and, moreover, is very variable for a given phenotype, which implies that gene by environment interactions (such as through epigenetic modifications) may be involved in the onset of these phenotypes. Currently, there is increasing interest in the investigation of epigenetic contributions to ACE-induced differential health outcomes. Although there are a number of studies in this field, there are still research gaps. In this review, the basic concepts of epigenetic modifications (such as methylation) and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the stress response are outlined. Examples of specific genes undergoing methylation in association with ACE-induced differential health outcomes are provided. Limitations in this field, e.g., uncertain clinical diagnosis, conceptual inconsistencies, and technical drawbacks, are reviewed, with suggestions for advances using new technologies and novel research directions. We thereby provide a platform on which the field of ACE-induced phenotypes in mental health may build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine J. Aitchison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Modeling physiological responses induced by an emotion recognition task using latent class mixed models. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207123. [PMID: 30444877 PMCID: PMC6239287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correctly recognizing emotions is an essential skill to manage interpersonal relationships in everyday life. Facial expression represents the most powerful mean to convey important information on emotional and cognitive states during interactions with others. In this paper, we analyze physiological responses triggered by an emotion recognition test, which requires the processing of facial cues. In particular, we evaluate the modulation of several Heart Rate Variability indices, collected during the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, accounting for test difficulty (derived from a Rasch analysis), test performances, demographic and psychological characteristics of the participants. The main idea is that emotion recognition is associated with the Autonomic Nervous System and, as a consequence, with the Heart Rate Variability. The principal goal of our study was to explore the complexity of the collected measures and their possible interactions by applying a class of flexible models, i.e., the latent class mixed models. Actually, this modelling strategy allows for the identification of clusters of subjects characterized by similar longitudinal trajectories. Both univariate and multivariate latent class mixed models were used. In fact, while the interpretation of the Heart Rate Variability indices is very difficult when considered individually, a joint evaluation provides a better description of the Autonomic Nervous System state.
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Haiblum-Itskovitch S, Czamanski-Cohen J, Galili G. Emotional Response and Changes in Heart Rate Variability Following Art-Making With Three Different Art Materials. Front Psychol 2018; 9:968. [PMID: 29967587 PMCID: PMC6015920 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Art therapy encourages the use of art materials to express feelings and thoughts in a supportive environment. Art materials differ in fluidity and are postulated to thus differentially enhance emotional response (the more fluid the material the more emotion elicited). Yet, to the best of our knowledge, this assumption has not been empirically tested. The current study aimed to examine the emotional and physiological responses to art-making with different art materials. We were particularly interested in vagal activity, indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), because of its association with numerous health related outcomes. In this study, 50 adults (mean age 33 ± 10.27 years, 52% males) participated in a repeated measures experiment, in which they were requested to draw with three art materials (order randomized) differing in their level of fluidity (pencil, oil-pastels, and gouache paint) intermittent with periods of music. We measured the emotional response to art-making with each material using a self-report measure and matrices of HRV using a wearable electrocardiogram device. We calculated two indices of HRV, one indicative of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, and one indicative of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Art-making with gouache paint and oil-pastels resulted in improved positive mood, while pencil did not. Art-making explained approximately 35% of the variability in parasympathetic reactivity, which may indicate changes in emotional regulation processes during the art-making task. Yet, fluidity was not sufficient to explain the reaction to art-making. Surprisingly, the largest suppression of PNS and augmentation of the SNS occurred during art-making with oil-pastels and not with Gouache. Moreover, PNS and SNS reactivity to oil-pastels were related to emotional valance, which may point to emotional engagement. We can conclude that art-making with oil-pastels, first created in Japan in 1924 to increase self-expression of students, results in a unique emotional and physiological responses. These findings might be explained by the enhanced tactile experience of art-making with oil-pastels along with their relative fluidity, triggering an arousal pattern. Further studies that take the format and presentation of the materials as well as the content of the artwork, into account, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Haiblum-Itskovitch
- Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, School of Creative Arts Therapies, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johanna Czamanski-Cohen
- Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, School of Creative Arts Therapies, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Giora Galili
- The Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra’anana, Israel
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Jarczok MN, Aguilar-Raab C, Koenig J, Kaess M, Borniger JC, Nelson RJ, Hall M, Ditzen B, Thayer JF, Fischer JE. The Heart´s rhythm 'n' blues: Sex differences in circadian variation patterns of vagal activity vary by depressive symptoms in predominantly healthy employees. Chronobiol Int 2018. [PMID: 29543518 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1439499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful regulation of emotional states is positively associated to mental health, while difficulties in regulating emotions are negatively associated to overall mental health and in particular associated with anxiety or depression symptoms. A key structure associated to socio-emotional regulatory processes is the central autonomic network. Activity in this structure is associated to vagal activity can be indexed noninvasively and simply by measures of peripheral cardiac autonomic modulations such as heart rate variability. Vagal activity exhibits a circadian variation pattern, with a maximum during nighttime. Depression is known to affect chronobiology. Also, depressive symptoms are known to be associated with decreased resting state vagal activity, but studies investigating the association between circadian variation pattern of vagal activity and depressive symptoms are scarce. We aim to examine these patterns in association to symptom severity of depression using chronobiologic methods. METHODS Data from the Manheim Industrial Cohort Studies (MICS) were used. A total of 3,030 predominantly healthy working adults underwent, among others, ambulatory 24-h hear rate-recordings, detailed health examination and online questionnaires and were available for this analysis. The root mean sum of successive differences (RMSSD) was used as an indicator of vagally mediated heart rate variability. Three individual-level cosine function parameters (MESOR, amplitude, acrophase) were estimated to quantify circadian variation pattern. Multivariate linear regression models including important covariates such as age, sex, and lifestyle factors as well as an interaction effect of sex with depressive symptoms were used to estimate the association of circadian variation pattern of vagal activity with depressive symptoms simultaneously. RESULTS The analysis sample consisted of 20.2% females and an average age 41 with standard deviation of 11 years. Nonparametric bivariate analysis revealed significant MESOR and amplitude differences between the 90th percentile split, but not on acrophase. Multivariate linear regression models estimated depressive symptoms to be negatively associated with the 24h mean (MESOR) and oscillation amplitude in men but positively associated in women. This pattern of findings indicates a blunted day-night rhythm of vagal activity in men with greater depressive symptoms as well as a moderation effect of sex in the association of CVP and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study investigating circadian variation pattern by mild depressive symptoms in a large, rather healthy occupational sample. Depressive symptoms were associated with decreased circadian variation pattern of vagal activity in men but with increased circadian variation pattern in women. The possible underlying mechanism(s) are discussed using the neurovisceral integration model. These findings may have implications for the knowledge on etiology, diagnosis, course, and treatment of depressive symptoms and thus may be of significant public health relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Jarczok
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,b Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , Ulm University Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| | - Corina Aguilar-Raab
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- c Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,d University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Michael Kaess
- c Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany.,d University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- e Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine , CA , USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- f Department of Neuroscience , The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Martica Hall
- g Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Beate Ditzen
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Julian F Thayer
- h Department of Psychology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- i Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical School Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Germany
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Wei L, Chen H, Wu GR. Heart rate variability associated with grey matter volumes in striatal and limbic structures of the central autonomic network. Brain Res 2017; 1681:14-20. [PMID: 29278717 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have highlighted the functional neural correlates of cardiac vagal activity, providing convergent evidence that the cardiac vagal function is controlled by a number of brain regions in the central autonomic network (CAN). However, it remains largely unknown whether the underlying anatomical basis of those identified regions are associated with individual difference in vagal function. To address the above issue, this study used a large sample of healthy subjects (n = 185) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis to verify brain morphometry associated with vagal control and the associations varied as a function of gender and age. Our results showed that high frequency component of heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was negatively correlated with grey matter volumes in the right putamen, caudate, amygdala, insula, superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, and parahippocampal gyrus, demonstrating brain morphological variation in the right-sided striatal and limbic structures of the CAN associated with individual difference in cardiac vagal function. Additionally, gender and age effects on the relationship between cardiac vagal control and brain morphometry were not significant in the current dataset. These findings underscore the importance of striatal and limbic structures in parasympathetic control, and shed light on the underlying anatomical substrates of cardiac vagal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Wei
- Key laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Guo-Rong Wu
- Key laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Jarczok MN, Koenig J, Shively CA, Thayer JF. Behavioral depression is associated with increased vagally mediated heart rate variability in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 131:139-143. [PMID: 29128294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depressive symptoms (DS) in humans are associated with decreased resting state vagal activity, but sex seems to moderate this association. Recently, in human females DS have been associated with greater or similar cardiac vagal activity compared to men in both, clinical and non-clinical samples. A previously validated animal model of behavioral depression was used in the present study to investigate the association of DS and cardiac vagal activity in non-human primates. METHODS The root mean square of successive differences between adjacent heart beats (RMSSD) was used as an indicator of vagally-mediated heart rate variability in 24h heart rate recordings collected via telemetry in 42 adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Hierarchical regression models were used to estimate differences in RMSSD comparing monkeys with and without DS. To capture circadian variation patterns of RMSSD, additional quadratic, cubic and quartic terms of hour were added. RESULTS Monkeys showing behavioral DS had higher overall 24-h RMSSD. The interaction term of daytime with DS and polynomials of hour contributed significantly to the variance across models. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study investigating the association of DS and 24h cardiac vagal control in female non-human primates. Results replicate existing human studies showing higher cardiac vagal control in behavioral depressed vs. non-depressed female monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Jarczok
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carol A Shively
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Helpman L, Zhu X, Suarez-Jimenez B, Lazarov A, Monk C, Neria Y. Sex Differences in Trauma-Related Psychopathology: a Critical Review of Neuroimaging Literature (2014-2017). Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:104. [PMID: 29116470 PMCID: PMC5737777 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of trauma-related psychopathology have long been documented. Multiple underlying mechanisms have been examined, both psychosocial and biological. Among the most promising biological mechanisms are neural substrates of trauma-related psychopathology that have been uncovered in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS Neuroimaging studies of sex-related heterogeneity published over the past 3 years (2014-2017) demonstrate an interaction between sex and type, timing, and load of trauma exposure. These studies suggest that, for males, early trauma exposure may involve a loss of gray matter in the limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hippocampus, and an over-activity and increased connectivity of salience hubs, and particularly dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). For females, however, early trauma exposure may involve overactive and possibly an enlarged amygdala, as well as decreased connectivity of salience hubs such as the dACC. Underlying mechanisms may include interaction with several endocrine systems and result in differential neural response to naturally occurring and added endocrine ligands, as well as sex-specific genetic and epigenetic risk and resilience factors. This complex interaction between multiple biological systems may be associated with sex-specific behavioral patterns, in turn associated with trauma-related psychopathology. While substantial number of published studies present preliminary evidence for neural mechanisms of sex-specific posttraumatic responses, there is a paucity of research directly designed to examine sex as a biological factor in trauma-related psychopathology. Specific foci for future studies aiming to bridge current gaps in the literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Helpman
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY, 10025, USA.
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Benjamin Suarez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Amit Lazarov
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Catherine Monk
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of Psychiatry and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Dr. Unit no. 69, New York, NY 10025, USA
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Makovac E, Thayer JF, Ottaviani C. A meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation and autonomic functioning: Implications for brain-heart pathways to cardiovascular disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:330-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Holzman JB, Bridgett DJ. Heart rate variability indices as bio-markers of top-down self-regulatory mechanisms: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:233-255. [PMID: 28057463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical perspectives posit that heart-rate variability (HRV) reflects self-regulatory capacity and therefore can be employed as a bio-marker of top-down self-regulation (the ability to regulate behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes). However, existing findings of relations between self-regulation and HRV indices are mixed. To clarify the nature of such relations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 123 studies (N=14,347) reporting relations between HRV indices and aspects of top-down self-regulation (e.g., executive functioning, emotion regulation, effortful control). A significant, albeit small, effect was observed (r=0.09) such that greater HRV was related to better top-down self-regulation. Differences in relations were negligible across aspects of self-regulation, self-regulation measurement methods, HRV computational techniques, at-risk compared with healthy samples, and the context of HRV measurement. Stronger relations were observed in older relative to younger samples and in published compared to unpublished studies. These findings generally support the notion that HRV indices can tentatively be employed as bio-markers of top-down self-regulation. Conceptual and theoretical implications, and critical gaps in current knowledge to be addressed by future work, are discussed.
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Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:288-310. [PMID: 26964804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis aimed to quantify current evidence on sex differences in the autonomic control of the heart, indexed by measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy human subjects. An extensive search of the literature yielded 2020 titles and abstracts, of which 172 provided sufficient reporting of sex difference in HRV. Data from 63,612 participants (31,970 females) were available for analysis. Meta-analysis yielded a total of 1154 effect size estimates (k) across 50 different measures of HRV in a cumulated total of 296,247 participants. Females showed a significantly lower mean RR interval and standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN). The power spectral density of HRV in females is characterized by significantly less total power that contains significantly greater high- (HF) and less low-frequency (LF) power. This is further reflected by a lower LF/HF ratio. Meta-regression revealed significant effects of age, respiration control and the length of recording available for analysis. Although women showed greater mean heart rate, they showed greater vagal activity indexed by HF power of HRV. Underlying mechanisms of these findings are discussed.
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Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Marques AH, Kampschroer K, Sternberg EM, Thayer JF. Gender differences in the impact of daily sadness on 24-h heart rate variability. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1682-8. [PMID: 26338472 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is proposed to mediate the relation between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular health problems. Yet, several studies have found that in women depression is associated with higher HRV levels, whereas in men depression is associated with lower HRV levels. So far, these studies have only examined gender differences in HRV levels using a single assessment. This study aimed to test the interactive effects of gender and sadness on ambulatory-assessed HRV levels. A sample of 60 (41 women) employees participated in an ambulatory study. HRV levels (mean of successive differences; MSD) were continuously measured for 24 h. During the daytime, hourly assessments of sadness and other mood states were taken, while depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Gender differences were observed when examining the impact of average daily sadness on MSD. In women, but not in men, the total amount of sadness experienced during the day was associated with higher circadian MSD levels. These findings suggest that researchers need to take gender differences into account when examining the relation between sadness, HRV, and cardiovascular problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verkuil
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brosschot
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea H Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin Kampschroer
- Public Buildings Service, United States General Services Administration, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Esther M Sternberg
- Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Wood KH, Wheelock MD, Shumen JR, Bowen KH, Ver Hoef LW, Knight DC. Controllability modulates the neural response to predictable but not unpredictable threat in humans. Neuroimage 2015; 119:371-81. [PMID: 26149610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress resilience is mediated, in part, by our ability to predict and control threats within our environment. Therefore, determining the neural mechanisms that regulate the emotional response to predictable and controllable threats may provide important new insight into the processes that mediate resilience to emotional dysfunction and guide the future development of interventions for anxiety disorders. To better understand the effect of predictability and controllability on threat-related brain activity in humans, two groups of healthy volunteers participated in a yoked Pavlovian fear conditioning study during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Threat predictability was manipulated by presenting an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that was either preceded by a conditioned stimulus (i.e., predictable) or by presenting the UCS alone (i.e., unpredictable). Similar to animal model research that has employed yoked fear conditioning procedures, one group (controllable condition; CC), but not the other group (uncontrollable condition; UC) was able to terminate the UCS. The fMRI signal response within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsomedial PFC, ventromedial PFC, and posterior cingulate was diminished during predictable compared to unpredictable threat (i.e., UCS). In addition, threat-related activity within the ventromedial PFC and bilateral hippocampus was diminished only to threats that were both predictable and controllable. These findings provide insight into how threat predictability and controllability affects the activity of brain regions (i.e., ventromedial PFC and hippocampus) involved in emotion regulation, and may have important implications for better understanding neural processes that mediate emotional resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joshua R Shumen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kenton H Bowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lawrence W Ver Hoef
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Gentile C, Dragomir AI, Solomon C, Nigam A, D’Antono B. Sex Differences in the Prediction of Metabolic Burden from Physiological Responses to Stress. Ann Behav Med 2014; 49:112-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-014-9639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Allen B, Jennings JR, Gianaros PJ, Thayer JF, Manuck SB. Resting high-frequency heart rate variability is related to resting brain perfusion. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:277-87. [PMID: 25174686 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the neural correlates of resting cardiac vagal activity in a sample of 432 participants (206 male; 61 African American; mean age 42 years). Pulsed arterial spin labeling was used to quantify whole brain and regional cerebral blood flow at rest. High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was used to measure cardiac vagal activity at rest. The primary aim was to determine whether brain regions implicated in regulating cardiac vagal reactions were also related to cardiac vagal activity at rest, and whether these associations varied by sex or race. Brain areas previously related to vagal reactivity were related to resting HF-HRV. Directionality of relationships differed between overall and regional flows. Some relationships were only observed in women and African Americans. There appears to be communality between brain regions associated with task-induced vagal reactivity and those associated with resting cardiac vagal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yu X, Zhang C, Zhang J. Causal interactions between the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:532-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Henriksen OM, Jensen LT, Krabbe K, Larsson HBW, Rostrup E. Relationship between cardiac function and resting cerebral blood flow: MRI measurements in healthy elderly subjects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:471-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto M. Henriksen
- Functional Imaging Unit; Section of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Department of Diagnostics; Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology; Nuclear Medicine and PET; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lars T. Jensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Herlev Hospital; Copenhagen University Hospital; Herlev Denmark
| | - Katja Krabbe
- Section of Radiology; Department of Diagnostics; Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Henrik B. W. Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit; Section of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Department of Diagnostics; Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Functional Imaging Unit; Section of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Department of Diagnostics; Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen University Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Young KD, Bellgowan PSF, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Functional neuroimaging of sex differences in autobiographical memory recall. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:3320-32. [PMID: 22807028 PMCID: PMC6870339 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is episodic memory for personally experienced events. The brain areas underlying AM retrieval are known to include several prefrontal cortical and medial temporal lobe regions. Sex differences in AM recall have been reported in several behavioral studies, but the functional anatomical correlates underlying such differences remain unclear. This study used fMRI to compare the neural correlates of AM recall between healthy male and female participants (n = 20 per group). AM recall in response to positive, negative, and neutral cue words was compared to a semantic memory task involving the generation of examples from a category using emotionally valenced cues. Behaviorally, females recalled more negative and fewer positive AMs compared with males, while ratings of arousal, vividness, and memory age did not differ significantly between sexes. Males and females also did not differ significantly in their performance on control tasks. Neurophysiologically, females showed increased hemodynamic activity compared to males in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal anterior insula, and precuneus while recalling specific AMs (all valences combined); increased activity in the DLPFC, transverse temporal gyrus, and precuneus while recalling positive AMs; and increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, amygdala, and temporopolar cortex when recalling negative AMs. When comparing positive to negative AMs directly, males and females differed in their BOLD responses in the hippocampus and DLPFC. We propose that the differential hemodynamic changes may reflect sex-specific cognitive strategies during recall of AMs irrespective of the phenomenological properties of those memories.
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Tanaka M, Ishii A, Watanabe Y. Neural mechanism of central inhibition during physical fatigue: A magnetoencephalography study. Brain Res 2013; 1537:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tanaka M, Ishii A, Watanabe Y. Neural correlates of central inhibition during physical fatigue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70949. [PMID: 23923034 PMCID: PMC3724771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central inhibition plays a pivotal role in determining physical performance during physical fatigue. Classical conditioning of central inhibition is believed to be associated with the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue. We tried to determine whether classical conditioning of central inhibition can really occur and to clarify the neural mechanisms of central inhibition related to classical conditioning during physical fatigue using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Eight right-handed volunteers participated in this study. We used metronome sounds as conditioned stimuli and maximum handgrip trials as unconditioned stimuli to cause central inhibition. Participants underwent MEG recording during imagery of maximum grips of the right hand guided by metronome sounds for 10 min. Thereafter, fatigue-inducing maximum handgrip trials were performed for 10 min; the metronome sounds were started 5 min after the beginning of the handgrip trials. The next day, neural activities during imagery of maximum grips of the right hand guided by metronome sounds were measured for 10 min. Levels of fatigue sensation and sympathetic nerve activity on the second day were significantly higher relative to those of the first day. Equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) in the posterior cingulated cortex (PCC), with latencies of approximately 460 ms, were observed in all the participants on the second day, although ECDs were not identified in any of the participants on the first day. We demonstrated that classical conditioning of central inhibition can occur and that the PCC is involved in the neural substrates of central inhibition related to classical conditioning during physical fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
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Davis BC, Daluwatte C, Colona NC, Yao DG. Effects of cold-pressor and mental arithmetic on pupillary light reflex. Physiol Meas 2013; 34:873-82. [PMID: 23859888 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/34/8/873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic pupillary light reflex (PLR) is a simple neurological test that can be useful for assessment of autonomic disorders. In this study, we investigated the changes in PLR induced by mental arithmetic task and cold pressor trials which are often applied in research as model systems to elicit autonomic responses. PLR was recorded before, during and after mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks in 20 healthy adults (ten males and ten females). Stress-induced sympathetic activation was evident as shown in the increased blood pressure during both tasks. Although the pupillary constriction amplitude did not show significant changes, both constriction time and redilation time changed during the tasks. A significant gender effect was observed in cold pressor that suggested more sympathetic activation in males and faster parasympathetic activation in females in response to light stimulation under cold pressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Davis
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Newton BW. Walking a fine line: is it possible to remain an empathic physician and have a hardened heart? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:233. [PMID: 23781181 PMCID: PMC3678078 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an empathic physician-patient relationship is an essential physician skill. This chapter discusses the sexually dimorphic aspects of the neural components involved in affective and cognitive empathy, and examines why men and women medical students or physicians express different levels of empathy. Studies reveal levels of medical student affective or cognitive empathy can help reveal which medical specialty a student will enter. The data show students or physicians with higher empathy enter into specialties characterized by large amounts of patient contact and continuity of care; and individuals with lower levels of empathy desire specialties having little or no patient contact and little to no continuity of care. Burnout and stress can decrease the empathy physicians had when they first entered medical school to unacceptable levels. Conversely, having a too empathetic physician can let patient conditions and reactions interfere with the ability to provide effective care. By learning to blunt affective empathic responses, physicians establish a certain degree of empathic detachment with the patient in order to provide objective care. However, a physician must not become so detached and hardened that their conduct appears callous, because it is still important for physicians, especially those in specialties with a large amount of patient contact, to use empathic communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W. Newton
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA
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Chandra S, Sica AL, Wang J, Lakticova V, Greenberg HE. Respiratory effort-related arousals contribute to sympathetic modulation of heart rate variability. Sleep Breath 2013; 17:1193-200. [PMID: 23417318 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-013-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sympathetic activation induced by sleep-disordered breathing may contribute to cardiovascular morbidity. However, the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) excludes respiratory effort-related arousals (RERAs) associated with inspiratory flow limitation without oxygen desaturation. We sought to determine whether RERAs are associated with sympathetic activation. METHODS Twenty-five adults (12 males, 13 females) with AHI < 10/h and RERA index >5/h were included in this study. Power spectral density analysis was performed on two non-contiguous 10-min segments containing inspiratory flow limitation and arrhythmia-free electrocardiogram during N2 sleep. One segment contained RERA; the other did not, NO-RERA. Spectral power was described in a low-frequency domain (LF; 0.04-0.15 Hz), primarily sympathetic modulation, and a high frequency domain (HF; 0.15-0.4 Hz), parasympathetic modulation. RESULTS Analyses of LF and HF powers were made using normalized and absolute values. LF power was greater during RERA compared to NO-RERA (50.3 vs. 30.1 %, p < 0.001) whereas HF power was greater during NO-RERA compared to RERA (69.9 vs. 49.7 %, p < 0.001). The LF/HF ratio was greater during RERA than NO-RERA (1.01 vs. 0.43, p < 0.001). Gender differences emerged using absolute values of power: The percentage increase in LF power during RERA relative to NO-RERA was significantly greater for females than males, 247.6 vs. 31.9 %, respectively (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS RERAs are associated with a marked increase in cardiac sympathetic modulation, especially in females. Patients with a high RERA index, even in the setting of a low or normal AHI, may be exposed to elevated sympathetic tone during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subani Chandra
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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de Morree HM, Szabó BM, Rutten GJ, Kop WJ. Central nervous system involvement in the autonomic responses to psychological distress. Neth Heart J 2013. [PMID: 23184602 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-012-0351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological distress can trigger acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death in vulnerable patients. The primary pathophysiological mechanism that plays a role in stress-induced cardiac events involves the autonomic nervous system, particularly disproportional sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal. This article describes the relation between psychological distress and autonomic nervous system function, with a focus on subsequent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The role of the central nervous system in these associations is addressed, and a systematic review is presented of studies examining the association between stress-induced central nervous system responses measured by neuroimaging techniques and autonomic nervous system activation. Results of the systematic review indicate that the primary brain areas involved in the autonomic component of the brain-heart association are the insula, medial prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum (based on 121 participants across three studies that fitted the inclusion criteria). Other areas involved in stress-induced autonomic modulation are the (anterior) cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, somatomotor cortex/precentral gyrus, and temporal cortex. The interaction between central and autonomic nervous system responses may have implications for further investigations of the brain-heart associations and mechanisms by which acute and chronic psychological distress increase the risk of myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M de Morree
- Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands,
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Abstract
This study compared expert yoga practitioners (n = 18) with a metabolically matched group (n = 17) and a group with comparatively higher cardiovascular fitness (n = 19) to investigate autonomic effects of yoga compared with physical exercise. Mean interbeat interval (in milliseconds) and heart rate variability were recorded in response to physical and mental challenges. Results showed that yoga males had different patterns of autonomic responding to speech task compared with all other participants. Yoga males showed a larger increase in mean interbeat interval and a corresponding decrease in heart rate variability in response to the speech task, followed by a larger decrease in mean interbeat interval and a corresponding increase in heart rate variability during speech recovery. This was interpreted as evidence of situation-appropriate autonomic regulation and suggests long-term yoga practice could be particularly beneficial for males in terms of autonomic flexibility.
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50
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Differences in cerebrogenic cardiac disturbance in men and women – Authors' reply. Lancet Neurol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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