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Attlassy Y, Ahmed H, Kulkarni K, Rajpurohit V, Fefferman N, Taslakian B, Mabud TS. The Impact of Virtual Residency Interviews on the Geographic Distribution of Integrated Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology Residency Matches. Acad Radiol 2024; 31:1707-1713. [PMID: 38519299 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize how the adoption of virtual residency interviews (2020-2021 cycle) has impacted the geographic distribution of radiology resident matches. METHODS University-based interventional (IR) and diagnostic radiology (DR) residency programs from 2017 to 2021 were identified using a national residency database (FRIEDA). Public applicant data were obtained from official residency program websites. Medical schools and residency programs were categorized by US census regions. Geographic applicant distribution before and after the initiation of virtual interviews was statistically assessed using Chi-square tests. The effect of virtual interviews on the probability of matching within the same geographic region as one's medical school was evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 4358 radiology residents (88% diagnostic, 12% interventional) matched at 102 radiology programs during the study period. 71% (n = 3115 residents) had data available for analysis. 56.3% of DR and 49.3% of IR residents matched in the same geographic region as their medical school. The geographic distribution of applicants who matched at Southern IR residency programs significantly changed after implementation of virtual interviews (p < 0.0001). Virtual interviews did not increase the odds of matching in the same region as one's medical school for IR (OR 1.11, p = 0.08) or DR (OR 1.01, p = 0.58) applicants. Top-20 ranked DR programs had lower odds of in-region matches (OR 0.87, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION With few exceptions, shifting to virtual residency interviews did not significantly affect the geographic distribution of IR or DR residency matches. Top-ranked DR programs match more regionally diverse applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Attlassy
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | - Hamza Ahmed
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kopal Kulkarni
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Vikram Rajpurohit
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Nancy Fefferman
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Bedros Taslakian
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Tarub S Mabud
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, 530 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Nathan AS, Richards PQ, Ryll LS, Garg N, Garcia A, Kan K, Levi JR. The Home Program Advantage in the Otolaryngology Residency Match. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1877-1884. [PMID: 37634977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of home residency programs on outcomes in the otolaryngology residency match DESIGN: A retrospective online survey study during the 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 match cycles was conducted. All available otolaryngology residency positions listed by the National Resident Matching Program were compared with publicly available spreadsheets containing the following information: matriculated applicant name, medical school, whether the final match institution was the matriculated applicant's home program (HP), whether the matriculated applicant had completed an away rotation at their final matched institution (designated away institution, AI), or neither (designated Other Institution, OI). SETTING Nonclinical survey study using publicly available spreadsheets containing The Match data from 2015 to 2021 located online at Otomatch.com. PARTICIPANTS Newly matched United States otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residents completing the Otomatch.com survey RESULTS: A total of 1771 matched OHNS applicants were identified. Fifty-one percent of students were affiliated with their matched institution, with 25% of students matching at HPs, and 26% matching at AIs. Students with home programs had an increased likelihood of remaining in the same geographic region compared to students without home programs (OR 1.742 95% CI [1.21-2.506], p = 0.003). Applicants with HPs matched at significantly larger residency programs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study found that a majority of residents match at an institution with which they were affiliated, either their home program or away institution. Applicants with HPs are more likely to remain in the same geographic region as their medical school, and to match into larger residency programs compared to applicants without HPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Nathan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lucia S Ryll
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neha Garg
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alfonso Garcia
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krystal Kan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Senthilnathan A, Elias M, Del Toro NP, Sharon V. Geographic trends and gender in the micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology match. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:2457-2458. [PMID: 37354218 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Senthilnathan
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, 10042, USA.
| | - Marcus Elias
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, 10042, USA
| | - Natalia Pelet Del Toro
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, 10042, USA
| | - Victoria Sharon
- Department of Dermatology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, 10042, USA
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Muzyka L, Pugazenthi S, Lavadi RS, Shah D, Patel A, Rangwalla T, Javeed S, Elsayed G, Greenberg JK, Pennicooke B, Agarwal N. Geographic Distribution in Training and Practice of Academic Neurological and Orthopedic Spine Surgeons in the United States. World Neurosurg 2023; 176:e281-e288. [PMID: 37209918 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to stratify the geographic distribution of academic spine surgeons in the United States, analyzing how this distribution highlights differences in academic, demographic, professional metrics, and gaps in access to spine care. METHODS Spine surgeons were identified using American Association of Neurological Surgeons and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons databases, categorizing into geographic regions of training and practice. Departmental websites, National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePort Expenditures and Results, Google Patent, and NIH icite databases were queried for demographic and professional metrics. RESULTS Academic spine surgeons (347 neurological; 314 orthopedic) are predominantly male (95%) and few have patents (23%) or NIH funding (4%). Regionally, the Northeast has the highest proportion per capita (3.28 surgeons per million), but California is the state with the highest proportion (13%). The Northeast has the greatest regional retention post-residency at 74%, followed by the Midwest (59%). The West and South are more associated with additional degrees. Neurosurgery-trained surgeons hold more additional degrees (17%) than orthopedic surgeons (8%), whereas more orthopedic surgeons hold leadership positions (34%) than neurosurgeons (20%). CONCLUSIONS Academic spine surgeons are found at the highest proportion in the Northeast and California; the Northeast has the greatest regional retention. Spine neurosurgeons have more additional degrees, whereas spine orthopedic surgeons have more leadership positions. These results are relevant to training programs looking to correct geographic disparities, surgeons in search of training programs, or students in pursuit of spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Muzyka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sangami Pugazenthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Raj Swaroop Lavadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darsh Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Arpan Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Taiyeb Rangwalla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Saad Javeed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Galal Elsayed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob K Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brenton Pennicooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Antar A, Feghali J, Yang W, Wicks EE, Sattari SA, Li S, Witham TF, Brem H, Huang J. Home Program Matching in Neurosurgical Residency Programs: A 7-Year Study. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e772-e783. [PMID: 35595044 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine home program matching percentage (staying in a program affiliated with one's medical school) for each neurosurgical residency program in the United States. Secondarily, to elucidate both program-level and resident characteristics associated with home program matching. METHODS Demographic and bibliometric characteristics were collected for 1572 residents in US-based and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited neurosurgery programs over the 2014 to 2020 match period using publicly available websites. Program characteristics were collected, including number of clinical faculty, top 20 Doximity research ranking, top 10 Doximity reputation ranking, top 10 U.S. News department ranking, affiliation with a U.S. News top 10 medical school, and geographic region. Programs were ranked according to home program matching percentage and associations were statistically evaluated. RESULTS The average home program matching percentage per residency was 18.6%. New York Presbyterian/Columbia retained the largest percentage of its own medical students with a home program matching percentage of 57.14%. From the resident frame of reference, only a higher preresidency H-index (3.7 ± 4.0 vs. 3.2 ± 3.7, p=0.033) was significantly associated with home program matching. From a program perspective, program size (standardized β=0.234, p=0.006), Doximity research (standardized β=0.206, p=0.031), Doximity reputation (standardized β=0.196, p=0.040), and U.S. News program rankings (standardized β=0.200, p=0.036) were all significantly associated with home program matching. Overall home program matching percentage remained relatively constant over the 2014-2020 time period. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study delineate home program matching patterns on a program-by-program level for U.S. neurosurgical residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Antar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Feghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wuyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Wicks
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shahab Aldin Sattari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Li
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Cohen SA, Pershing S. Geographic Trends in the Ophthalmology Residency Match: Influence of Program and Applicant Characteristics. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction The ophthalmology residency match remains competitive. Several prior studies have examined various factors that contribute to a successful match into an ophthalmology residency program; however, the role of geographic location in the ophthalmology residency match process is unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate geographic trends in the ophthalmology residency match and to determine whether geographic trends vary based on program level factors such as program rank or funding source and/or applicant factors such as year of training, gender, and medical degree earned. Specifically, we assessed associations with residents training at the residency program affiliated with their medical school and/or within the same geographic region as their medical school, using data obtained through publicly available sources and residency program surveys.
Methods We used the American Medical Association's Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database database to identify accredited ophthalmology residency programs. Residency program Web sites and email inquiries were used to collect demographic and geographic information for residents in the graduating classes of 2021 to 2023. Statistical analysis included χ2 testing and multivariate logistic regression.
Results In total, 1,378 residents were included from 110 ophthalmology residency programs and 218 medical schools. Residents who matched at the residency program affiliated with their medical school (18%) were evenly distributed among the Midwest, Northeast, South, and West regions (p = 0.2236). Residency programs in the West (31.7%) matched fewer regional medical students compared with programs in the South (61.2%), Midwest (57.4%), and Northeast (58.4%) (p < 0.0001). Attending a publicly funded medical school was associated with higher odds of matching into a regional residency program (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.90; p = 0.0001) and attending a privately funded medical school was associated with higher odds of matching into a top-ranked residency program (OR, 1.53, 95% CI, 1.34–1.82; p = 0.0002).
Conclusions The majority of current ophthalmology residents trained at programs in the same geographic region as their medical schools, with nearly 20% of residents training at their medical school-affiliated program. Geographic differences in match results were observed based on resident gender, medical school characteristics, and residency program region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Suzann Pershing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford, California
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7
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Cross-sectional study of dermatology residency home match incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:886-888. [PMID: 34921983 PMCID: PMC8674109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Gender trends in research output among matched dermatology residency applicants. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:e213-e214. [PMID: 34906666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mulligan KM, Zheng DX, Narang J, Eversman A, Kalra MK, Morgan F, Obi EE, Osei-Koomson W, Russell ER, Wei AH, Sharma TR. The effect of COVID-19-related changes on geographical outcomes in the 2021 dermatology residency match. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:445-447. [PMID: 34560815 PMCID: PMC8653266 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Mulligan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D X Zheng
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Narang
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Eversman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M K Kalra
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F Morgan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E E Obi
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W Osei-Koomson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E R Russell
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A H Wei
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T R Sharma
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Eversman A, Narang J, Zheng DX, Wei AH, Russell ER, Osei-Koomson W, Obi E, Morgan F, Kalra M, Nowacki AS, Carroll BT, Sharma TR. Factors associated with matching into research-focused dermatology residency programs. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:991-994. [PMID: 34424403 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although dermatology is one of the most competitive specialties to match into, there is limited transparency in the residency match process. In this retrospective cohort study of 2234 allopathic medical graduates, we identify applicant characteristics associated with matching into research oriented dermatology programs. Many of the statistically significant variables in our study, including PhD/MD status, graduating from a Top-25 NIH funded medical school, increasing total number of pre-residency publications (PRPs), and increasing number of high-impact PRPs, correlate with future academic employment. Although literature shows an association between an increasing number of first author PRPs and future academic employment, we did not find number of first or last author PRPs to be predictive of matching into a research oriented residency program. A more comprehensive evaluation of an applicant's research output, considering both the final products of an applicant's research endeavors and an applicant's role in various projects, may better approximate an applicant's commitment to academics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eversman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jatin Narang
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David X Zheng
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela H Wei
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emma R Russell
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wilhemina Osei-Koomson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Obi
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Frederick Morgan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mehak Kalra
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amy S Nowacki
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bryan T Carroll
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Timmie R Sharma
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Effect of COVID-19 on Geographic Distribution of the Integrated Plastic Surgery Match. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3676. [PMID: 34235040 PMCID: PMC8225370 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 had significant impact on the 2021 integrated plastic surgery match, most notably through cancellation of away rotations and virtual interviews. While previous studies have analyzed geographic outcomes of the match in prior years, the effects of COVID-19 have not been determined. This study aims to contribute 2021 match data to determine the effects of COVID-19 on the geographic distribution of the integrated plastic surgery match. Methods: Official match results for each program were populated by searching official program institutional websites and social media pages. Trainees’ home medical institutions and current integrated plastic surgery residency programs were noted. Statistical analysis compared geographic distribution in COVID-19 affected (2021) and non-COVID-19 affected (2015-2020) match years. Results: Of 85 integrated plastic surgery programs, 80% (n = 68) of programs and 1,015 matched trainees were included in this study. The average percentage of institutional matches in COVID-19-affected match year was 25.12%, compared to 16.67% for non-COVID-19-affected match years (p = 0.0012). The odds ratio of matching at a home institution in 2021 compared to prior years was 1.68 (95% CI 1.11-2.53). Conclusions: Our study is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate strong match preferences for affiliated medical students but also adds that this trend may be amplified in the post-COVID-19 era. While multiple factors may be involved in geographic distributions of residency match outcomes, the results of this study suggest that COVID-19 restrictions on travel and exposure to outside programs may have contributed to an even higher percentage of matches within the same institution.
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