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Broghammer F, Korovina I, Gouda M, Celotti M, van Es J, Lange I, Brunner C, Mircetic J, Coppes RP, Gires O, Dahl A, Seifert M, Cordes N. Resistance of HNSCC cell models to pan-FGFR inhibition depends on the EMT phenotype associating with clinical outcome. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:39. [PMID: 38378518 PMCID: PMC10880239 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesion signaling involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and integrins co-controls cancer cell survival and therapy resistance. However, co-dependencies between these receptors and therapeutically exploitable vulnerabilities remain largely elusive in HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS The cytotoxic and radiochemosensitizing potential of targeting 10 RTK and β1 integrin was determined in up to 20 3D matrix-grown HNSCC cell models followed by drug screening and patient-derived organoid validation. RNA sequencing and protein-based biochemical assays were performed for molecular characterization. Bioinformatically identified transcriptomic signatures were applied to patient cohorts. RESULTS Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR 1-4) targeting exhibited the strongest cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects as monotherapy and combined with β1 integrin inhibition, exceeding the efficacy of the other RTK studied. Pharmacological pan-FGFR inhibition elicited responses ranging from cytotoxicity/radiochemosensitization to resistance/radiation protection. RNA sequence analysis revealed a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in sensitive cell models, whereas resistant cell models exhibited a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Accordingly, inhibition of EMT-associated kinases such as EGFR caused reduced adaptive resistance and enhanced (radio)sensitization to FGFR inhibition cell model- and organoid-dependently. Transferring the EMT-associated transcriptomic profiles to HNSCC patient cohorts not only demonstrated their prognostic value but also provided a conclusive validation of the presence of EGFR-related vulnerabilities that can be strategically exploited for therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that pan-FGFR inhibition elicits a beneficial radiochemosensitizing and a detrimental radioprotective potential in HNSCC cell models. Adaptive EMT-associated resistance appears to be of clinical importance, and we provide effective molecular approaches to exploit this therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broghammer
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irina Korovina
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahesh Gouda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University University Hospital, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Celotti
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inga Lange
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jovan Mircetic
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (MSNZ) P2, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Gires
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Seifert
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry (IMB), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69192, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69192, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Li Q, Tie Y, Alu A, Ma X, Shi H. Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 36646686 PMCID: PMC9842704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major risk factors. Based on epigenetic data, HNC is remarkably heterogeneous, and treatment remains challenging. There is a lack of significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients with HNC. Over half of HNC patients experience locoregional recurrence or distal metastasis despite the current multiple traditional therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some targeted therapies is common. Therefore, it is urgent to explore more effective and tolerable targeted therapies to improve the clinical outcomes of HNC patients. Recent targeted therapy studies have focused on identifying promising biomarkers and developing more effective targeted therapies. A well understanding of the pathogenesis of HNC contributes to learning more about its inner association, which provides novel insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the vital signaling pathways and discussed the current potential therapeutic targets against critical molecules in HNC, as well as presenting preclinical animal models and ongoing or completed clinical studies about targeted therapy, which may contribute to a more favorable prognosis of HNC. Targeted therapy in combination with other therapies and its limitations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Jia X, Xin M, Xu J, Xiang X, Li X, Jiao Y, Wang L, Jiang J, Pang F, Zhang X, Zhang J. Inhibition of autophagy potentiates the cytotoxicity of the irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor FIIN-2 on lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:750. [PMID: 36042213 PMCID: PMC9428205 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For patients with platinum-resistant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the exploration of new effective drug candidates is urgently needed. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been identified as promising targets for LUAD therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the exact role of the irreversible FGFR1-4 inhibitor FIIN-2 in LUAD and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that FIIN-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of A549 and A549/DDP cells but induced the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of these cells. Meanwhile, FIIN-2 increased the autophagy flux of A549 and A549/DDP cells by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and further activating the class III PI3K complex pathway. More importantly, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that autophagy inhibitors could enhance the cytotoxicity of FIIN-2 on A549 and A549/DDP cells, confirming that FIIN-2 induced protective autophagy. These findings indicated that FIIN-2 is a potential drug candidate for LUAD treatment, and its use in combination with autophagy inhibitors might be an efficient treatment strategy, especially for patients with cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Jia
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China ,grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Ming Xin
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Xindong Xiang
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Xuan Li
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Yuhan Jiao
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Lulin Wang
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XThe Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Feng Pang
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Xianzhen Zhang
- grid.415912.a0000 0004 4903 149XDepartment of Oncology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong Province China
| | - Jian Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide, with an annual incidence of 600,000 new cases. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the overall survival for HNSCC patients has not been significantly improved over the past several decades. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genomic alterations are frequently detected in HNSCC, including amplification, activating mutation, and chromosomal rearrangement. Among them, FGFR1 amplification, FGF amplifications, and FGFR3 mutations are the most prevalent. In addition, FGF/FGFR expression has also been observed in most HNSCCs. However, the prognostic value of FGF/FGFR aberrations remains unclear, especially for gene amplification and overexpression. Nonetheless, FGF/FGFR has been a promising target for HNSCC treatment, and recent preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of the combination treatment regimens involving FGFR inhibitors on HNSCC. Therefore, there are a number of FGFR inhibitors currently in clinical trials for the treatment of head and neck cancers.
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Baschnagel AM, Elnaggar JH, VanBeek HJ, Kromke AC, Skiba JH, Kaushik S, Abel L, Clark PA, Longhurst CA, Nickel KP, Leal TA, Zhao SG, Kimple RJ. ATR Inhibitor M6620 (VX-970) Enhances the Effect of Radiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis Patient-Derived Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2129-2139. [PMID: 34413128 PMCID: PMC8571002 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
M6620, a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of the ATM and RAD3-related (ATR) kinase, is currently under investigation with radiation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases. We evaluated the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway profile of NSCLC and assessed the radiosensitizing effects of M6620 in a preclinical NSCLC brain metastasis model. Mutation analysis and transcriptome profiling of DDR genes and pathways was performed on NSCLC patient samples. NSCLC cell lines were assessed with proliferation, clonogenic survival, apoptosis, cell cycle, and DNA damage signaling and repair assays. NSCLC brain metastasis patient-derived xenograft models were used to assess intracranial response and overall survival. In vivo IHC was performed to confirm in vitro results. A significant portion of NSCLC patient tumors demonstrated enrichment of DDR pathways. DDR pathways correlated with lung squamous cell histology; and mutations in ATR, ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK1, and CHEK2 correlated with enrichment of DDR pathways in lung adenocarcinomas. M6620 reduced colony formation after radiotherapy and resulted in inhibition of DNA DSB repair, abrogation of the radiation-induced G2 cell checkpoint, and formation of dysfunctional micronuclei, leading to enhanced radiation-induced mitotic death. The combination of M6620 and radiation resulted in improved overall survival in mice compared with radiation alone. In vivo IHC revealed inhibition of pChk1 in the radiation plus M6620 group. M6620 enhances the effect of radiation in our preclinical NSCLC brain metastasis models, supporting the ongoing clinical trial (NCT02589522) evaluating M6620 in combination with whole brain irradiation in patients with NSCLC brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Baschnagel
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacob H Elnaggar
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Haley J VanBeek
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ashley C Kromke
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Justin H Skiba
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Saakshi Kaushik
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lindsey Abel
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Colin A Longhurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kwangok P Nickel
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ticiana A Leal
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Gu Y, Lai S, Dong Y, Fu H, Song L, Chen T, Duan Y, Zhang Z. AZD9291 Resistance Reversal Activity of a pH-Sensitive Nanocarrier Dual-Loaded with Chloroquine and FGFR1 Inhibitor in NSCLC. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002922. [PMID: 33511016 PMCID: PMC7816715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
AZD9291 can effectively prolong survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Unfortunately, the mechanism of its acquired drug resistance is largely unknown. This study shows that autophagy and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 signaling pathways are both activated in AZD9291 resistant NSCLC, and inhibition of them, respectively, by chloroquine (CQ) and PD173074 can synergistically reverse AZD9291 resistance. Herein, a coloaded CQ and PD173074 pH-sensitive shell-core nanoparticles CP@NP-cRGD is developed to reverse AZD9291 resistance in NSCLC. CP@NP-cRGD has a high encapsulation rate and stability, and can effectively prevent the degradation of drugs in circulation process. CP@NP-cRGD can target tumor cells by enhanced permeability and retention effect and the cRGD peptide. The pH-sensitive CaP shell can realize lysosome escape and then release drugs successively. The combination of CP@NP-cRGD and AZD9291 significantly induces a higher rate of apoptosis, more G0/G1 phase arrest, and reduces proliferation of resistant cell lines by downregulation of p-ERK1/2 in vitro. CQ in CP@NP-cRGD can block protective autophagy induced by both AZD9291 and PD173074. CP@NP-cRGD combined with AZD9291 shows adequate tumor enrichment, low toxicity, and excellent antitumor effect in nude mice. It provides a novel multifunctional nanoparticle to overcome AZD9291 resistance for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Radiation OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Songtao Lai
- Department of Radiation OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Liwei Song
- Shanghai Lung Cancer CenterShanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Shanghai Lung Cancer CenterShanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
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Review of Experimental Studies to Improve Radiotherapy Response in Bladder Cancer: Comments and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010087. [PMID: 33396795 PMCID: PMC7795454 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancer types in the world. Around 25% of all cases are muscle-invasive bladder cancer, for which the gold standard treatment in the absence of metastasis is the cystectomy. In recent years, trimodality treatment associating maximal transurethral resection and radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy is increasingly used as an organ-preserving alternative. However, the use of this treatment is still limited by the lack of biomarkers predicting tumour response and by a lack of targeted radiosensitising drugs that can improve the therapeutic index, especially by limiting side effects such as bladder fibrosis. In order to improve the bladder-preserving treatment, experimental studies addressing these main issues ought to be considered (both in vitro and in vivo studies). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we conducted a literature search in PubMed on experimental studies investigating how to improve bladder cancer radiotherapy with different radiosensitising agents using a comprehensive search string. We made comments on experimental model selection, experimental design and results, formulating the gaps of knowledge still existing: such as the lack of reliable predictive biomarkers of tumour response to chemoradiation according to the molecular tumour subtype and lack of efficient radiosensitising agents specifically targeting bladder tumour cells. We provided guidance to improve forthcoming studies, such as taking into account molecular characteristics of the preclinical models and highlighted the value of using patient-derived xenografts as well as syngeneic models. Finally, this review could be a useful tool to set up new radiation-based combined treatments with an improved therapeutic index that is needed for bladder preservation.
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Patel A, Mohammad Abedi S, Lekkala M, Baumgart M. Genomic-based treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1799710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Patel
- James P Wilmot Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abedi
- James P Wilmot Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Manidhar Lekkala
- James P Wilmot Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Megan Baumgart
- James P Wilmot Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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