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Hu S, Chen X, Qin X, Dong G, Lin Y, Gai W, Zhao H, Ke B, Li M. A bioluminescent probe for in vivo imaging of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase in a mouse model of inflammation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128049. [PMID: 33882272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase (PGP) specifically cleaves the peptide bond of pyroglutamic acid linked to the N-terminal end of a polypeptide or protein. Previous studies showed that PGP was associated with several physiological processes and diseases especially those involving inflammation. Utilizing a 'caging' strategy, we designed and synthesized a bioluminescence probe (PBL) with a limit-of-detection of 3.7 * 10-4 mU/mL. In vivo imaging in a mouse model of inflammatory liver disease revealed that the probe has excellent sensitivity and selectivity and provides a powerful tool for studying the physiological and pathological processes involving PGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Laboratory of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Laboratory of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaojun Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Gaopan Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuxing Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenrui Gai
- Laboratory of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Laboratory of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Cao T, Zhang L, Zheng L, Qian J, Iqbal A, Iqbal K, Qin W, Liu Y. A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for rapid detection of the pyroglutamate aminopeptidase-1 in mouse tumors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 34046652 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase-1 (PGP-1) is an important enzyme that plays an indispensable role in the process of inflammation. Up to now, few reports have been reported on the detection of PGP-1 activity in vivo and in vitro, and there are no reports on ratiometric detection. Here, the first red-emitting ratiometric fluorescent sensor (DP-1) for the specific detection of PGP-1 both in vivo and in vitro was designed and synthesized by using DCD-NH2 as the luminescent parent and pyroglutamate as a recognition group. After interacting with PGP-1, the amide bond is hydrolyzed by the enzyme and the color of the solution changes from yellow (λabs = 420 nm) to red (λabs = 520 nm), accompanied by obvious fluorescence emission wavelength change (from ∼564 nm to ∼616 nm). The probe has high specificity and sensitivity towards PGP-1 in about 10 min, and the DL is as low as 0.25 ng mL-1. Interestingly, under the stimulation of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and lipopolysaccharide, the imaging of DP-1 in HepG2 and RAW264 cells shows that the expression of PGP-1 is associated with inflammation. What's more, for the first, the imaging of a mouse tumor model confirms that the enzyme is closely related to the occurrence of some inflammation and tumor diseases. These results indicate that DP-1 can be used as an effective tool for real-time monitoring of PGP-1 levels both in vivo and in vitro and the study of inflammatory tumor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Anam Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Wenwu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China.
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Gong Q, Zou R, Xing J, Xiang L, Zhang R, Wu A. A Ultrasensitive Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Reveals Pyroglutamate Aminopeptidase 1 Can Be a New Inflammatory Cytokine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700664. [PMID: 29721415 PMCID: PMC5908353 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous study showed that pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1 (PGP-1) has a relationship with the immune response in cells. However, whether PGP-1 is involved in inflammatory response in vivo and can serve as a new inflammatory cytokine are still unclear. To address these issues, a new near-infrared fluorescent probe, which exhibits high selectivity and super sensitivity, is developed. With this probe, the up-regulation of PGP-1 (evidenced by western blot) in BALB/c mice legs and livers under the stimulation of two main immunopotentiators is revealed for the first time. The occurrence of inflammatory process (including tissue necrosis) in mice is determined by up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Interestingly, it is revealed for the first time that knocking down PGP-1 leads to the weakness of inflammatory process in RAW264.7 cells. These new findings suggest that PGP-1 is indeed involved in inflammatory response in vivo and can be a new inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesCAS & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province& Division of Functional, Materials and NanodevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1219 ZhongGuan West RoadNingbo315201China
| | - Ruifen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesCAS & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province& Division of Functional, Materials and NanodevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1219 ZhongGuan West RoadNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jie Xing
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesCAS & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province& Division of Functional, Materials and NanodevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1219 ZhongGuan West RoadNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Lingchao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesCAS & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province& Division of Functional, Materials and NanodevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1219 ZhongGuan West RoadNingbo315201China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesCAS & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province& Division of Functional, Materials and NanodevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 1219 ZhongGuan West RoadNingbo315201China
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Gong Q, Li L, Wu X, Ma H. Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1 may be an indicator of cellular inflammatory response as revealed using a sensitive long-wavelength fluorescent probe. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4694-4697. [PMID: 30155117 PMCID: PMC6013796 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00951d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1 (PGP-1) can remove pyroglutamic acid from the N-terminus of a polypeptide, including some important anti-inflammatory proteins. Detecting the change and distribution of cellular PGP-1 in an inflammation process would be helpful to better understand the role of this enzyme. However, no report has been found on this subject, mainly due to the lack of a proper research approach. Herein, we develop such a new method by preparing a sensitive long-wavelength fluorescent probe combined with confocal fluorescence imaging. The probe, consisting of l-pyroglutamic acid and cresyl violet, exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity for PGP-1 under physiological conditions. With this probe, the up-regulation of PGP-1 in LO-2 cells under the stimulation of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and lipopolysaccharide (two main immunopotentiators) is revealed for the first time, and this up-regulation is also observed in typical phagocytic RAW264.7 cells, as evidenced by western blot and inhibition assays. Studies on the distribution of PGP-1 in cells using our probe showed that most PGP-1 is located in the cytoplasm, which is further supported by an immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, the inflammatory response induced by the immunopotentiators in either RAW264.7 or LO-2 cells is confirmed by measuring tumor necrosis factor alpha (a common inflammatory factor). The above findings indicate that cellular inflammation is accompanied by an increase in PGP-1, and PGP-1 may serve as a new indicator of cellular inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China .
| | - Lihong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China .
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China .
| | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China .
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Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on redox status and markers of renal function in mice inoculated with Bothrops jararaca and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms. Toxicon 2014; 79:1-10. [PMID: 24412461 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is an important aggravating factor in accidents caused by Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) and Bothrops jararaca (Bj) bites. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is well known as a nephroprotective antioxidant with low toxicity. The present study investigated the effects of NAC on redox status and markers of renal function in mice that received vehicle (controls) or venoms (v) of Cdt and Bj. In controls NAC promoted hypercreatinemia, hypouremia, hyperosmolality with decreased urea in urine, hyperproteinuria, decreased protein and increased dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) in membrane-bound fraction (MF) from renal cortex (RC) and medulla (RM). NAC ameliorated or normalized altered creatinuria, proteinemia and aminopeptidase (AP) acid in MF, AP basic (APB) in soluble fraction (SF), and neutral AP in SF and MF from RC and RM in vBj envenomation. NAC ameliorated or normalized altered neutral AP in SF from RC and RM, and DPPIV and protein in MF from RC in vCdt envenomation. NAC ameliorated or restored renal redox status respectively in vCdt and vBj, and normalized uricemia in both envenomations. These data are promising perspectives that recommend the clinical evaluation of NAC as potential coadjuvant in the anti venom serotherapy for accidents with these snake's genera.
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Neutral aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the development of collagen II-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 173:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Frezzatti R, Silveira PF. Allopurinol reduces the lethality associated with acute renal failure induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom: comparison with probenecid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1312. [PMID: 21909449 PMCID: PMC3167791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute renal failure is one of the most serious complications of envenoming resulting from Crotalus durissus terrificus bites. This study evaluated the relevance of hyperuricemia and oxidative stress and the effects of allopurinol and probenecid in renal dysfunction caused by direct nephrotoxicity of C. d. terrificus venom. Methodology/Principal Findings Hematocrit, protein, renal function and redox status were assessed in mice. High ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione and hyperuricemia induced by C. d. terrificus venom were ameliorated by both, allopurinol or probenecid, but only allopurinol significantly reduced the lethality caused by C. d. terrificus venom. The effectiveness of probenecid is compromised probably because it promoted hypercreatinemia and hypocreatinuria and worsed the urinary hypo-osmolality in envenomed mice. In turn, the highest effectiveness of allopurinol might be due to its ability to diminish the intracellular formation of uric acid. Conclusions/Significance Data provide consistent evidences linking uric acid with the acute renal failure induced by C. d. terrificus venom, as well as that this envenoming in mice constitutes an attractive animal model suitable for studying the hyperuricemia and that the allopurinol deserves to be clinically evaluated as an approach complementary to anti-snake venom serotherapy. In Brazil, among registered snake bites, those by the genus Crotalus originate the highest mortality rate. The rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus is the most frequently implicated in these accidents. The kidney is a particularly vulnerable organ to the venom of this rattlesnake. In fact, the most serious complication of Crotalus snake bite is the renal dysfunction, and among the fatal cases of Crotalus bites in Brazil 5% are patients treated with antivenom. The hyperuricemia has been observed in human accidents with snake venoms, but this parameter has not received any special attention as a relevant factor in the etiology of renal dysfunction caused by these venoms. This study examined the effects of treatments with low-cost and low-risk uricostatic (allopurinol) and uricosuric (probenecid) drugs on the envenomation by C. d. terrificus, showing that allopurinol and probenecid mitigated certain nephrotoxic effects, as well as the survival of envenomed mice was improved through the effects of allopurinol on reduction of oxidative stress and intracellular formation of uric acid. This new knowledge provides consistent evidences linking uric acid with the renal dysfunction induced by rattlesnake bites and that the allopurinol deserves to be clinically evaluated as an approach complementary to anti-snake venom serotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Frezzatti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Flavio Silveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Barone JM, Alponti RF, Frezzatti R, Zambotti-Villela L, Silveira PF. Differential efficiency of simvastatin and lipoic acid treatments on Bothrops jararaca envenomation-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Toxicon 2010; 57:148-56. [PMID: 21087618 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Snake bite accidents by Bothrops genus is an important public health issue in Brazil and one of its most serious complications is the acute kidney injury (AKI). Here we evaluated the effects of Bothrops jararaca venom (vBj) and the treatments with lipoic acid (LA) and simvastatin (SA) on renal function, aminopeptidase (AP) activities and renal redox status. Primordial events for establishment of AKI by vBj were hyperuricemia, hypercreatinemia, urinary hyperosmolality, renal oxidative stress and reduction of hematocrit and protein content in the membrane of renal cortex and medulla and in the plasma. In the renal cortex and medulla the changes caused by vBj in soluble and membrane-bound AP activities had a similar pattern. The beneficial effects of LA and SA on envenomed mice were similar on the hyperuricemia, renal oxidative stress and reduction of hematocrit. LA mitigated the hypercreatinemia, but exacerbated the urinary urea and creatinine, whereas SA mitigated the decrease of plasma urea, urinary hyperosmolality and hypercreatinuria induced by vBj. The beneficial effects of LA and especially of SA on renal effects of vBj open a new perspective for clinical investigations of these drugs as coadjuvant agents in the serotherapy of Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Marton Barone
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lipoic acid effects on renal function, aminopeptidase activities and oxidative stress in Crotalus durissus terrificus envenomation in mice. Toxicon 2010; 56:402-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yamasaki SC, Villarroel JS, Barone JM, Zambotti-Villela L, Silveira PF. Aminopeptidase activities, oxidative stress and renal function in Crotalus durissus terrificus envenomation in mice. Toxicon 2008; 52:445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Methotrexate and cyclosporine treatments modify the activities of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl oligopeptidase in murine macrophages. Clin Dev Immunol 2008; 2008:794050. [PMID: 18354729 PMCID: PMC2266974 DOI: 10.1155/2008/794050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the effects of cyclosporine A (25–28 mgkg−1) and/or methotrexate (0.1 mgkg−1) treatments on dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) activities and on algesic response in two distinct status of murine macrophages (Mφs) was undertaken. In resident Mφs, DPPIV and POP were affected by neither individual nor combined treatments. In thioglycolate-elicited Mφs, methotrexate increased DPPIV (99–110%) and POP (60%), while cyclosporine inhibited POP (21%). Combined treatment with both drugs promoted a rise (51–84%) of both enzyme activities. Only cyclosporine decreased (42%) the tolerance to algesic stimulus. Methotrexate was revealed to exert prevalent action over that of cyclosporine on proinflammatory Mφ POP. The opposite effects of methotrexate and cyclosporine on POP activity might influence the availability of the nociceptive mediators bradykinin and substance P in proinflammatory Mφs. The exacerbated response to thermally induced algesia observed in cyclosporine-treated animals could be related to upregulation of those mediators.
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Larrinaga G, López JI, Casis L, Blanco L, Gil J, Agirregoitia E, Varona A. Cystinyl aminopeptidase activity is decreased in renal cell carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 144:56-61. [PMID: 17692401 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of peptidases in carcinogenetic processes of several tumor types has been researched in recent years. Although kidney is one of the major tissues known to express cystinyl-aminopeptidase (CAP), little is known about its role in renal neoplasia. This study analyzes fluorimetrically membrane-bound and soluble CAP activity in the three main renal cancers: clear cell (CCRCC), papillary (PRCC), and chromophobe (ChRCC) renal cell carcinomas. Overall, a marked decrease of membrane-bound CAP activity in all the three renal cell carcinomas was detected when compared with their respective surrounding non-tumor tissues. So, the tumor vs. non-tumor CAP ratios (units of peptidase per mg of protein) was as follows: 926+/-111 vs. 3778+/-276 for CCRCCs, 737+/-181 vs. 4351+/-950 for PRCCs, and 592+/-118 vs. 4905+/-935 for ChRCCs. In contrast, the soluble fraction of this enzyme displayed minor and non-significant changes when comparing tumor and non-tumor CAP activities in the whole series. After stratification by stage and grade, CCRCCs displayed significant differences: pT3 category had significantly higher levels of membrane-bound activity than pT1, and high grade cases (G3-4) had higher soluble CAP activity than low grade ones (G1-2). These data may open additional possibilities in the study of renal cell carcinoma with regard to the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Zambotti-Villela L, Yamasaki SC, Villarroel JS, Murena-Nunes C, Silveira PF. Prolyl, cystyl and pyroglutamyl peptidase activities in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Peptides 2007; 28:1586-95. [PMID: 17698248 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl, cystyl and pyroglutamyl peptidases are emerging targets for diabetes and cognitive deficit therapies. The present study is focused on the influence of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin on levels of representative hydrolytic activities of these enzymes in the rat hypothalamus and hippocampus. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats presented about 348mg glucose/dL blood, and a slightly increased hematocrit and plasma osmolality. The activities of soluble and membrane-bound dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and soluble cystyl aminopeptidase did not differ between diabetic and control rats in both brain areas. Hippocampal soluble prolyl oligopeptidase presented similar activities between diabetic and controls. Increased activities in diabetics were observed for soluble prolyl oligopeptidase (1.78-fold) and membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase (2.55-fold) in the hypothalamus, and for membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase (5.14-fold) in the hippocampus. In both brain areas, the activities of membrane-bound and soluble pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase were slightly lower (<0.7-fold) in diabetics. All modifications (except hematocrit) observed in streptozotocin-treated rats were mitigated by the administration of insulin. Glucose and/or insulin were shown to alter in vitro the hypothalamic activities of soluble pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase and prolyl oligopeptidase, as well as membrane-bound cystyl aminopeptidase. These data provide the first evidence that diabetes mellitus generates direct and indirect effects on the activity levels of brain peptidases. The implied regional control of regulatory peptide activity by these peptidases suggests novel potential approaches to understand certain disruptions on mediator and modulatory functions in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Zambotti-Villela
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Varona A, Blanco L, López JI, Gil J, Agirregoitia E, Irazusta J, Larrinaga G. Altered levels of acid, basic, and neutral peptidase activity and expression in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F780-8. [PMID: 16985214 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00148.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides play important roles in cell regulation and signaling in many tissues and are regulated by peptidases, most of which are highly expressed in the kidney. Several peptide convertases have a function in different tumor stages, and some have been clearly characterized as diagnostic and prognostic markers for solid tumors, including renal cancer; however, little is known about their in vivo role in kidney tumors. The present study compares the activity of a range of peptidases in human tumor samples and nontumor tissue obtained from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) patients. To cover the complete spectrum and subcellular distribution of peptide-converting activity, acid, neutral, basic, and omega activities were selected. CCRCC displays a selective and restricted pattern of peptidase activities. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase activity in the tumor increases [tumor (t) = 10,775 vs. nontumor (n) = 7,635 units of peptidase (UP)/mg protein; P < 0.05], whereas aminopeptidase N decreases (t = 6,664 vs. n = 33,381 UP/mg protein; P < 0.001). Aminopeptidase B activity of the particulate fraction in tumors decreases (t = 2,399 vs. n = 13,536 UP/mg protein; P < 0.001) compared with nontumor tissues, and aspartyl-aminopeptidase activity decreases significantly in CCRCC (t = 137 vs. n = 223 UP/mg protein; P < 0.05). Soluble and particulate pyroglutamyl peptidase I activities, aminopeptidase A activity, and soluble aminopeptidase B activity do not vary in renal cancer. The relative expression for the aforementioned peptidases, assayed using quantitative RT-PCR, increases in CCRCC for aminopeptidases B (1.5-fold) and A (19-fold), aspartyl-aminopeptidase (3.9-fold), puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (2.5-fold), and pyroglutamyl peptidase I (7.6-fold). Only aminopeptidase N expression decreases in tumors (1.3-fold). This peptidase activity profile in the neoplastic kidney suggests a specific role for the studied convertases and the possible involvement of an intracrine renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Varona
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hospital de Basurto, University of the Basque Country, E-48080 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
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