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Kessler F, Arnke K, Eggerschwiler B, Neldner Y, Märsmann S, Gröninger O, Casanova EA, Weber FA, König MA, Stark WJ, Pape HC, Cinelli P, Tiziani S. Murine iPSC-Loaded Scaffold Grafts Improve Bone Regeneration in Critical-Size Bone Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5555. [PMID: 38791592 PMCID: PMC11121928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In certain situations, bones do not heal completely after fracturing. One of these situations is a critical-size bone defect where the bone cannot heal spontaneously. In such a case, complex fracture treatment over a long period of time is required, which carries a relevant risk of complications. The common methods used, such as autologous and allogeneic grafts, do not always lead to successful treatment results. Current approaches to increasing bone formation to bridge the gap include the application of stem cells on the fracture side. While most studies investigated the use of mesenchymal stromal cells, less evidence exists about induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this study, we investigated the potential of mouse iPSC-loaded scaffolds and decellularized scaffolds containing extracellular matrix from iPSCs for treating critical-size bone defects in a mouse model. In vitro differentiation followed by Alizarin Red staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed the osteogenic differentiation potential of the iPSCs lines. Subsequently, an in vivo trial using a mouse model (n = 12) for critical-size bone defect was conducted, in which a PLGA/aCaP osteoconductive scaffold was transplanted into the bone defect for 9 weeks. Three groups (each n = 4) were defined as (1) osteoconductive scaffold only (control), (2) iPSC-derived extracellular matrix seeded on a scaffold and (3) iPSC seeded on a scaffold. Micro-CT and histological analysis show that iPSCs grafted onto an osteoconductive scaffold followed by induction of osteogenic differentiation resulted in significantly higher bone volume 9 weeks after implantation than an osteoconductive scaffold alone. Transplantation of iPSC-seeded PLGA/aCaP scaffolds may improve bone regeneration in critical-size bone defects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kessler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Kevin Arnke
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Benjamin Eggerschwiler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Yvonne Neldner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Sonja Märsmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Olivier Gröninger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa A. Casanova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Fabienne A. Weber
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wendelin J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Tiziani
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland (E.A.C.); (P.C.)
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Casanova EA, Rodriguez-Palomo A, Stähli L, Arnke K, Gröninger O, Generali M, Neldner Y, Tiziani S, Dominguez AP, Guizar-Sicairos M, Gao Z, Appel C, Nielsen LC, Georgiadis M, Weber FE, Stark W, Pape HC, Cinelli P, Liebi M. SAXS imaging reveals optimized osseointegration properties of bioengineered oriented 3D-PLGA/aCaP scaffolds in a critical size bone defect model. Biomaterials 2023; 294:121989. [PMID: 36628888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Healing large bone defects remains challenging in orthopedic surgery and is often associated with poor outcomes and complications. A major issue with bioengineered constructs is achieving a continuous interface between host bone and graft to enhance biological processes and mechanical stability. In this study, we have developed a new bioengineering strategy to produce oriented biocompatible 3D PLGA/aCaP nanocomposites with enhanced osseointegration. Decellularized scaffolds -containing only extracellular matrix- or scaffolds seeded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were tested in a mouse model for critical size bone defects. In parallel to micro-CT analysis, SAXS tensor tomography and 2D scanning SAXS were employed to determine the 3D arrangement and nanostructure within the critical-sized bone. Both newly developed scaffold types, seeded with cells or decellularized, showed high osseointegration, higher bone quality, increased alignment of collagen fibers and optimal alignment and size of hydroxyapatite minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Casanova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lisa Stähli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Arnke
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gröninger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Generali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Neldner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Tiziani
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Perez Dominguez
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Zirui Gao
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Leonard C Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Franz E Weber
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Hybrid nanocomposite as a chest wall graft with improved vascularization by copper oxide nanoparticles. J Biomater Appl 2022; 36:1826-1837. [DOI: 10.1177/08853282211065624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chest wall repair can be necessary after tumor resection or chest injury. In order to cover or replace chest wall defects, autologous tissue or different synthetic materials are commonly used, among them the semi-rigid gold standard Gore-Tex® and prolene meshes. Synthetic tissues include composite materials with an organic and an inorganic component. On the basis of previously reported hybrid nanocomposite poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposite (PLGA/aCaP), a CuO component was incorporated to yield (60%/35%/5%). This graft was tested in vitro by seeding with murine adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for cell attachment and migration. The graft was compared to PLGA/CaCO3 and PLGA/hydroxyapatite, each providing the inorganic phase as nanoparticles. Further characterization of the graft was performed using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, PLGA/aCaP/CuO was implanted as a chest wall graft in mice. After 4 weeks, total cell density, graft integration, extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin and collagen I, the cellular inflammatory response (macrophages, F4/80 and lymphocytes, CD3) as well as vascularization (CD31) were quantitatively assessed. The nanocomposite PLGA/aCaP/CuO showed a good cell attachment and cells migrated well into the pores of the electrospun meshes. Cell densities did not differ between PLGA/aCaP/CuO and PLGA/CaCO3 or PLGA/hydroxyapatite, respectively. When applied as a chest wall graft, adequate stability for suturing into the thoracic wall could be achieved. Four weeks post-implantation, there was an excellent tissue integration without relevant fibrotic changes and a predominating collagen I matrix deposition within the graft. Slightly increased inflammation, reflected by increased infiltration of macrophages could be observed. Vascularization of the graft was significantly enhanced when compared with PLGA/aCaP (no CuO). We conclude that the hybrid nanocomposite PLGA/aCaP/CuO is a viable option to be used as a chest wall graft. Surgical implantation of the material is feasible and provides stability and enough flexibility. Proper tissue integration and an excellent vascularization are characteristics of this biodegradable material.
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Kamat P, Frueh FS, McLuckie M, Sanchez-Macedo N, Wolint P, Lindenblatt N, Plock JA, Calcagni M, Buschmann J. Adipose tissue and the vascularization of biomaterials: Stem cells, microvascular fragments and nanofat-a review. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:400-411. [PMID: 32507607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue defects in the human body after trauma and injury require precise reconstruction to regain function. Hence, there is a great demand for clinically translatable approaches with materials that are both biocompatible and biodegradable. They should also be able to adequately integrate within the tissue through sufficient vascularization. Adipose tissue is abundant and easily accessible. It is a valuable tissue source in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, especially with regard to its angiogenic potential. Derivatives of adipose tissue, such as microfat, nanofat, microvascular fragments, stromal vascular fraction and stem cells, are commonly used in research, but also clinically to enhance the vascularization of implants and grafts at defect sites. In plastic surgery, adipose tissue is harvested via liposuction and can be manipulated in three ways (macro-, micro- and nanofat) in the operating room, depending on its ultimate use. Whereas macro- and microfat are used as a filling material for soft tissue injuries, nanofat is an injectable viscous extract that primarily induces tissue remodeling because it is rich in growth factors and stem cells. In contrast to microfat that adds volume to a defect site, nanofat has the potential to be easily combined with scaffold materials due to its liquid and homogenous consistency and is particularly attractive for blood vessel formation. The same is true for microvascular fragments that are easily isolated from adipose tissue through collagenase digestion. In preclinical animal models, it has been convincingly shown that these vascular fragments inosculate with host vessels and subsequently accelerate scaffold perfusion and host tissue integration. Adipose tissue is also an ideal source of stem cells. It yields larger quantities of cells than any other source and is easier to access for both the patient and doctor compared with other sources such as bone marrow. They are often used for tissue regeneration in combination with biomaterials. Adipose-derived stem cells can be applied unmodified or as single cell suspensions. However, certain pretreatments, such as cultivation under hypoxic conditions or three-dimensional spheroids production, may provide substantial benefit with regard to subsequent vascularization in vivo due to induced growth factor production. In this narrative review, derivatives of adipose tissue and the vascularization of biomaterials are addressed in a comprehensive approach, including several sizes of derivatives, such as whole fat flaps for soft tissue engineering, nanofat or stem cells, their secretome and exosomes. Taken together, it can be concluded that adipose tissue and its fractions down to the molecular level promote, enhance and support vascularization of biomaterials. Therefore, there is a high potential of the individual fat component to be used in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranitha Kamat
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian S Frueh
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle McLuckie
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Sanchez-Macedo
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Wolint
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lindenblatt
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan A Plock
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schneider I, Baumgartner W, Gröninger O, Stark WJ, Märsmann S, Calcagni M, Cinelli P, Wolint P, Buschmann J. 3D microtissue-derived human stem cells seeded on electrospun nanocomposites under shear stress: Modulation of gene expression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103481. [PMID: 31678737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different microenvironments trigger distinct differentiation of stem cells. Even without chemical supplementation, mechanical stimulation by shear stress may help to induce the desired differentiation. The cell format, such as three-dimensional (3D) microtissues (MTs), MT-derived cells or single cells (SCs), may have a pivotal impact as well. Here, we studied modulation of gene expression in human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exposed to shear stress and/or after MT formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electrospun meshes of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (PLGA/aCaP) at a weight ratio of 60:40 were seeded with human ASCs as MTs or as SCs and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium without chemical supplementation. After 2 weeks of static culture, the scaffolds were cultured statically for another 2 weeks or placed in a Bose® bioreactor with a flow rate per area of 0.16 mL cm-2 min-1. Stiffness of the scaffolds was assessed as a function of time. After 4 weeks, minimum stem cell criteria markers and selected markers of osteogenesis, endothelial cell differentiation, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, cell distribution within the scaffolds and the allocation of the yes-associated protein (YAP) in the cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MTs decayed completely within 2 weeks after seeding on PLGA/aCaP. The osteogenic marker gene alkaline phosphatase and the endothelial cell marker gene CD31 were upregulated in MT-derived ASCs compared with SCs. Shear stress realised by fluid flow perfusion upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 expression in MT-derived ASCs and in SCs. The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of YAP expression was doubled under perfusion compared with that under static culture for MT-derived ASCs and SCs. CONCLUSIONS Osteogenic and angiogenic commitments were more pronounced in MT-derived ASCs seeded on bone biomimetic electrospun nanocomposite PLGA/aCaP than in SCs seeded without induction medium. Furthermore, the static culture was superior to the perfusion regimen used here, as shear stress resulted in adipogenic commitment for MT-derived ASCs and SCs, although the YAP nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio indicated higher cell tensions under perfusion, usually associated with preferred osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schneider
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gröninger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Märsmann
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Wolint
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Buschmann J, Yamada Y, Schulz-Schönhagen K, Hess SC, Stark WJ, Opelz C, Bürgisser GM, Weder W, Jungraithmayr W. Hybrid nanocomposite as a chest wall graft with improved integration by adipose-derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10910. [PMID: 31358841 PMCID: PMC6662805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery of the chest wall is potentially required to cover large defects after removal of malignant tumours. Usually, inert and non-degradable Gore-Tex serves to replace the missing tissue. However, novel biodegradable materials combined with stem cells are available that stimulate the healing. Based on poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (PLGA/aCaP) and pure PLGA, a dual layer biodegradable hybrid nanocomposite was generated. Mouse adipose-derived stem cells were cultered on electrospun disks (ASCs of C57BL/6), and biomechanical tests were performed. The cell-seeded scaffolds were engrafted in C57BL/LY5.1 mice to serve as a chest wall substitute. Cell invasion into the bi-layered material, extent of CD45+ cells, inflammatory response, neo-vascularization and ECM composition were determined at 1 and 2 months post-surgery, respectively. The bi-layered hybrid nanocomposite was stable after a 2-week in vitro culture, in contrast to PLGA/aCaP without a PLGA layer. There was a complete biointegration and good vascularization in vivo. The presence of ASCs attracted more CD45+ cells (hematopoietic origin) compared to cell-free scaffolds. Inflammatory reaction was similar for both groups (±ASCs) at 8 weeks. A bi-layered hybrid nanocomposite fabricated of electrospun PLGA/aCaP and a reinforcing layer of pristine PLGA is an ideal scaffold for chest wall reconstruction. It is stable and allows a proper host tissue integration. If ASCs are seeded, they attract more CD45+ cells, supporting the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Schulz-Schönhagen
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Hess
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Opelz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Weder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Baumgartner W, Schneider I, Hess SC, Stark WJ, Märsmann S, Brunelli M, Calcagni M, Cinelli P, Buschmann J. Cyclic uniaxial compression of human stem cells seeded on a bone biomimetic nanocomposite decreases anti-osteogenic commitment evoked by shear stress. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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