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Kahhalé I, Farrise K, Das A, McPhee J, Galán CA, Park A. Recognizing the Impact of Racism-Based Traumatic Stress on Youth: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:S0890-8567(24)00242-9. [PMID: 38734405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaela Farrise
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | | | - Jeanne McPhee
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chardée A Galán
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
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Aggarwal NK. Editorial: Combatting the Intergenerational Trauma of Structural Racism Through Practice, Policy, and Research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1092-1094. [PMID: 37341670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have investigated the mental health consequences of structural racism. Structural racism has been defined as "macro-level societal conditions that limit opportunities, resources, and well-being of less privileged groups on the basis of race/ethnicity and/or other statuses, including but not limited to, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, social class or socioeconomic status (SES), religion, geographic residence, national origin, immigration status, limited English proficiency, physical characteristics, or health conditions."1 Researchers have hypothesized that the trauma of structural racism transmits across generations through pathways that are physiological (ie, compromised immune systems, activated hormonal stress responses), environmental (ie, limited access to housing, health care, employment, and income), social (ie, domestic violence, substance consumption, criminal justice involvement), and psychological (ie, family histories of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress-disorders).2.
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Cosby M, Shah DD, Lopez S, Holland-Cecil J, Keiter M, Lewis C, Al-Mateen CS. All Shades of Anxiety: A Review of Therapeutic and Psychotropic Considerations for Child and Adolescent Youth of Color. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:631-653. [PMID: 37201972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The literature on anxiety in Black, Indigenous, and other persons of color youth is a developing area. This article highlights distinct areas for the clinician to consider in working with these populations. We highlight prevalence and incidence, race-related stress, social media, substance use, spirituality, the impact of social determinants of health (including COVID-19 and the Syndemic), as well as treatment considerations. Our aim is to contribute to the readers' developing cultural humility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cosby
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23220, USA.
| | - Dimal D Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Stella Lopez
- Virginia Treatment Center for Children VCU Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl S Al-Mateen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23220, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hampton-Anderson JN, Novacek DM, Zhen-Duan J, Latimer S, Perry T, Renard D. Redefining the Role of Public Health Professionals Serving Black Youths Seeking Mental Health Care: Implications for Training and Mentoring. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:S140-S148. [PMID: 37339410 PMCID: PMC10282850 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Attrition rates for Black youths in mental health treatment settings are high, and the extant literature suggests this may be because treatment is not meeting their unique needs. Public health professionals, defined here as all individuals who work to increase the well-being of youths, can play a major role in changing these outcomes. The purpose of this article is to suggest a broader scope of practice, or a redefined role, for public health professionals who work with Black youths seeking outpatient mental health care and to explicate ways in which training and mentoring can help accomplish this goal. Bolstered by a socioecological conceptual model, we suggest 3 standards of practice that we believe must be satisfied to meet the requirement for this redefined public health professional role: using a sociocultural framework, exercising flexibility in one's assigned role, and understanding and incorporating culturally specific strengths and protective factors into care. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S2):S140-S148. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307194).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joya N Hampton-Anderson
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Derek M Novacek
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Jenny Zhen-Duan
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Saundra Latimer
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Tyler Perry
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Destini Renard
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
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Novins DK, Althoff RR, Brotman MA, Cortese S, DelBello M, Doyle A, Drury SS, Fortuna L, Frazier JA, Fristad M, Henderson SW, McCauley E, Middeldorp C, Njoroge WFM, Rogers CE, White T. Editors' Best of 2022. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:1-7. [PMID: 36581385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is, in the content of the Journal, an embarrassment of riches, and picking a "best" seems to demand a certain qualification: is the "best" the most interesting, most surprising, most educational, most important, most provocative, most enjoyable? How to choose? We are hardly unbiased and can admit to a special affection for the ones that we and the authors worked hardest on, hammering version after version into shape. Acknowledging these biases, here are the 2022 articles that we think deserve your attention or at least a second read.
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Del Toro J, Wang MT. Online Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adolescents in 2020. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:25-36.e8. [PMID: 35868431 PMCID: PMC9805489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether rates of online racial discrimination changed over the course of 2020 and their longitudinal effects on Black youths' mental health. METHOD This longitudinal study collected 18,454 daily assessments from a nationally representative sample of 602 Black and White adolescents in the United States (58% Black, 42% White; mean age = 15.09 years, SD = 1.56 years) across 58 days during the heightened racial tensions between March and November 2020. RESULTS Black youths experienced increases in online racial discrimination, and these increases were not fully explained by time spent online or by general cybervictimization experiences. Online racial discrimination predicted poorer same-day and next-day mental health among Black youths but not among White youths. Black youths' mental health did not predict their online racial discrimination experiences. CONCLUSION Online racial discrimination has implications for shaping mental health disparities that disadvantage Black youths relative to their White peers. Programs can be implemented to decrease online hate crimes, and health providers (eg, pediatricians, psychiatrists) should develop procedures that mitigate the negative mental health effects following online racial discrimination experiences.
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