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Cheng F, Niu X, Wang Y, Yang F, Yang K, Li W. Decoding the impact of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonist on cardiometabolic health: inflammatory mediators at the focus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2025; 17:175. [PMID: 40426228 PMCID: PMC12117674 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-025-01744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are well-established drug targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Studies have linked GLP-1R agonist to cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), while the therapeutic potential of the GIPR agonist remains a topic of debate. METHODS Using genetic variants as instrumental variables, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate causal relationships between genetically proxied GIPR agonist and 23 CMD outcomes, and a two-step mediation analysis to identify mediating inflammatory biomarkers. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method served as the primary analytical approach, supplemented by sensitivity analyses to validate robustness. RESULTS The genetic mimicry of GIPR enhancement showed significant protective associations with 14 CMDs. Mediation analysis revealed that Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) partially mediated the effects of GIPR agonist on angina (OR 0.997 [0.995-0.999], P = 0.0048) and myocardial infarction(MI) (OR 0.998 [0.996-0.999], P = 0.0077), accounting for 15.49% and 16.71% of the total risk reduction, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that GIPR agonist lowers the risk of 14 CMDs. Flt3L is pinpointed as a key mediating factor in reducing angina and MI risk, suggesting a new therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Niu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yaoling Wang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China.
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Tartau CG, Boboc IKS, Mititelu-Tartau L, Bogdan M, Buca BR, Pavel LL, Amalinei C. Exploring the Protective Effects of Traditional Antidiabetic Medications and Novel Antihyperglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rodent Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18:670. [PMID: 40430489 PMCID: PMC12114790 DOI: 10.3390/ph18050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder that affects multiple organs, leading to severe complications in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, and heart. Prolonged hyperglycemia, along with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, plays a crucial role in accelerating tissue damage, significantly increasing the risk of diabetic complications such as nephropathy, hepatopathy, and cardiovascular disease. This review evaluates the protective effects of various antidiabetic treatments on organ tissues affected by T2D, based on findings from experimental animal models. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic agent, has been widely recognized for its ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby mitigating diabetes-induced organ damage. Its protective role extends beyond glucose regulation, offering benefits such as improved mitochondrial function and reduced fibrosis in affected tissues. In addition to traditional therapies, new classes of antidiabetic drugs, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists not only improve glycemic control but also exhibit nephroprotective and cardioprotective properties by reducing glomerular hyperfiltration, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Similarly, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and enhanced cardiovascular function. Preclinical studies suggest that tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor agonist may offer superior metabolic benefits compared to conventional GLP-1 agonists by improving β-cell function, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing fatty liver progression. Despite promising preclinical results, differences between animal models and human physiology pose a challenge. Further clinical research is needed to confirm these effects and refine treatment strategies. Future T2D management aims to go beyond glycemic control, emphasizing organ protection and long-term disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Gabriel Tartau
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.G.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Liliana Mititelu-Tartau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.-T.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Maria Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Beatrice Rozalina Buca
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.-T.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Liliana Lacramioara Pavel
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galati, Romania;
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.G.T.); (C.A.)
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