Clinician perspectives and understanding of the adaptogenic concept: A focus group study with Naturopaths and Western Herbalists

Criteria for the selection, evaluation and application of traditional knowledge in contemporary health practice, education, research and policy: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) is highly utilised and draws on traditional knowledge (TK) as evidence, raising a need to explore how TK is currently used.

OBJECTIVES

Examine criteria used to select, evaluate and apply TK in contemporary health contexts.

METHODS

Systematic search utilising academic databases (AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SSCI, ProQuest Dissertations Theses Global), Trip clinical database and Google search engine. Citations and reference lists of included articles were searched. Reported use of TK in contemporary settings was mapped against a modified 'Exploration-Preparation-Implementation-Sustainment' (EPIS) implementation framework.

RESULTS

From the 54 included articles, EPIS mapping found TK is primarily used in the Exploration phase of implementation (n = 54), with little reporting on Preparation (n = 16), Implementation process (n = 6) or Sustainment (n = 4) of TK implementation. Criteria used in selection, evaluation and application of TK commonly involved validation with other scientific/traditional evidence sources, or assessment of factors influencing knowledge translation.

DISCUSSION

One of the difficulties in validation of TK (as a co-opted treatment) against other evidence sources is comparing like with like as TK often takes a holistic approach. This complicates further planning and evaluation of implementation.

CONCLUSION

This review identifies important criteria for evaluating current and potential contemporary use of TK, identifying gaps in research and practice for finding, appraising and applying relevant TK studies for clinical care.

The study of the effect of drinks based on extracts of herbal adaptogens on the functional status of athletes during physical activity

Adverse environmental factors, stress, lack of sleep and rest, and heavy physical exertion, deplete the human body. In particular, the reserves of the main metabolites, water, and oxygen, are very limited. People, especially athletes, need to take special dietary supplements with adaptogenic properties to adapt to stressful extreme loads. In this study, the influence of using extracts of leuzea, ginseng, and Eleutherococcus on athletes' performance, endurance, strength, and emotional state is carried out. The studies were conducted on four groups of male athletes aged from 19 to 25 years. For three weeks, diagnostics of vital lung capacity, Stange, and Genchi tests are carried out, and data on the general impressions of athletes are collected. According to the research results, the use of adaptogens leads to an increase in physical performance. After the first week of the study, a positive effect on the human body are noticed: improve well-being and increased athletic performance. When using Eleutherococcus, there was a change in the work of the central nervous system (motor functions): tasks begin to be performed in an organized and accelerated manner without deterioration of well-being, but the volume of strength exercises remained the same. When using the drug leuzea, muscle strength was noted, which allowed to increase the load. There is a positive effect of phytopreparations on the body, namely on the functions of the cardiovascular, central nervous and endocrine systems. In 4 participants who took leuzea, the performance in power competitions improved by 18.5% compared to the control group. The intake of Eleutherococcus and ginseng is accompanied by an increase in the activity of neurotransmitter cells, i.e., the effect on the mesolimbic system.  In addition, a study of hematological blood parameters and hormonal statuses at the beginning and end of the study was conducted with the subjects who took leuzea extract. So, the use of the drug leuzea leads to the following positive changes: a more significant increase in ESR, a more significant increase in hemoglobin, compared with the control group. The conclusion is made about the practicality of taking biologically active additives based on some plant adaptogens.

Findings of Russian literature on the clinical application of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.): A narrative review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim (ES) (syn. Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of Russian Far East and East Asia and known as an adaptogen - a category of herbal medicinal products which have non-specific inter-system anti-stress effects throughout the human body. ES was first established as a medicinal plant officially in the pharmacopeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1962, and is currently recommended by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to be prescribed to treat symptoms of asthenia such as fatigue and weakness.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

During the time of the USSR, a distinct research directive was undertaken on ES to examine substances which improve stamina and endurance, with over 1000 studies published. Due to security measures within the former USSR these papers were not accessible to the public and were never translated into English. This is the first study to make findings of the USSR studies on ES available to the international research and scientific community.

METHODS

This study was an archival retrieval. References for studies were sought from printed journal and conference preceding's publications, then located within library catalogues of three libraries in St Petersburg Russia. Eligibility criteria included human clinical trials examining the efficacy of ES in any condition, published in the Russian language in the Soviet Union.

RESULTS

A total of 46 studies published between 1962 and 1986 in the USSR were sourced. Of the retrieved articles, 29 were reported as placebo-controlled trials, 11 were reported as controlled trials and six studies did not report the study design. Trends in studies were those reporting on healthy volunteers (n=21) at a dose of 2 ml extract/day (n=14) examining outcomes such as physical and mental stamina under varying conditions, normal work conditions, high temperatures and high altitudes, incidence or prophylaxis of colds and influenza (n=5), effects on color perception and vision (n=2), work capacity (n=1), cognitive effects (n=1), prophylaxis of hearing loss (n=3), effects on blood cell counts (n=2) and sensitivity to UV radiation (n=1).

CONCLUSIONS

ES appears to exhibit benefits for cognitive function and physical and mental endurance and its effect as a respiratory system infection prophylaxis treatment are promising. This study is the first to publish the findings of clinical trials on ES from the USSR, which supports the traditional use and offers a valuable contribution to the body of evidence on medicinal uses of ES when the data is applied within the context of its limitations.