Craniofacial trauma and double epidural hematomas from horse training

Posttraumatic synchronous double acute epidural hematomas: Two craniotomies, single skin incision

Background

Double epidural hematomas (EDHs) have a higher mortality rate compared to single EDHs and same Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), although double EDHs incidence is less common.

Case Description

We present the case of a 34-year-old female who underwent single skin incision and frontotemporal and suboccipital craniotomies for fatal traumatic double acute EDHs, then, a literature review was performed.

Conclusion

Double EDHs in association with low GCS at presentation and traumatic diastasis of cranial sutures or other maxillofacial injuries are associated to an unfavorable outcome.

Head injury predictors in sports trauma--a state-of-the-art review

Head injuries occur in a great variety of sports. Many of these have been associated with neurological injuries, affecting the central nervous system. Some examples are motorsports, cycling, skiing, horse riding, mountaineering and most contact sports such as football, ice and field hockey, soccer, lacrosse, etc. The outcome of head impacts in these sports can be very severe. The worst-case scenarios of permanent disability or even death are possibilities. Over recent decades, many In recent decades, a great number of head injury criteria and respective thresholds have been proposed. However, the available information is much dispersed and a consensus has still not been achieved regarding the best injury criteria or even their thresholds. This review paper gives a thorough overview of the work carried out by the scientific community in the field of impact biomechanics about head injuries sustained during sports activity. The main goal is to review the head injury criteria, as well as their thresholds. Several are reviewed, from the predictors based on kinematics to the ones based on human tissue thresholds. In this work, we start to briefly introduce the head injuries and their mechanisms commonly seen as a result of head trauma in sports. Then, we present and summarize the head injury criteria and their respective thresholds.