Perception of cold and heat pattern identification in diseases: a survey of Korean medicine doctors

Resting energy expenditure differs among individuals with different levels of perceived thermal sensitivity: A cross-sectional study

Metabolic rate has been used in thermophysiological models for predicting the thermal response of humans. However, only a few studies have investigated the association between an individual's trait-like thermal sensitivity and resting energy expenditure (REE), which resulted in inconsistent results. This study aimed to explore the association between REE and perceived thermal sensitivity. The REE of healthy adults was measured using an indirect calorimeter, and perceived thermal intolerance and sensation in the body were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. In total, 1567 individuals were included in the analysis (women = 68.9%, age = 41.1 ± 13.2 years, body mass index = 23.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2, REE = 1532.1 ± 362.4 kcal/d). More women had high cold intolerance (31.8%) than men (12.7%), and more men had high heat intolerance (23.6%) than women (16.1%). In contrast, more women experienced both cold (53.8%) and heat (40.6%) sensations in the body than men (cold, 29.1%; heat, 27.9%). After adjusting for age, fat-free mass, and fat mass, lower cold intolerance, higher heat intolerance, and heat sensation were associated with increased REE only in men (cold intolerance, P for trend = .001; heat intolerance, P for trend = .037; heat sensation, P = .046), whereas cold sensation was associated with decreased REE only in women (P = .023). These findings suggest a link between the perceived thermal sensitivity and REE levels in healthy individuals.

Acupotomy in Korean Medicine Doctors: A Preliminary Survey on Experiences, Perceptions, and Clinical Usage Status

Acupotomy is a widely used medical intervention in traditional East Asian medicine, and efforts are being made to improve its effectiveness and safety. As a first step toward establishing more standardized procedural guidelines, a survey was conducted to explore the current clinical practice status and perceived adverse events (AEs) by Korean Medicine (KM) practitioners. The survey was developed via expert consensus and included information on clinical usage, perception, and the AEs experienced. The largest acupotomy society in Korea, which consists of 185 KM doctors, participated in an online survey conducted in September 2021. Of the 185 KM doctors, 107 (57.8%) responded. Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases accounted for 80.8% of suggested indications by KM doctors. Regarding the detailed procedure, there were considerable discrepancies between KM doctors. The most frequent acupotomy-related AEs observed by KM practitioners were bruises (77.3%), fatigue (57.7%), pain (51.8%), and hematoma (51.8%). Only 1.8% of the respondents answered that they had experienced severe AEs. Survey respondents answered that the use of imaging devices during acupotomy and the development of clinical practice guidelines are the most necessary policy requirements for promoting the use and ensuring the safety of acupotomy. To the best of our knowledge, this study marks the initial exploration into the KM physicians' clinical usage status, AEs experienced, and their requests for standardized guidelines and expanded health insurance coverage concerning acupotomy. Further research should include qualitative studies to assess patient experience and prospective observational studies to examine the effects of operator skills and treatment modalities on AEs and adherence.

Efficacy and Key Materials of East Asian Herbal Medicine Combined with Conventional Medicine on Inflammatory Skin Lesion in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Meta-Analysis, Integrated Data Mining, and Network Pharmacology

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that places a great burden on both individuals and society. The use of East Asian herbal medicine (EAHM) in combination with conventional medications is emerging as an effective strategy to control the complex immune-mediated inflammation of this disease from an integrative medicine (IM) perspective. The safety and efficacy of IM compared to conventional medicine (CM) were evaluated by collecting randomized controlled trial literature from ten multinational research databases. We then searched for important key materials based on integrated drug data mining. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to predict the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect. Data from 126 randomized clinical trials involving 11,139 patients were used. Compared with CM, IM using EAHM showed significant improvement in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 60 (RR: 1.4280; 95% CI: 1.3783-1.4794; p < 0.0001), PASI score (MD: -3.3544; 95% CI: -3.7608 to -2.9481; p < 0.0001), inflammatory skin lesion outcome, quality of life, serum inflammatory indicators, and safety index of psoriasis. Through integrated data mining of intervention data, we identified four herbs that were considered to be representative of the overall clinical effects of IM: Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., Isatis tinctoria subsp. athoa (Boiss.) Papan., Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews, and Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. They were found to have mechanisms to inhibit pathological keratinocyte proliferation and immune-mediated inflammation, which are major pathologies of psoriasis, through multiple pharmacological actions on 19 gene targets and 8 pathways in network pharmacology analysis. However, the quality of the clinical trial design and pharmaceutical quality control data included in this study is still not optimal; therefore, more high-quality clinical and non-clinical studies are needed to firmly validate the information explored in this study. This study is informative in that it presents a focused hypothesis and methodology for the value and direction of such follow-up studies.

Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis for Korean older population with cold pattern

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the association of whole-body composition and segmental bioimpedance variables with cold pattern (CP) in different sexes.

METHODS

We assigned 667 older individuals to a CP group (n = 488) and a non-CP group (n = 179) by using an eight-item self-administered questionnaire. Seven body composition variables and three pairs of segmental bioimpedance variables for the upper and lower extremities, which were obtained from a segmental multifrequency bioimpedance analyzer, were employed to investigate their association with CP. Participants' characteristics were first described. Then we compared the selected body composition and bioimpedance variables between the CP and non-CP groups. Finally, their association with CP was investigated using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. All analyses were performed separately for women and men.

RESULTS

Both women and men exhibited a comparable mean age in the CP and non-CP groups; however, women with CP had significantly lower blood pressures, whereas men with CP showed a higher proportion of osteoarthritis than those without CP. Compared with the non-CP group, individuals with CP exhibited significantly smaller body sizes indicated by shorter height and smaller weight, lower body mass index, and smaller volume-to-body surface area ratio in both sexes. After controlling for age, height, weight, and other covariates, we found significant reductions in body lean mass such as fat-free mass and body cell mass, basal metabolic rate per unit mass, total body water, and intra-to-extracellular water ratio in the CP group. With regard to segmental bioimpedance analysis, the resistance ratios and phase angles in the upper and lower extremities yield significant associations with CP incidence, as demonstrated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.72 (1.16-2.57), 1.69 (1.18-2.48), 0.60 (0.40-0.89), and 0.57 (0.39-0.82), respectively. However, these results did not emerge in men.

CONCLUSION

Abnormal cellular water distribution and deterioration in body cell mass and/or cell strength are associated with CP prevalence, regardless of age, height, weight. These findings are similar in the upper and lower extremities and are more pronounced in women. The abovementioned patterns may be considered effective indicators for identifying CP in the older adult population.

Oral Administration of East Asian Herbal Medicine for Inflammatory Skin Lesions in Plaque Psoriasis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Exploration of Core Herbal Materials

Psoriasis is an inflammatory autoimmune skin disease with various clinical manifestations. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral administration of East Asian herbal medicine (EAHM) for inflammatory skin lesions in psoriasis and to explore core herbal materials for drug discovery. A comprehensive search was conducted in 10 electronic databases for randomized controlled trials from their inception until 29 July 2021. Statistical analysis was performed in R version 4.1.2 and R studio. When heterogeneity in studies was detected, the cause was identified through sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis. Methodological quality was independently assessed using the revised tool for risk of bias in randomized trials. A total of 56 trials with 4966 psoriasis patients met the selection criteria. Meta-analysis favored EAHM monotherapy on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 70 (RR: 1.2845; 95% CI: 1.906 to 1.3858, p < 0.0001), PASI 60 (RR: 1.1923; 95% CI: 1.1134 to 1.2769, p < 0.0001), continuous PASI score (MD: −2.3386, 95% CI: −3.3068 to −1.3704, p < 0.0001), IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and Dermatology Life Quality Index. Patients treated with EAHM monotherapy had significantly reduced adverse events incidence rate. In addition, based on additional examination of the herb data included in this meta-analysis, 16 core materials were identified. They are utilized in close proximity to one another, and all have anti-inflammatory properties. The findings in this study support that oral EAHM monotherapy may be beneficial for inflammatory skin lesions in psoriasis. Meanwhile, the identified core materials are expected to be utilized as useful drug candidate hypotheses through follow-up studies on individual pharmacological activities and synergistic effects.

Urinary Function of the Sasang Type and Cold-Heat Subgroup Using the Sasang Urination Inventory in Korean Hospital Patients

Introduction

The Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom is pivotal for the Sasang type classification and pattern identification. The Sasang Urination and Defecation Inventory (SUDI) for urinary function analysis was developed; however, the clinical usefulness of urination-related subscales of SUDI in the Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup was not reported with acceptable validation analysis.

Methods

The clinical diagnosis of the Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup, responses to SUDI items, and weight and height of the 350 hospital patients were acquired retrospectively. The Sasang Urination Inventory (SUI) with SUI-CHR (problematic physical characteristics of urine), SUI-HSS (hypersensitivity of urinary urgency and high frequency), and SUI-DIS (urinary discomfort of hesitancy and residual urine sense) subscales using 12 items of SUDI were improvised. The item and construct validity of the SUI were examined using item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis, and the clinical usefulness of the SUI in Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup differentiation was attested.

Results

The SUI and its subscales showed acceptable structural validity and have clinical usefulness in the Tae-Eum type. The Tae-Eum type has a significantly higher SUI-CHR score than did the So-Yang type, and the Heat subgroup has a significantly higher SUI-HSS score than did the Cold subgroup in the Tae-Eum type. Discussion. The distinctive Sasang type- and Cold-Heat subscale-specific pathological symptoms in urinary function were revealed using the SUI. The SUI combined with objective Sasang typology measures might be useful for integrative precision medicine combining Eastern and Western practice and for evidence-based clinical education for medical professions.

Association between Resting Energy Expenditure and Heat Pattern in Traditional Medicine

Many symptoms of heat pattern (HP) in traditional medicine are related to thermoregulation; however, research on the association between energy expenditure characteristics and HP is limited. We aimed to study the association between HP and resting energy expenditure (REE). A total of 109 participants were divided into the HP and non-HP groups based on a self-administered questionnaire and their REE was measured using an indirect calorimeter. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of HP according to the level of REE. No significant differences in age, anthropometric, and body composition characteristics were observed between the HP and the non-HP groups. The likelihood of having an HP significantly increased with higher REE after adjustment for fat-free mass (OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.03-1.46]) and also after additional adjustment for sex and age (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.01-1.46]). These results suggest that increased REE could be a biological characteristic of HP. Future studies are necessary to investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with the differing energy expenditure in HP.

Socheongryong-tang for improving nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis: A study protocol for a randomized, open-label, cetirizine controlled, clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) is an herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, commonly used in East Asian countries to reduce rhinitis symptoms. There have been several clinical studies of its effects on allergic rhinitis (AR), but no trials comparing it with conventional treatment. We present the protocol for a feasibility trial to assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of SCRT in AR in comparison with cetirizine.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a randomized, open-label, cetirizine-controlled clinical trial. A total of 30 AR patients who have signed informed consent forms will be recruited and randomly assigned to SCRT or cetirizine groups at a 1:1 ratio. The participants will visit the clinical research center every week and receive SCRT granules or cetirizine tablets. SCRT will be taken twice daily, cetirizine will be taken once daily, and treatment medication will be taken for 2 weeks. Data will be collected at baseline, at week 2, and at week 4 after random allocation. The primary outcome will be the mean change in the total nasal symptom score from baseline to week 2. Secondary outcome measures will include the mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire and total serum immunoglobulin E. To assess the safety of SCRT, a liver and renal function test will be conducted before and after treatment, and the participants will be asked about any occurrence of adverse events at every visit. The recruitment rate, completion rate, and medication adherence will also be calculated to assess feasibility.

DISCUSSION

The findings of this study are expected to provide the basis for a full-scale randomized controlled trial to confirm the safety and effectiveness of SCRT for the treatment of nasal symptoms in patients with AR patients not controlled by conventional therapy.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study has been registered at the Korean National Clinical Trial Registry, Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0002380).

Etiologies of the Relationships Among Body Mass Index and Cold-Heat Patterns: A Twin Study

The phenotypic relationships between body mass index (BMI) and cold-heat patterns have been frequently reported, but the etiology of these relationships remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that the cold pattern (CP) and the heat pattern (HP) were heritable traits. In the present study, we explored underlying genetic and environmental structures of the relationships among BMI and the CP and the HP. Twins (N = 1,752) drawn from the South Korean twin registry completed a cold-heat pattern questionnaire via a telephone interview. The phenotypic correlations among the three phenotypes were moderate but significant. Cross-twin, cross-trait correlations among BMI and the CP and the HP were consistently greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, suggesting the presence of genetic effects on the relationships between BMI and the two patterns. A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the raw data. The results indicated that the phenotypic relationship between the HP and BMI was completely determined by common genetic influences, while the relationship between the CP and BMI was explained by both common genetic and common individual-specific environmental influences. The genetic correlation between the HP and the CP was not significant, suggesting that the two patterns may be genetically independent from each other. Genetic correlations were 0.31 between the HP and BMI, and -0.22 between the CP and BMI. The individual-specific environmental correlation was -0.22 between HP and CP, and between CP and BMI.

Heritability of Cold and Heat Patterns: A Twin Study

In traditional East Asian medicine, cold-heat patterns have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from various diseases. The present study aimed to estimate the heritability of cold-heat patterns. Trained interviewers administered a cold-heat pattern questionnaire to 1,753 twins (mean age = 19.1 ± 3.1 years) recruited throughout South Korea. Correlations for the cold pattern (CP) were 0.42 (95% CI [0.28, 0.54]) for monozygotic (MZ) males, 0.16 (95% CI [-0.08, 0.39]) for dizygotic (DZ) males, 0.40 (95% CI [0.30, 0.49]) for MZ females, 0.30 (95% CI [0.12, 0.45]) for DZ females, and 0.07 (95% CI [-0.11, 0.25]) for opposite-sex DZ twins. The corresponding twin correlations for the heat pattern (HP) were 0.38 (95% CI [0.24, 0.51]), -0.22 (95% CI [-0.43, 0.02]), 0.34 (95% CI [0.24, 0.43]), 0.21 (95% CI [0.03, 0.37]), and 0.08 (95% CI [-0.10, 0.26]), respectively. These patterns of twin correlations suggested significant genetic effects on the HP and the CP. Model-fitting analysis revealed that heritability estimates in both sexes were 40% (95% CI [38, 42]) for the CP and 33% (95% CI [25, 42]) for the HP, with the remaining variances attributable to unique environmental variances. These estimates did not vary significantly with age during adolescence and young adulthood.

Biopsychological and pathophysiological features of Cold-Heat subgroup of Sasang typology with Sasang Digestive Function Inventory, Sasang Personality Questionnaire and Body Mass Index

Background

The Sasang typology is a traditional Korean personalized medicine and its Cold-Heat subgroup identification is essential for effective use of medical herbs and acupuncture. The purpose of this study was to discover differences between Cold-Heat subgroups with objective clinical measures and to examine its clinical usefulness.

Methods

The pathophysiological symptoms of the digestive system, temperament and body shape of 241 patients were measured using the Sasang Digestive Function Inventory (SDFI), Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Body Mass Index (BMI). The differences between Cold and Heat subgroups of each Sasang types were tested by Analysis of Covariance considering age and sex, while the associations of SDFI, SPQ and BMI with Cold-Heat subgroup were examined by logistic regression analysis.

Results

There were significant differences between Cold and Heat subgroups in SDFI, SPQ and BMI for the So-Yang, SDFI and BMI for the Tae-Eum type and SDFI-Digestion subscale for the So-Eum type. Moreover, the SDFI-Digestion was a substantial predictor for Cold-Heat subgroup identification in three Sasang types. The logistic regression model with SDFI, SPQ and BMI correctly predicted 81.9%, 77% and 75.5% of the Cold-Heat subgroups in So-Yang, Tae-Eum and So-Eum types, respectively.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that the objective and validated clinical measures of SDFI, SPQ and BMI would be useful for differentiating Cold-Heat subgroups of Sasang typology. Further clinical studies on pathophysiological mechanisms in Cold-Heat subgroup are required to generalize these results.

The association between cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet and chronic disease: results of a multicentre study

Background

Cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet (CHHF) is a common symptom in Korea and patients with CHHF complain of coldness in the hands and feet in an environment that is not considered cold by unaffected people. In traditional East Asian medicine, CHHF is believed to be accompanied by various diseases and symptoms, and is considered a symptom that needs active treatment. CHHF is used for pattern identification in the cold pattern, yang deficiency, and constitution. This study aimed to examine the differences in frequencies of chronic diseases with respect to the presence of CHHF.

Methods

Disease history, CHHF, body measurements, and blood test survey data from 6149 patients collected by 25 medical institutes in Korea were obtained from the Korean Medicine Data Center. The participants were divided into CHHF (n = 1909) and non-CHHF groups (n = 3017) according to the CHHF survey. The differences in frequencies of 18 diseases were analysed using chi-square tests, and the odds ratios (ORs) for each disease according to CHHF status were examined via logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

Based on chi-square test results, the CHHF group showed a higher frequency of the following diseases: anaemia, hypotension, chronic gastritis, reflux oesophagitis, chronic rhinitis, dysmenorrhoea, and gastroduodenal ulcer. Diseases found in lower frequencies were as follows: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidaemia, stroke, fatty liver, and angina pectoris. In addition, from the logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, the CHHF group showed a lower OR in diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia than the non-CHHF group, but a higher OR in degenerative arthritis, chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer, reflux oesophagitis, and chronic rhinitis.

Conclusions

This study showed that CHHF is associated with chronic disease. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate these associations.