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Altinoz MA, Ozcan EM, Ince B, Guloksuz S. Hemoglobins as new players in multiple sclerosis: metabolic and immune aspects. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:983-92. [PMID: 27234993 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basic science investigations and clinical observations in recent years indicate that hemoglobins (Hbs) may have important roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). These findings can be summarized as follows: 1- Erythrocyte fragility is higher in MS patients, the released free Hb damages blood-brain barrier, myelin basic protein and also triggers iron overload and inflammation. 2- Free Hb may further activate the inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), present on microglia and other innate immunocytes. 3- Hbs are expressed in neural cells including dopaminergic neurons. Also, several studies have demonstrated that Hbs are expressed in astrocytes and oligodendroglia. 4- Hb overexpression in neural cells upregulate mitochondrial complex I-V subunits. The comparison of the mitochondrial proteome between healthy and patients with MS revealed only four differentially expressed proteins including Hb β-chain. 5- Microarray analysis of 8300 genes in monocytes of twins with and without MS showed a difference in 25 genes that include genes encoding α- and β-globins as well. 6- β- and α-globin gene clusters reside at chromosomal regions 11p15.5 and 16p13.3, respectively. Whole genome screen (WGS) in Sardinian MS families using 327 markers revealed linkage in 3 regions including 11p15.5 loci. Further, 11p15.5 and 16p13.3 were part of the 17 regions identified in the WGS study of 136 sibling-pairs in Nordic countries analyzing 399 microsatellite markers. In the light of these findings, we propose that free Hb released from dying erythrocytes is detrimental. On the contrary, intracellular Hbs in neural cells are protective in MS. The genomic linkage findings can be explained by common haematologically-silent Hb variants that may lower the protective function of intracellular Hbs, and therefore, enhance the risk for MS. In the absence of such variants, aberrations in the translational and post-translational mechanisms controlling synthesis of neural Hbs may also enhance the vulnerability to MS. Alternatively, such genetic variants may perturb the metabolism of anti-inflammatory hemorphins produced via cleavage of Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Immunology Program, Experimental Medicine Research Institute, Istanbul University, Yildirim Apt. No: 5, D:6, Güven Sk, Nurtepe Mh, Kagithane, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emin M Ozcan
- Department of Neurology, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahri Ince
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Olex AL, Turkett WH, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Fetrow JS, Hiltbold EM. Impact of the Type I Interferon Receptor on the Global Gene Expression Program During the Course of Dendritic Cell Maturation Induced by Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:382-400. [PMID: 27035059 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation involves widespread changes in cellular function and gene expression. The regulatory role of IFNAR in the program of DC maturation remains incompletely defined. Thus, the time evolution impact of IFNAR on this process was evaluated. Changes in DC phenotype, function, and gene expression induced by poly I:C were measured in wild-type and IFNAR(-/-) DC at 9 time points over 24 h. Temporal gene expression profiles were filtered on consistency and response magnitude across replicates. The number of genes whose expression was altered by poly I:C treatment was greatly reduced in IFNAR(-/-) DC, including the majority of the downregulated gene expression program previously observed in wild-type (WT) DC. Furthermore, the number of genes upregulated was almost equal between WT and IFNAR(-/-) DC, yet the identities of those genes were distinct. Integrating these data with protein-protein interaction data revealed several novel subnetworks active during maturation, including nucleotide synthesis, metabolism, and repair. A subnetwork associated with redox activity was uniquely identified in IFNAR(-/-) DC. Overall, temporal gene expression and network analyses identified many genes regulated by the type I interferon response and revealed previously unidentified aspects of the DC maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Olex
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William H Turkett
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jacquelyn S Fetrow
- 1 Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,3 Department of Physics, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Brucella β 1,2 cyclic glucan is an activator of human and mouse dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002983. [PMID: 23166489 PMCID: PMC3499565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cyclic glucans are glucose polymers that concentrate within the periplasm of alpha-proteobacteria. These molecules are necessary to maintain the homeostasis of the cell envelope by contributing to the osmolarity of Gram negative bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that Brucella β 1,2 cyclic glucans are potent activators of human and mouse dendritic cells. Dendritic cells activation by Brucella β 1,2 cyclic glucans requires TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF, but not CD14. The Brucella cyclic glucans showed neither toxicity nor immunogenicity compared to LPS and triggered antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. These cyclic glucans also enhanced antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses including cross-presentation by different human DC subsets. Brucella β 1,2 cyclic glucans increased the memory CD4+ T cell responses of blood mononuclear cells exposed to recombinant fusion proteins composed of anti-CD40 antibody and antigens from both hepatitis C virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus cyclic glucans represent a new class of adjuvants, which might contribute to the development of effective antimicrobial therapies. Vaccination is one of the key strategies to fight against infectious diseases though numerous diseases remain without appropriate vaccines. The challenge is to generate potent vaccines capable of inducing long-lasting immunity in humans. Successful vaccines include adjuvants that enhance and appropriately skew the immune response to given antigens. The development of new adjuvants for human vaccines has become an expanding field of research. Here we show that bacterial cyclic β-glucans can be used to enhance cellular immunity by activation of dendritic cells, from both mice and humans. In particular, Cyclic-β glucans enhance the in vitro memory CD4+ T cell responses of patients suffering from hepatitis C and tuberculosis. Thus cyclic-β glucans are new adjuvants, which might be used in vaccines.
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Boenisch O, Lopez M, Elyaman W, Magee CN, Ahmad U, Najafian N. Ex vivo expansion of human Tregs by rabbit ATG is dependent on intact STAT3-signaling in CD4⁺ T cells and requires the presence of monocytes. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:856-66. [PMID: 22390202 PMCID: PMC3777828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The addition of low, nondepleting doses of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been shown to expand functional CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. This report is the first to elucidate the exact cellular mechanisms of ATG-mediated Treg expansion. CD4(+) T cells require monocytes, but not other antigen presenting cell subsets, to be present in coculture to expand Tregs. However, T cells do not require direct cell-cell contact with monocytes, suggesting the importance of soluble factors. Moreover, ATG initially "reprograms" CD4(+) T cells, but not monocytes, and induces STAT3 and STAT5 signaling in CD4(+) cells. These reprogrammed CD4(+) T cells subsequently secrete GM-CSF and IL-10 only in case of intact STAT3 signaling, which in turn promote the generation of tolerogenic CD14(+) CD11c(+) dendritic cells characterized by enhanced IL-10 and decreased IL-12 production. Treg expansion following ATG treatment is accompanied by enhanced gene expression of both GM-CSF and Bcl-2, but not TGF-β, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results demonstrate that ex vivo expansion of human Tregs by ATG is due to its ability to reprogram CD4(+) T cells in a STAT3-dependent but TGF-β-independent manner, leading to the generation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells with a tolerogenic cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Lopez
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - W. Elyaman
- Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C. N. Magee
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - U. Ahmad
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - N. Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Nader Najafian,
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Dzopalic T, Vucevic D, Tomic S, Djokic J, Chinou I, Colic M. 3,10-Dihydroxy-decanoic acid, isolated from royal jelly, stimulates Th1 polarising capability of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Novak N, Koch S, Allam JP, Bieber T. Dendritic cells: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:50-9. [PMID: 20109736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much knowledge has been gained about the multifaceted functions of dendritic cells (DCs). The central role of various DC subtypes as bridges between innate and adaptive immunity has become more and more evident. However, a high number of differences exist in the expression of pattern-recognition receptors, the first sensors of the innate immune system, in particular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by distinct DC subtypes (including myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs), their maturation stage, and tissue distribution, as well as state of health or disease. Furthermore, a plethora of variations in human and murine model systems have to be considered. This review sheds some light on this complex and rapidly growing field. It summarizes the most recent findings and deals with the role of TLR-expressing DCs as promoters of chronic inflammatory immune responses in patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as tolerogenic pathways. Therefore TLR-bearing DCs represent promising targets, which might help to improve tolerance induction during immunotherapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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