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Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A. Ataxia-telangiectasia: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical phenotype, diagnosis, prognosis and management. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:859-871. [PMID: 32791865 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1810570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, variable immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, and cancer predisposition. Mutations cause A-T in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encoding a serine/threonine-protein kinase. AREAS COVERED The authors reviewed the literature on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to collect comprehensive data related to A-T. This review aims to discuss various update aspects of A-T, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prognosis, and management. EXPERT OPINION A-T as a congenital disorder has phenotypic heterogeneity, and the severity of symptoms in different patients depends on the severity of mutations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of A-T, although some relevant questions about pathogenesis remain unanswered, probably owing to the phenotypic heterogeneity of this monogenic disorder. The presence of various clinical and immunologic manifestations in A-T indicates that the identification of the role of defective ATM in phenotype can be helpful in the better management and treatment of patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Amirifar
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ranjouri
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Medicine and Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan, Iran
| | - Martin Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of Queensland , L, Australia
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
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Qian M, Liu Z, Peng L, Tang X, Meng F, Ao Y, Zhou M, Wang M, Cao X, Qin B, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Wang G, Gao Z, Xu J, Liu B. Boosting ATM activity alleviates aging and extends lifespan in a mouse model of progeria. eLife 2018; 7:34836. [PMID: 29717979 PMCID: PMC5957528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage accumulates with age (Lombard et al., 2005). However, whether and how robust DNA repair machinery promotes longevity is elusive. Here, we demonstrate that ATM-centered DNA damage response (DDR) progressively declines with senescence and age, while low dose of chloroquine (CQ) activates ATM, promotes DNA damage clearance, rescues age-related metabolic shift, and prolongs replicative lifespan. Molecularly, ATM phosphorylates SIRT6 deacetylase and thus prevents MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Extra copies of Sirt6 extend lifespan in Atm-/- mice, with restored metabolic homeostasis. Moreover, the treatment with CQ remarkably extends lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, but not the ATM-1 mutants. In a progeria mouse model with low DNA repair capacity, long-term administration of CQ ameliorates premature aging features and extends lifespan. Thus, our data highlights a pro-longevity role of ATM, for the first time establishing direct causal links between robust DNA repair machinery and longevity, and providing therapeutic strategy for progeria and age-related metabolic diseases. As cells live and divide, their genetic material gets damaged. The DNA damage response is a network of proteins that monitor, recognize and fix the damage, which is also called DNA lesions. For example, an enzyme called ATM senses when DNA is broken and then begins a process that will get it repaired, while another enzyme known as SIRT6 participates in the actual mending process. When organisms get older, the repair machinery becomes less efficient, and the number of DNA lesions and errors increases. The accumulation of DNA damage may cause the ‘symptoms’ of old age – from cancer, to wrinkles and the slowing down of the body’s chemical processes. In fact, individuals with defective ATMs (who thus struggle to repair their DNA) age abnormally fast; conversely, SIRT6 promotes longevity. If declining repair mechanisms cause aging, would boosting the DNA damage response slow down this process? Chloroquine is a drug used to combat malaria, but it can also enhance the activity of ATM without damaging DNA. Qian, Liu et al. show that chloroquine helps cells remove broken DNA and keep dividing for longer. In animals, the drug increases the lifespan of worms and prolongs the lives of mice who have mutations that make them age quicker. Qian, Liu et al. also demonstrate that ATM works by chemically altering the pro-longevity enzyme SIRT6. These changes make SIRT6 more stable, and keep it safe from cellular processes that destroy it. In addition, mice that are genetically engineered to lack ATM can survive for longer if they also produce extra SIRT6. These experiments show that enhancing the DNA damage response can slow down aging, thus linking the DNA repair machinery to longevity. Progeria is a group of rare genetic conditions with inefficient DNA repair; people with progeria age fast and die young. The results by Qian, Liu et al., if confirmed in humans, could provide a new way of treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Qian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuojun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linyuan Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanbiao Meng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Ao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoming Qin
- South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangming Wang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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