SRSF10 regulates proliferation of neural progenitor cells and affects neurogenesis in developing mouse neocortex

lncRNA Ubr5 promotes BMSCs apoptosis and inhibits their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in weightless bone loss

Background

Weightless bone loss is a common pathological phenomenon in weightless environments, yet its specific molecular mechanism remain incompletely elucidated. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the differential expression profiles of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to explore the molecular pathogenesis underlying weightless bone loss.

Methods

Transcriptome sequencing was performed on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) samples from the Ground control group and simulated microgravity (SMG) group using Illumina technology. Using the DESeq2 algorithm, we accurately identify and analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, the molecular functions and signaling pathways enriched by DEG were comprehensively analyzed by GO and KEGG. In addition, by constructing lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network, this study screened and verified key lncRNAs as potential genes to further explore their role in the occurrence and development of weightless bone loss.

Results

A total of 215 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and 381 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified, in the SMG group. DEmRNAs were primarily involved in the cell response to mechanical stimulation, microtubule motility and TNF signaling pathway. Meanwhile, DElncRNAs are significantly enriched in cell differentiation, fatty acid metabolic process and biosynthesis of amino acids. In addition, the expression levels of related lncRNAs and mRNAs in weightless bone loss were verified via qRT-PCR. lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network found that lncRNA Ubr5 closely related to osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Further experimental results revealed that knocking down lncRNA Ubr5 can promote the apoptosis of BMSCs and inhibit their proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.

Conclusion

This study revealed the molecular pathogenesis of weightless bone loss, identified lncRNA Ubr5 as a potential intervention target, and provided an important scientific basis and strategic guidance for the prevention and treatment of weightless bone loss.

Profiling local translatomes and RNA binding proteins of somatosensory neurons reveals specializations of individual axons

Individual neurons have one or more axons that often extend long distances and traverse multiple microenvironments. However, it is not known how the composition of individual axons is established or locally modulated to enable neuronal function and plasticity. Here, we use spatial translatomics to identify local axonal translatomes in anatomically and functionally specialized neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). DRG neurons extend long central and peripheral axons in opposite directions and distinct microenvironments to enable somatosensation. Using Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification and RNA sequencing, we generated a comprehensive resource of mRNAs preferentially translated within each axon. Locally translated proteins include pain receptors, ion channels, and translational machinery, which establish distinct electrophysiologic properties and regenerative capacities for each axon. We identify RNA-binding proteins associated with sorting and transporting functionally related mRNAs. These findings provide resources for addressing how axonal translation shapes the spatial organization of neurons and enables subcellular neuroplasticity.

HIGHLIGHTS

Distinct mRNAs are localized to and translated in individual axons.Axonal translatomes govern regenerative capacity, translational machinery, and electrophysiology.The RBP, SFPQ, coordinates mRNA sorting towards peripheral somatosensory axons.Axonal translatome data can be explored at painseq.shinyapps.io/CompartmentTRAP/.

NASP gene contributes to autism by epigenetic dysregulation of neural and immune pathways

BACKGROUND

Epigenetics makes substantial contribution to the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may harbour a unique opportunity to prevent the development of ASD. We aimed to identify novel epigenetic genes involved in ASD aetiology.

METHODS

Trio-based whole exome sequencing was conducted on ASD families. Genome editing technique was used to knock out the candidate causal gene in a relevant cell line. ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq were performed to investigate the functional impact of knockout (KO) or mutation in the candidate gene.

RESULTS

We identified a novel candidate gene NASP (nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein) for epigenetic dysregulation in ASD in a Chinese nuclear family including one proband with autism and comorbid atopic disease. The de novo likely gene disruptive variant tNASP(Q289X) subjects the expression of tNASP to nonsense-mediated decay. tNASP KO increases chromatin accessibility, promotes the active promoter state of genes enriched in synaptic signalling and leads to upregulated expression of genes in the neural signalling and immune signalling pathways. Compared with wild-type tNASP, tNASP(Q289X) enhances chromatin accessibility of the genes with enriched expression in the brain. RNA-seq revealed that genes involved in neural and immune signalling are affected by the tNASP mutation, consistent with the phenotypic impact and molecular effects of nasp-1 mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Two additional patients with ASD were found carrying deletion or deleterious mutation in the NASP gene.

CONCLUSION

We identified novel epigenetic mechanisms mediated by tNASP which may contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD and its immune comorbidity.

Illuminating the terminal nerve: Uncovering the link between GnRH-1 neuron and olfactory development

During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the OP induce olfactory bulb (OB) morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the TN axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective OBs, secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the prokineticin-2/prokineticin-receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in OB morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome (KS), and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of OB morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum.

Comprehensive modular analyses of scar subtypes illuminate underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Pathological scarring resulting from traumas and wounds, such as hypertrophic scars and keloids, pose significant aesthetic, functional and psychological challenges. This study provides a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of these conditions, aiming to illuminate underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. We employed a co-expression and module analysis tool to identify significant gene clusters associated with distinct pathophysiological processes and mechanisms, notably lipid metabolism, sebum production, cellular energy metabolism and skin barrier function. This examination yielded critical insights into several skin conditions including folliculitis, skin fibrosis, fibrosarcoma and congenital ichthyosis. Particular attention was paid to Module Cluster (MCluster) 3, encompassing genes like BLK, TRPV1 and GABRD, all displaying high expression and potential implications in immune modulation. Preliminary immunohistochemistry validation supported these findings, showing elevated expression of these genes in non-fibrotic samples rich in immune activity. The complex interplay of different cell types in scar formation, such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes and mast cells, was also explored, revealing promising therapeutic strategies. This study underscores the promise of targeted gene therapy for pathological scars, paving the way for more personalised therapeutic approaches. The results necessitate further research to fully ascertain the roles of these identified genes and pathways in skin disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutics. Nonetheless, our work forms a strong foundation for a new era of personalised medicine for patients suffering from pathological scarring.

Illuminating the Terminal Nerve: Uncovering the Link between GnRH-1 and Olfactory Development

During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the olfactory placode induce olfactory bulb morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the terminal nerve axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective olfactory bulbs, defective secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the Prokineticin-2/Prokineticin-Receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in olfactory bulb morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome, and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons that are distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum.

Key Points

1) Pioneer or terminal nerve neurons play a crucial role in initiating the development of the olfactory bulbs. We found that the Prokineticin Receptor-2 gene, associated with Kallmann syndrome, is expressed by the olfactory pioneer/terminal nerve neurons.2) We genetically traced, isolated, and conducted Single-cell RNA sequencing on terminal nerve neurons of rodents. This analysis revealed a significant enrichment of gene expression related to Kallmann syndrome.3) Our study indicates that the investigation of Pioneer/terminal nerve neurons should be a pivotal focal point for comprehending developmental defects affecting olfactory and GnRH-1 systems.