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Chang SD, Muacevic A, Klein AL, Sherman JH, Romanelli P, Santa Maria PL, Fuerweger C, Bossi Zanetti I, Beltramo G, Vaisbush Y, Tran E, Feng A, Teng H, Meola A, Gibbs I, Tolisano AM, Kutz JW, Wardak Z, Nedzi LA, Hong R, MacRae D, Sohal P, Kapoor E, Sabet-Rasekh P, Maghami S, Moncada PX, Zaleski-King A, Amdur R, Monfared A. Impact of Cochlear Dose on Hearing Preservation Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Treatment of Vestibular Schwannomas: A Multi-Center Study. World Neurosurg 2023; 178:e24-e33. [PMID: 37268187 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a well-established treatment for vestibular schwannomas (VS). Hearing loss remains a main morbidity of VS and its treatments, including SRS. The effects of radiation parameters of SRS on hearing remain unknown. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of tumor volume, patient demographics, pretreatment hearing status, cochlear radiation dose, total tumor radiation dose, fractionation, and other radiotherapy parameters on hearing deterioration. METHODS Multicenter retrospective analysis of 611 patients who underwent SRS for VS from 1990-2020 and had pre- and post-treatment audiograms. RESULTS Pure tone averages (PTAs) increased and word recognition scores (WRSs) decreased in treated ears at 12-60 months while remaining stable in untreated ears. Higher baseline PTA, higher tumor radiation dose, higher maximum cochlear dose, and usage of single fraction resulted in higher post radiation PTA; WRS was only predicted by baseline WRS and age. Higher baseline PTA, single fraction treatment, higher tumor radiation dose, and higher maximum cochlear dose resulted in a faster deterioration in PTA. Below a maximum cochlear dose of 3 Gy, there were no statistically significant changes in PTA or WRS. CONCLUSIONS Decline of hearing at one year in VS patients after SRS is directly related to maximum cochlear dose, single versus 3-fraction treatment, total tumor radiation dose, and baseline hearing level. The maximum safe cochlear dose for hearingtbrowd preservation at one year is 3 Gy, and the use of 3 fractions instead of one fraction was better at preserving hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Andrea L Klein
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jonathan H Sherman
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Peter L Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma Tran
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Austin Feng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hao Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Antonio Meola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Iris Gibbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Antony M Tolisano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joe Walter Kutz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zabi Wardak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lucien A Nedzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Hong
- Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Don MacRae
- Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Preet Sohal
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elina Kapoor
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Parisa Sabet-Rasekh
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sam Maghami
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paola X Moncada
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ashley Zaleski-King
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Amdur
- Department of Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ashkan Monfared
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Gendreau JL, Sheaffer K, Macdonald N, Craft-Hacherl C, Abraham M, Patel NV, Herschman Y, Lindley JG. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebellopontine meningiomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Neurosurg 2023; 37:199-205. [PMID: 35475408 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2064425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) measure surgical outcomes associated with stereotactic radiosurgery treatment of cerebellopontine angle meningiomas, and (2) determine if differences in radiation dosages or preoperative tumor volumes affect surgical outcomes. METHODS A systematic search was performed on the PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library databases searching for patients under stereotactic radiosurgery for meningiomas of the cerebellopontine angle. After data extraction and Newcastle-Ottawa scale quality assessment, meta-analysis of the data was performed with Review Manager 3.4.5. RESULTS In total, 6 studies including 406 patients were included. Postprocedure, patients had minimal cranial nerve complications while having an overall tumor control rate of 95.6%. Complications were minimal with facial nerve deficits occurring in 2.4%, sensation deficits of the trigeminal nerve in 4.0%, hearing loss in 5.9%, hydrocephalus in 2.0% and diplopia in 2.6% of all patients. Individuals with tumors extending into the internal auditory canal extension did not have significantly increases in hearing loss. There was a higher likelihood of tumor regression on postprocedure imaging in studies with a median prescription dose of >13 Gy (RR 1.27 [95% CI 1.04-1.56, p = 0.0225). There was no evidence of publication bias detected. CONCLUSIONS Radiosurgery is an effective modality for offering excellent tumor control of CPA meningiomas while allowing for only minimal complications postprocedure. A higher prescription dose may achieve higher tumor regression at follow up. Future studies should aim at establishing and optimizing accurate dosimetric guidelines for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Gendreau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Sheaffer
- School of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Macdonald
- School of Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | | | - Mickey Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nitesh V Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yehuda Herschman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - James G Lindley
- Savannah Neurological and Spine Institute, Savannah, GA, USA
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Ganz JC. Meningiomas. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 268:163-190. [PMID: 35074079 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Meningiomas arise in various locations. Convexity tumors are relatively simple to remove. Skull base tumors and tumors adjacent to the major cerebral veins and venous sinuses can be very difficult to extirpate. Attempts at radical resection can lead to serious morbidity. The combination of bulk reduction using microsurgery followed by GKNS gives greatly improved survival and very low morbidity. With smaller tumors, GKNS may be used as the primary treatment. Increasing numbers of asymptomatic meningiomas are demonstrated either as an unexpected finding or as a residual or recurrent tumor after surgery. In all of these situations, GKNS gives a better result than observation or reoperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Ganz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Carlstrom LP, Jacob JT, Graffeo CS, Perry A, Oldenburg MS, Foote RL, Pollock BE, Driscoll CL, Carlson ML, Link MJ. Impact of cochlear modiolus dose on hearing preservation following stereotactic radiosurgery for non-vestibular schwannoma neoplasms of the lateral skull base: a cohort study. J Neurosurg 2019; 133:736-741. [PMID: 31299651 DOI: 10.3171/2019.4.jns19201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiation dose to the cochlea has been proposed as a key prognostic factor in hearing preservation following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannoma (VS). However, understanding of the predictive value of cochlear dose on hearing outcomes following SRS for patients with non-VS tumors of the lateral skull base (LSB) is incomplete. The authors investigated rates of hearing loss following high-dose SRS in patients with LSB non-VS lesions compared with patients with VS. METHODS Patients with LSB meningioma or jugular paraganglioma and serviceable pretreatment hearing who underwent SRS treatment during 2007-2016 and received a modiolus dose > 5 Gy were included in a retrospective cohort study, along with a similarly identified control group of consecutive patients with sporadic VS. RESULTS Sixteen patients with non-VS tumors and a control group of 43 patients with VS met study criteria. Serviceable hearing, defined as American Academy of Otololaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery class A/B, was maintained in 13 non-VS versus 23 VS patients (81% vs 56%, p = 0.07). All 3 instances of hearing loss in non-VS patients were observed in cerebellopontine angle (CPA) meningiomas. Non-VS with preserved hearing had a median modiolus dose of 6.9 Gy (range 5.7-19.2 Gy), versus 7.4 Gy (range 5.4-7.6 Gy) in those patients with post-SRS hearing loss (p = 0.53). Sporadic VS patients received an overall median modiolus point-dose of 6.8 Gy (range 5.4-11.7 Gy). CONCLUSIONS The modiolus dose threshold of 5 Gy does not predict hearing loss in patients with non-VS tumors undergoing SRS, suggesting that dosimetric parameters derived from VS may not be applicable to this population. Differential rates of hearing loss appear to vary by pathology, with paragangliomas and petroclival meningiomas demonstrating decreased risk of hearing loss compared to CPA meningiomas that may directly compress the cochlear nerve similarly to VS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Link
- Departments of1Neurologic Surgery
- 2Otorhinolaryngology, and
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El-Shehaby AMN, Reda WA, Abdel Karim KM, Nabeel AM, Emad Eldin RM, Tawadros SR. Hearing preservation after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for cerebellopontine angle meningiomas. J Neurosurg 2018; 129:38-46. [DOI: 10.3171/2018.7.gks181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to assess hearing function after Gamma Knife treatment of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) meningiomas and assess factors affecting hearing outcome. Additionally, the authors opted to compare these results with those after Gamma Knife treatment of vestibular schwannomas (VSs), because most of the information on hearing outcome after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) comes from reports on VS treatment. Hearing preservation, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has never been separately addressed in studies involving Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for CPA meningiomas.METHODSThis study included all patients who underwent a single session of GKRS between 2002 and 2014. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A included 66 patients with CPA meningiomas with serviceable hearing and tumor extension into the region centered on the internal auditory meatus. Group B included 144 patients with VSs with serviceable hearing. All patients had serviceable hearing before treatment (Gardner-Robertson [GR] Grades I and II). The median prescription dose was 12 Gy (range 10–12 Gy) in both groups. The median follow-up of groups A and B was 42 months (range 6–149 months) and 49 months (range 6–149 months), respectively.RESULTSAt the last follow-up, the tumor control rate was 97% and 94% in groups A and B, respectively. Hearing preservation was defined as maintained serviceable hearing according to GR hearing score. The hearing preservation rate was 98% and 66% and the 7-year actuarial serviceable hearing preservation rate was 75% and 56%, respectively, between both groups. In group A, the median maximum cochlear dose in the patients with stable and worsened hearing grade was 6.3 Gy and 5.5 Gy, respectively. In group B, factors affecting hearing preservation were cochlear dose ≤ 7 Gy, follow-up duration, and tumor control. The only determinant of hearing preservation between both groups was tumor type.CONCLUSIONSGKRS for CPA meningiomas provides excellent hearing preservation in addition to high tumor control rate. Hearing outcome is better with CPA meningiomas than with VSs. Further long-term prospective studies on determinants of hearing outcome after GKRS for CPA meningiomas should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wael A. Reda
- 1Gamma Knife Center Cairo
- 2Neurosurgery Department, and
| | - Khaled M. Abdel Karim
- 1Gamma Knife Center Cairo
- 3Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo
| | - Ahmed M. Nabeel
- 1Gamma Knife Center Cairo
- 5Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Qalubya, Egypt
| | - Reem M. Emad Eldin
- 1Gamma Knife Center Cairo
- 4Radiation Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo; and
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Han JH, Kim DG, Chung HT, Paek SH, Jung HW. Hearing Outcomes After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas : Mechanism of Hearing Loss and How to Preserve Hearing. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2016:3-36. [PMID: 26508404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21359-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) expanded to include the treatment of vestibular schwannomas (VSs) in 1969; since then, efforts to increase tumour control and to reduce cranial neuropathy have continued. Using the currently recommended marginal dose of 12-13 Gy, long-term reported outcomes after SRS include not only excellent tumour control rates of 92-100 % but also outstanding functional preservation of the trigeminal and facial nerves, with values of 92-100 % and 94-100 %, respectively. Nonetheless, hearing preservation remains in the range of 32-81 %. Previous studies have suggested possible prognostic factors of hearing preservation such as the Gardner-Robertson grade, radiation dose to the cochlea, transient volume expansion (TVE) after SRS, length of irradiated cochlear nerve, marginal dose to the tumour, and age. However, we still do not clearly understand why patients lose their hearing after SRS for VS.Relevant to these considerations, one study recently reported that the auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave V latency and waves I and V interval (IL_I-V) correlated well with intracanalicular pressure values and even with hearing level. The demonstration that ABR values, especially wave V latency and IL_I-V, correlate well with intracanalicular pressure suggests that patients with previously elevated intracanalicular pressure might have an increased chance of hearing loss on development of TVE, which has been recognised as a common phenomenon after SRS or stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for intracranial schwannomas.In our experience, the ABR IL_I-V increased during the first 12 months after SRS for VSs in patients who lost their serviceable hearing. The effect of increased ABR IL_I-V on hearing outcome also became significant over time, especially at 12 months after SRS, and was more prominent in patients with poor initial pure-tone average (PTA) and/or ABR values. We hypothesise that patients with considerable intracanalicular pressure at the time of SRS are prone to lose their serviceable hearing due to the added intracanalicular pressure induced by TVE, which usually occurs within the first 12 months after SRS for VSs. Using these findings, we suggested a classification system for the prediction of hearing outcomes after SRS for VSs. This classification system could be useful in the proper selection of management modalities for hearing preservation, especially in patients with only hearing ear schwannoma or neurofibromatosis type 2.Advances in diagnostic tools, treatment modalities, and optimisation of radiosurgical dose have improved clinical outcomes, including tumour control and cranial neuropathies, in patients with VSs. However, the preservation of hearing function still falls short of our expectation. A prediction model for hearing preservation after each treatment modality will guide the proper selection of treatment modalities and permit the appropriate timing of active treatment, which will lead to the preservation of hearing function in patients with VSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Tai Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Roos DE, Patel SG, Potter AE, Zacest AC. When is an acoustic neuroma not an acoustic neuroma? Pitfalls for radiosurgeons. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2015; 59:474-479. [PMID: 26041515 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because acoustic neuroma (AN), also termed vestibular schwannoma, constitutes by far the commonest intracranial schwannoma and cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumour, there is a risk of overlooking rarer alternative diagnoses with similar clinical and/or radiological features. The purpose of this article is to highlight to radiosurgeons the potentially serious implications of this problem through illustrative case studies. METHODS Our linac stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) technique has been previously described, with stereotactic headring fixation and treatment delivered via cones or micro-multileaf collimators using multiple arcs or static beams. RESULTS Between November 1993 and October 2014, we treated 132 patients referred with a clinical diagnosis of AN, the vast majority with 12 Gy marginal dose. Three of these (2.3%), evident either at the time of treatment (2) or subsequently (1), had features instead consistent with cochlear schwannoma, facial schwannoma and meningioma, respectively. Each warranted significant modification to standard AN outlining and fields. The meningioma progressed due to geographic miss. One other patient with recurrent facial schwannoma (not yet needing SRS) was also referred with an incorrect diagnosis of AN. CONCLUSION When rare variants of common medical problems are not identified before referral, there is a risk that 'blinkering' can lead to misdiagnosis and suboptimal treatment. Radiosurgeons need to be particularly mindful of this issue with AN, which can mimic several other tumours occurring in the CPA region, albeit with different patterns of spread. Optimal imaging, high-quality radiology reporting and neuroradiology input at the time of SRS planning within the setting of a specialised multidisciplinary team are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Roos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandy G Patel
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew E Potter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C Zacest
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kondziolka D, Shin SM, Brunswick A, Kim I, Silverman JS. The biology of radiosurgery and its clinical applications for brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:29-44. [PMID: 25267803 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was developed decades ago but only began to impact brain tumor care when it was coupled with high-resolution brain imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The technique has played a key role in the management of virtually all forms of brain tumor. We reviewed the radiobiological principles of SRS on tissue and how they pertain to different brain tumor disorders. We reviewed the clinical outcomes on the most common indications. This review found that outcomes are well documented for safety and efficacy and show increasing long-term outcomes for benign tumors. Brain metastases SRS is common, and its clinical utility remains in evolution. The role of SRS in brain tumor care is established. Together with surgical resection, conventional radiotherapy, and medical therapies, patients have an expanding list of options for their care. Clinicians should be familiar with radiosurgical principles and expected outcomes that may pertain to different brain tumor scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kondziolka
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.)
| | - Samuel M Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.)
| | - Andrew Brunswick
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.)
| | - Irene Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.)
| | - Joshua S Silverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York (D.K., S.M.S., A.B., I.K., J.S.S.)
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