Association between anti-Anisakis simplex antibodies and interleukin-7 levels

Serum IgA contributes to the comprehension of Anisakis simplex associated chronic urticaria

The phenotype of allergic diseases associated with Anisakis determines the pattern of cytokines related to antibody production. However, the role of serum IgA and the immunomodulatory mechanisms exerted by active infection of L3 or passive mucosal contact with A. simplex specific antigens has not been studied before. We measured serum cytokine by flow cytometry (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, TGF-β1) and antibody levels (IgE, IgG4, IgA) by ELISA against total and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens, Ani s 3,and the group of major allergens Ani s 1, Ani s 7, and Ani s 13 in sera from 10 patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA), 11 Anisakis sensitization associated chronic urticaria (CU+) as well as 17 non-Anisakis-sensitized patients with chronic urticaria (CU-), compared with the urticaria control group (18 subjects). Specific IgE, IgG4 and IgA were high in the GAA, but IgA levels were significantly higher in the CU+ with respect the CONTROL group. We observed higher levels of the ratio IgA/IgG4 in CU+ than GAA group for Ani s 1, Ani s 7, Ani s 13 and ES. Furthermore, chronic urticaria (CU) patients showed significant lower levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A than patients without CU. The anti-Ani s 13 IgA/IgG4 ratio correlated positively with pro-inflammatory cytokines and ratios (TNF-α, IL-17A, Th17/Th2, Type1/Type2 and TNF-α/IL-10) in CONTROL group. In general, Anti-Anisakis IgA/G4 ratio was high in CU patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of serum IgA because it is associated with chronic urticaria independently of Anisakis sensitization.