1
|
Evaluation of Salivary Mucin, Amylase, Protein Profile, and Periodontal Parameters among Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and localized oral disease instigates alterations in salivary composition and content. The objective of the study was to evaluate the levels of salivary amylase, mucin, total protein levels, and periodontal inflammatory parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertensive (HTN) patients, and healthy controls. The study sample was divided into three groups: healthy, T2DM, and HTN. Salivary samples were collected from the included participants and salivary flow rate (SFR) and pH were measured. The salivary levels of amylase, mucin, and total protein concentration were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs on the salivary flow rate, salivary pH, mucin, amylase, and total protein concentrations was evaluated. The results were analyzed with Chi-squared and analysis of variance to compare the means and standard deviations of variables among the study groups. SFR was significantly (p < 0.01) lower among diabetics (0.78 ± 0.45 mL/min) in comparison to healthy (1.52 ± 0.62 mL/min) and hypertensive (1.07 ± 0.7 mL/min) subjects. PISA values were significantly higher in T2DM (1029 ± 234.6 mm2) and HTN (799.4 ± 155.05 mm2) subjects when compared to controls, indicating a high inflammatory burden of oral cavity caused by these conditions, and showed statistically significant difference between the groups (p-value < 0.001). Mucin levels were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in hypertensive patients (4.6 ± 1.17 units) compared to diabetics (3.59 ± 1.03 unit/mL) and healthy (2.26 ± 1.09 units/mL) subjects. Amylase levels were significantly higher among healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.75 mg/mL) compared to both hypertensive (1.33 ± 1.0 mg/mL) and diabetic (0.88 ± 0.57 mg/mL) patients. Total protein concentration was significantly raised (p-value < 0.001) in diabetics (37.67 ± 3.12 mg/mL) compared to healthy (29.3 ± 3.22 mg/mL) subjects. Significant differences in BOP, CAL, and PPD was observed (p-value < 0.001). Use of antihypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs showed a significant influence on salivary flow rate, protein, mucin, and amylase levels. T2DM and HTN induced irregularities in salivary flow rate, pH, amylase, and mucin levels and showed an increased incidence of moderate to severe periodontitis in patients. UWS levels of SFR, mucin, amylase, and total protein can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with T2DM and HTN with oral disease.
Collapse
|
2
|
Walther LM, von Känel R, Zuccarella-Hackl C, Wirtz PH. Hyperreactivity of Salivary Alpha-Amylase to Acute Psychosocial Stress and Norepinephrine Infusion in Essential Hypertension. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071762. [PMID: 35885066 PMCID: PMC9312828 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the observed general physiological hyperreactivity to acute psychosocial stress in essential hypertension also extends to salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a surrogate sympathetic nervous system marker. Here, we investigated sAA reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in essential hypertensive males (HT) as compared to normotensive controls (NT). To shed light on underlying mechanisms, we moreover tested for sAA reactivity following a standardized norepinephrine (NE) infusion. We hypothesized that both acute psychosocial stress and an NE infusion of similar duration would lead to greater sAA reactivity in HT than in NT. In the stress study, we examined sAA reactivity to 15 min of acute psychosocial stress induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in 19 HT and 23 NT up to 40 min after stress. In the infusion study, 20 HT and 22 NT received a standardized NE infusion (5 μg/mL/min) over 15 min mimicking NE release in reaction to acute psychosocial stress. HT exhibited greater sAA reactivity to the TSST as compared to NT (p = 0.049, ηp2 = 0.08, f = 0.29). In reaction to the standardized NE infusion, HT showed higher sAA reactivity as compared to NT (p = 0.033, ηp2 = 1.00, f = 0.33). Our findings suggest stress-induced sAA hyperreactivity in essential hypertension that seems to be at least in part mediated by a higher reactivity to a standardized amount of NE in HT. With respect to clinical implications, sAA stress reactivity may serve as a noninvasive marker indicative of early cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Walther
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.v.K.); (C.Z.-H.)
| | - Claudia Zuccarella-Hackl
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.v.K.); (C.Z.-H.)
| | - Petra H. Wirtz
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7531-88-3742
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of Yoga on Blood Pressure in Prehypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:4039364. [PMID: 34552393 PMCID: PMC8452415 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4039364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prehypertension is a precursor for developing hypertension and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Yoga therapy may have a role in lowering the blood pressures in prehypertension and hypertension. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available literature for the same. Methodology. Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for randomised control trials only in the time duration of 2010–2021. The main outcome of interest was systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Articles were screened based on the inclusion criteria, and 8 articles were recruited for the review. Meta-analysis was done for suitable articles. RevMan 5.4 by Cochrane was used for meta-analysis and forest plot construction. Risk of bias was determined using the Downs and Black checklist by three independent authors. Results The meta-analysis of the articles favoured yoga intervention over the control intervention. Yoga therapy had significantly reduced the systolic pressure (−0.62 standard mean difference, at IV fixed 95% CI: −0.83, −0.41) and diastolic pressure (−0.81 standard mean difference, at IV random 95% CI: −1.39, −0.22). Secondary outcome measures studied were heart rate, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and lipid profile. The main protocol of yoga therapy included postures, breathing exercises, and different meditation techniques. A significant reduction in secondary outcomes was observed, except for HDL values in lipid profile which showed a gradual increase in yoga group in comparison with alternative therapy. Conclusion Yoga therapy has shown to be significant in the reduction of systolic and diastolic pressure in prehypertensive population. Supporting evidence lacks in providing a proper structured dosage of yoga asanas and breathing techniques. Considering the existing literature and evidence, Yoga therapy can be used and recommended in prehypertensive population and can be beneficial in reducing the chances of developing hypertension or cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Maldonado EF, Nislin M, Martínez-Escribano A, Marín L, Enguix A, Alamo A, López C, Magarín A, Ortíz P, Muñoz M, García S. Association of salivary alpha-amylase and salivary flow rate with working memory functioning in healthy children. Stress 2019; 22:670-678. [PMID: 31084229 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1611777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between auditory and visual working memory (WM) performance and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary flow rate (SFR) in a sample of 63 children (38 boys). WM was assessed by means of WISC-V subtests: four auditory subtests (Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing) and one visual subtest (Picture Span). SAA activity, output, and SFR were measured at baseline (10 min prior to testing), one minute prior to testing, one minute after the end of the auditory WM subtests and one minute after the end of the visual WM subtest. Our statistical analyses showed an association among SAA activity, output and SFR levels and the number of recalled digits in the last attempt score in Letter-Number Sequencing subtest. Specifically, our results showed that working performance in this task was associated with a concurrent decrease in SFR (r(63) = -0.423, p < .05). This salivary measure was the best predictor of this specific index of working memory performance (β = -0.423, p < .05). These results show that the changes in SFR, which represents changes in parasympathetic tone, could be employed in future studies as a noninvasive marker of working memory performance in child studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Nislin
- Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | | | - Laura Marín
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital , Malaga , Spain
| | - Alfredo Enguix
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital , Malaga , Spain
| | - Ana Alamo
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Alba Magarín
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Paula Ortíz
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Silvia García
- Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Habersaat S, Abdellaoui S, Geiger AM, Urben S, Wolf JM. Low subjective social status in the police is linked to health-relevant changes in diurnal salivary alpha-amylase activity in Swiss police officers. Stress 2018; 21:11-18. [PMID: 29037115 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1389882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess basal autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity as a pathway linking subjective social status to health in a high-demand work environment. It was hypothesized that officers with a lower status experienced more chronic stress (higher basal ANS activity) and that chronic stress was related to more health problems. Fifty-six male and female Swiss police officers self-reported on subjective social status (country, community, friends, police) and their health (depression, post-traumatic stress, physical symptoms) and collected 12 saliva samples over two days for basal α-amylase activation (sAA) assessment. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that subjective social status in the police and physical symptoms explained a significant part of the variance in diurnal sAA activity patterns. The current findings support the idea that more narrowly defined subjective social status may be more closely linked to biological stress mechanisms. Additionally, sAA activity was specifically related to physical, but not mental health problems. These results suggest that subjective social status referencing one's work environment may be a promising early indicator of health-relevant changes in stress-related physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Habersaat
- a Laboratory for Biological Health Psychology , Brandeis University , Waltham , MA USA
- b Laboratoire INTERPSY , Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
- c Unité de recherche SUPEA, Départment de Psychiatrie , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Sid Abdellaoui
- b Laboratoire INTERPSY , Université de Lorraine , Nancy , France
| | - Ashley M Geiger
- a Laboratory for Biological Health Psychology , Brandeis University , Waltham , MA USA
| | - Sébastien Urben
- c Unité de recherche SUPEA, Départment de Psychiatrie , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jutta M Wolf
- a Laboratory for Biological Health Psychology , Brandeis University , Waltham , MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
7
|
Yorbik O, Mutlu C, Ozturk O, Altinay DK, Tanju IA, Kurt I. Salivary alpha amylase levels in youths with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 2016; 235:148-53. [PMID: 26699881 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) may be a marker of sympathoadrenal medullary system activity. Thus, it can be a possible relationship sAA and anxiety disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate sAA in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Thirty drug-free youths, aged 8-16 years, who were diagnosed as any anxiety disorders and 36 healthy controls with similar socio-demographic characteristics were included in this study. The sAA was found to be significantly increased in anxiety group compared to control group. However, there was no correlation between sAA and any anxiety scores of the scales. Present study suggested that anxiety disorders in youths may be associated with increased autonomic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Yorbik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Feyzullah Caddesi No:39, 34845 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Caner Mutlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozturk
- Department of Biochemistry, GATA Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Koc Altinay
- Developmental Psychology Program, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Education, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Asya Tanju
- Department of Pediatrics, GATA Haydarpasa Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Kurt
- Department of Biochemistry, GATA Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sieverdes JC, Mueller M, Gregoski MJ, Brunner-Jackson B, McQuade L, Matthews C, Treiber FA. Effects of Hatha yoga on blood pressure, salivary α-amylase, and cortisol function among normotensive and prehypertensive youth. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20:241-50. [PMID: 24620850 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence is accumulating, predominantly among clinical trials in adults, that yoga improves blood pressure (BP) control, with downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) projected as underlying mechanisms. This pilot study assessed whether Hatha yoga has the potential to reduce BP among youth and whether dampening of the SNS and/or HPA activity is a likely pathway of change. DESIGN Thirty-one seventh graders were randomly assigned to a Hatha yoga program (HYP) or attention control (AC) music or art class. Baseline and 3-month evaluations included resting BP; overnight urine samples; and saliva collected at bedtime, upon awakening, and at 30 and 60 minutes after awakening for α-amylase and cortisol assays. RESULTS Twenty-eight (14 in the HYP group and 14 in the AC group) students were assessed both before and after the intervention. BP changes from pre- to post-intervention were -3.0/-2.0 mmHg for the HYP group and -0.07/-0.79 mmHg for the AC group (p=0.30 and 0.57, respectively). Changes in systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) for the prehypertensive (75th-94th percentiles for SBP) subgroup analyses were -10.75/-8.25 mmHg for the HYP group (n=4) versus 1.8/1.0 mmHg for the AC group (n=5) (p for SBP=0.02; p for DBP=0.09). Although no statistically significant group differences were observed with changes in SNS or HPA awakening curves (area under curve for α-amylase and cortisol, respectively), a small to moderate effect size was seen favoring a reduction of α-amylase activation for the HYP group (Cohen d=0.34; prehypertensive d=0.20). CONCLUSIONS A school-based Hatha yoga program demonstrated potential to decrease resting BP, particularly among prehypertensive youth. Reduced SNS drive may be an underlying neurohormonal pathway beneficially affected by the program. A large-scale efficacy/effectiveness randomized clinical trial is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Sieverdes
- 1 Medical University of South Carolina , Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Is salivary alpha-amylase an indicator of autonomic nervous system dysregulations in mental disorders?--a review of preliminary findings and the interactions with cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:729-43. [PMID: 23481259 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, a growing interest emerged in using salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a non-invasive, surrogate marker for sympathetic activity. Numerous studies applying stress protocols have demonstrated that sAA is highly sensitive to stress-related changes (in healthy subjects). Additionally, it was suggested that sAA might moreover serve as an index for pathological dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in patients showing psychopathology. Since then, a small but growing literature investigated sAA in patients with mental disorders. This review aims to give an overview of preliminary findings in this field of research. The results of n=15 studies are described in detail and implications for further research are discussed. Although the number of studies and the samples examined were rather small, changes in sAA, reflecting adrenergic dysregulation, could be demonstrated in psychopathology, especially in anxiety-related disorders. This field of research is still in its early stages. However, the studies included in this review revealed first evidence that the employment of sAA, as an indicator of ANS dysregulation in mental disorders, is promising.
Collapse
|