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Yang M, Peng L, Lv L, Dai E, He Y, Zhao R, Li S. Characterization of a novel heterozygous frameshift variant in NDP gene that causes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy in female patients. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:32. [PMID: 38472449 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a severe inherited disease characterized by defective retinal vascular development. With genetic and clinical heterogeneity, FEVR can be inherited in different patterns and characterized by phenotypes ranging from moderate visual defects to complete vision loss. This study was conducted to unravel the genetic and functional etiology of a 4-month-old female FEVR patient. Targeted gene panel and Sanger sequencing were utilized for genetic evaluation. Luciferase assays, western blot, quantitive real-time PCR, and immunocytochemistry were performed to verify the functional defects in the identified candidate variant. Here, we report a 4-month-old girl with bilateral retinal folds and peripheral avascularization, and identified a novel frameshift heterozygous variant c.37dup (p.Leu13ProfsTer13) in NDP. In vitro experiments revealed that the Leu13ProfsTer13 variant led to a prominent decrease in protein levels instead of mRNA levels, resulting in compromised Norrin/β-catenin signaling activity. Human androgen receptor assay further revealed that a slight skewing of X chromosome inactivation could partially cause FEVR. Thus, the pathogenic mechanism by which heterozygous frameshift or nonsense variants in female carriers cause FEVR might largely result from a loss-of-function variant in one X chromosome allele and a slightly skewed X-inactivation. Further recruitment of more FEVR-affected females carrying NDP variants and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis can ultimately offer valuable information for the prognosis prediction of FEVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Peng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Liting Lv
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkuan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqi He
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rulian Zhao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 The First Ring Road West 2, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
- Research Unit of Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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Huang L, Sun L, Li X, Li S, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Ding X. NDP-related retinopathies: clinical phenotype of female carriers. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1151-1155. [PMID: 35361573 PMCID: PMC10359507 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Norrin cysteine knot growth factor (NDP) located on the X chromosome, was previously reported to cause Norrie disease and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), which are blindness-causing ocular disorders, in males. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of female carriers with NDP mutations. METHODS Twelve female carriers from 11 unrelated families with pathogenic NDP mutations were recruited. Clinical data were collected from the NDP carriers. Comprehensive ocular examinations, including best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were evaluated. Targeted gene or whole exome sequencing was performed in the probands, and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm NDP mutations in female carriers. RESULTS Of the 12 females, 1 (1/12, 8.3%) presented with decreased visual acuity and 11 (11/12, 91.7%) were asymptomatic. Based on the FFA, peripheral vascular changes were noted in 66.7% (16/24) of the eyes of 75.0% (9/12) of the carriers. A total of 33.3% (8/24) had typical FEVR phenotype, 33.3% (8/24) had mild vascular abnormalities and 33.3% (8/24) was unremarkable. In addition, predominant changes such as telangiectatic endings (66.7%), anomalous circumferential vessel (37.5%), supernumerary vascular branching (33.3%), fluorescein leakage (29.2%), avascular area (8.3%), retina fold (8.3%) and peripheral straightening of retinal vessels (33.3%) were noted. CONCLUSION Although NDP-related retinopathy is an X-linked recessive disorder, most of the female carriers of NDP exhibited clinical features of FEVR. Thus, timely examinations and lifelong monitoring should be conducted in the NDP female carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Limei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Qu N, Li W, Han DM, Gao JY, Yang ZT, Jiang L, Liu TB, Chen YX, Jiang XS, Zhou L, Wu JH, Huang X. Mutation spectrum in a cohort with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2021. [PMID: 35876299 PMCID: PMC9482396 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To expand the mutation spectrum of patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) disease. Participants 74 probands (53 families and 21 sporadic probands) with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) disease and their available family members (n = 188) were recruited for sequencing. Methods Panel‐based targeted screening was performed on all subjects. Before sanger sequencing, variants of LRP5, NDP, FZD4, TSPAN12, ZNF408, KIF11, RCBTB1, JAG1, and CTNNA1 genes were verified by a series of bioinformatics tools and genotype–phenotype co‐segregation analysis. Results 40.54% (30/74) of the probands were sighted to possess at least one etiological mutation of the nine FEVR‐causative genes. The etiological mutation detection rate was 37.74% (20/53) in family‐attainable probands while 47.62% (10/21) in sporadic cases. The diagnosis rate of patients in the early‐onset subgroup (≤5 years old, 45.4%) is higher than that of the children or adolescence‐onset subgroup (6–16 years old, 42.1%) and the late‐onset subgroup (≥17 years old, 39.4%). A total of 36 etiological mutations were identified in this study, comprising 26 novel mutations and 10 reported mutations. LRP5 was the most prevalent mutant gene among the 36 mutation types with a percentage of 41.67% (15/36). Followed by FZD4 (10/36, 27.78%), TSPAN12 (5/36, 13.89%), NDP (4/36, 11.11%), KIF11 (1/36, 2.78%), and RCBTB1 (1/36, 2.78%). Among these mutations, 63.89% (23/36) were missense mutations, 25.00% (9/36) were frameshift mutations, 5.56% (2/36) were splicing mutations, 5.56% (2/36) were nonsense mutations. Moreover, the clinical pathogenicity of these variants was defined according to American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and genomics guidelines: 41.67% (15/36) were likely pathogenic variants, 27.78% (10/36) pathogenic variants, 30.55% (11/36) variants of uncertain significance. No etiological mutations discovered in the ZNF408, JAG1, and CTNNA1 genes in this FEVR cohort. Conclusions We systematically screened nine FEVR disease‐associated genes in a cohort of 74 Chinese probands with FEVR disease. With a detection rate of 40.54%, 36 etiological mutations of six genes were authenticated in 30 probands, including 26 novel mutations and 10 reported mutations. The most prevalent mutated gene is LRP5, followed by FZD4, TSPAN12, NDP, KIF11, and RCBTB1. In total, a de novo mutation was confirmed. Our study significantly clarified the mutation spectrum of variants bounded up to FEVR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qu
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Ming Han
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Yu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laizhou City People's Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Tian-Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xian Chen
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji-Hong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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De Silva SR, Arno G, Robson AG, Fakin A, Pontikos N, Mohamed MD, Bird AC, Moore AT, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Mahroo OA. The X-linked retinopathies: Physiological insights, pathogenic mechanisms, phenotypic features and novel therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100898. [PMID: 32860923 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
X-linked retinopathies represent a significant proportion of monogenic retinal disease. They include progressive and stationary conditions, with and without syndromic features. Many are X-linked recessive, but several exhibit a phenotype in female carriers, which can help establish diagnosis and yield insights into disease mechanisms. The presence of affected carriers can misleadingly suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. Some disorders (such as RPGR-associated retinopathy) show diverse phenotypes from variants in the same gene and also highlight limitations of current genetic sequencing methods. X-linked disease frequently arises from loss of function, implying potential for benefit from gene replacement strategies. We review X-inactivation and X-linked inheritance, and explore burden of disease attributable to X-linked genes in our clinically and genetically characterised retinal disease cohort, finding correlation between gene transcript length and numbers of families. We list relevant genes and discuss key clinical features, disease mechanisms, carrier phenotypes and novel experimental therapies. We consider in detail the following: RPGR (associated with retinitis pigmentosa, cone and cone-rod dystrophy), RP2 (retinitis pigmentosa), CHM (choroideremia), RS1 (X-linked retinoschisis), NYX (complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB)), CACNA1F (incomplete CSNB), OPN1LW/OPN1MW (blue cone monochromacy, Bornholm eye disease, cone dystrophy), GPR143 (ocular albinism), COL4A5 (Alport syndrome), and NDP (Norrie disease and X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)). We use a recently published transcriptome analysis to explore expression by cell-type and discuss insights from electrophysiology. In the final section, we present an algorithm for genes to consider in diagnosing males with non-syndromic X-linked retinopathy, summarise current experimental therapeutic approaches, and consider questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R De Silva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony G Robson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Fakin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Moin D Mohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan C Bird
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, UK; Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Mozo Cuadrado M, Tabuenca Del Barrio L, Zubicoa Enériz A, Antonia Ardanaz Aldave M. Ocular manifestations of Norrie disease. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 43:439-441. [PMID: 32381368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mozo Cuadrado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
| | - L Tabuenca Del Barrio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - A Zubicoa Enériz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Antonia Ardanaz Aldave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Genotype-Phenotype Characterization of Novel Variants in Six Italian Patients with Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3080245. [PMID: 28758032 PMCID: PMC5516747 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a complex disorder characterized by incomplete development of the retinal vasculature. Here, we report the results obtained on the spectrum of genetic variations and correlated phenotypes found in a cohort of Italian FEVR patients. Eight probands (age range 7–19 years) were assessed by genetic analysis and comprehensive age-appropriate ophthalmic examination. Genetic testing investigated the genes most widely associated in literature with FEVR: FZD4, LRP5, TSPAN12, and NDP. Clinical and genetic evaluations were extended to relatives of probands positive to genetic testing. Six out of eight probands (75%) showed a genetic variation probably related to the phenotype. We identified four novel genetic variants, one variant already described in association with Norrie disease and one previously described linked to autosomal dominant FEVR. Pedigree analysis of patients led to the classification of four autosomal dominant cases of FEVR (caused by FZD4 and TSPAN12 variants) and two X-linked FEVR probands (NDP variants). None of the patients showed variants in the LRP5 gene. This study represents the largest cohort study in Italian FEVR patients. Our findings are in agreement with the previous literature confirming that FEVR is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous retinal disorder, even when it manifests in the same family.
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Wu JH, Liu JH, Ko YC, Wang CT, Chung YC, Chu KC, Liu TT, Chao HM, Jiang YJ, Chen SJ, Chung MY. Haploinsufficiency of RCBTB1 is associated with Coats disease and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1637-47. [PMID: 26908610 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) belongs to a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders in retinal vascular development. To date, in approximately 50% of patients with FEVR, pathogenic mutations have been detected in FZD4, LRP5, TSPAN12, NDP and ZNF408. In this study, we identified two heterozygous frameshift mutations in RCBTB1 from three Taiwanese cases through exome sequencing. In patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), the protein level of RCBTB1 is approximately half that of unaffected control LCLs, which is indicative of a haploinsufficiency mechanism. By employing transient transfection and reporter assays for the transcriptional activity of β-catenin, we demonstrated that RCBTB1 participates in the Norrin/FZD4 signaling pathway and that knockdown of RCBTB1 by shRNA significantly reduced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin under Norrin and Wnt3a treatments. Furthermore, transgenic fli1:EGFP zebrafish with rcbtb1 knockdown exhibited anomalies in intersegmental and intraocular vessels. These results strongly support that reduced RCBTB1 expression may lead to defects in angiogenesis through the Norrin-dependent Wnt pathway, and that RCBTB1 is a putative genetic cause of vitreoretinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hung Wu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences
| | - Jorn-Hon Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11220, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chieh Ko
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC, Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Chi-Tang Wang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences
| | | | - Kuo-Chang Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Hsiao-Ming Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11220, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, ROC and
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Wu H, Luo J, Yu H, Rattner A, Mo A, Wang Y, Smallwood PM, Erlanger B, Wheelan SJ, Nathans J. Cellular resolution maps of X chromosome inactivation: implications for neural development, function, and disease. Neuron 2014; 81:103-19. [PMID: 24411735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Female eutherian mammals use X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to epigenetically regulate gene expression from ∼4% of the genome. To quantitatively map the topography of XCI for defined cell types at single cell resolution, we have generated female mice that carry X-linked, Cre-activated, and nuclear-localized fluorescent reporters--GFP on one X chromosome and tdTomato on the other. Using these reporters in combination with different Cre drivers, we have defined the topographies of XCI mosaicism for multiple CNS cell types and of retinal vascular dysfunction in a model of Norrie disease. Depending on cell type, fluctuations in the XCI mosaic are observed over a wide range of spatial scales, from neighboring cells to left versus right sides of the body. These data imply a major role for XCI in generating female-specific, genetically directed, stochastic diversity in eutherian mammals on spatial scales that would be predicted to affect CNS function within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Junjie Luo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alisa Mo
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bracha Erlanger
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah J Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the entity of Lyonization in ocular eye diseases, along with its clinical and counseling implications. RECENT FINDINGS Several X-linked ocular diseases such as choroideremia, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, and X-linked ocular albinism may have signs of Lyonization on ocular examination and diagnostic testing. These findings may aid in the proper diagnosis of ocular disease in both female carriers and their affected male relatives. SUMMARY Manifestations of Lyonization in the eye may help in the diagnosis of X-linked ocular diseases which may lead to accurate diagnosis, appropriate molecular genetic testing and genetic counseling.
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Jakobiec FA, Zakka FR, D'Amato R, Deangelis MM, Walton DS, Rao RC. Unilateral sporadic retinal dysplasia: results of histopathologic, immunohistochemical, chromosomal, genetic, and VEGF-A analyses. J AAPOS 2011; 15:579-86. [PMID: 22153404 PMCID: PMC4242509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe new findings in a case of unilateral retinal dysplasia. METHODS Histopathologic evaluation of an enucleated globe and analysis with immunohistochemical probes, karyotyping, and genetic analysis for the Norrie gene, and aqueous assay for vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). RESULTS Histopathological examination of the globe revealed retinal dysplasia with pseudorosette formation, abnormal or absent retinal nuclear lamination, a paucity of disorganized retinal microvasculature, retinal infoldings, advanced gliosis, persistent hyperplastic vitreous, exuberant neovascularization of the vitreous, and iris neovascularization (identical to the findings observed in bilateral Norrie disease). Immunohistochemistry disclosed GFAP-positive and GLUT-1-positive gliosis and retinal and persistent hyperplastic vitreous microvessels that were CD34-positive and GLUT-1-negative. Ki-67-positive retinal cells were polarized toward the subretinal space and absent in the retinal invaginations and pseudorosettes. A normal karyotype was found, and DNA sequencing revealed no known mutation in the region of the Norrie gene (NDP) in sputum or retinal DNA. Aqueous obtained immediately after enucleation contained an exceptionally high concentration of VEGF-A (4.5 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Despite the failure to find an abnormal NDP allele, other unexplored NDP regions, an undetected defect restricted to retinal tissues, or an autosomal mutation coupled with disrupted signaling pathways may be responsible for the condition. High aqueous VEGF-A suggests that this cytokine may play a role in pathogenesis in conjunction with other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Fitzsimons RB. Retinal vascular disease and the pathogenesis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. A signalling message from Wnt? Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:263-71. [PMID: 21377364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral retinal vascular abnormality which accompanies FSHD belongs morphologically and clinically to a class of developmental 'retinal hypovasculopathies' caused by abnormalities of 'Wnt' signalling, which controls retinal angiogenesis. Wnt signalling is also fundamental to myogenesis. This paper integrates modern concepts of myogenic cell signalling and of transcription factor expression and control with data from the classic early ophthalmic and myology embryology literature. Together, they support an hypothesis that abnormalities of Wnt signalling, which activates myogenic programs and transcription factors in myoblasts and satellite cells, leads to defective muscle regeneration in FSHD. The selective vulnerability of different FSHD muscles (notably facial muscle, from the second branchial arch) might reflect patterns of transcription factor redundancies. This hypothesis has implications for FSHD research through study of transcription factors patterning in normal human muscles, and for autologous cell transplantation.
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Sacconi S, Baillif-Gostoli S, Desnuelle C. [Retinal involvement and genetic myopathy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 166:998-1009. [PMID: 21071050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In genetic diseases, association between retinal and muscular involvement is uncommon, quite specific and frequently allows the diagnosis. In this context, three types of retinal involvement have been described: retinitis pigmentosa (RP), pattern retinal dystrophy (PRD) and exudative retinitis resembling Coats disease (CD). STATE OF THE ART The association between RP, PRD and muscle weakness is highly evocative of a mitochondrial disorder. Extra ocular muscles may be affected, but limb girdle or distal weakness can also be present in association or not with symptoms and signs of multisystemic involvement. In a large number of patients suffering from facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), retinal vessels telangectasia can be found at the fundoscopic examination. This finding, which corresponds to a developmental abnormality of peripheral retinal blood vessels, is not progressive and remains clinically asymptomatic. Nevertheless, a few patients with FSHD can develop an exsudative retinopathy resembling Coats disease with the risk of the major complication, recurrent retinal detachments. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS Considering the diagnostic interest and the deleterious consequences that may follow retinal involvement, close collaboration between the neurologist and ophthalmologist is needed in order to establish the diagnosis, detect complications early, and set up appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sacconi
- Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires et SLA, hôpital Archet 1, CHU de Nice, 151, route de Saint-Antoine-de-Ginestière, 06202 Nice, France.
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