1
|
Gallo JE, Ochoa JE, Warren HR, Misas E, Correa MM, Gallo-Villegas JA, Bedoya G, Aristizábal D, McEwen JG, Caulfield MJ, Parati G, Clay OK. Hypertension and the roles of the 9p21.3 risk locus: Classic findings and new association data. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2020; 7:100050. [PMID: 33330845 PMCID: PMC7491459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The band 9p21.3 contains an established genomic risk zone for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since the initial 2007 Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium study (WTCCC), the increased CVD risk associated with 9p21.3 has been confirmed by multiple studies in different continents. However, many years later there was still no confirmed report of a corresponding association of 9p21.3 with hypertension, a major CV risk factor, nor with blood pressure (BP). THEORY In this contribution, we review the bipartite haplotype structure of the 9p21.3 risk locus: one block is devoid of protein-coding genes but contains the lead CVD risk SNPs, while the other block contains the first exon and regulatory DNA of the gene for the cell cycle inhibitor p15. We consider how findings from molecular biology offer possibilities of an involvement of p15 in hypertension etiology, with expression of the p15 gene modulated by genetic variation from within the 9p21.3 risk locus. RESULTS We present original results from a Colombian study revealing moderate but persistent association signals for BP and hypertension within the classic 9p21.3 CVD risk locus. These SNPs are mostly confined to a 'hypertension island' that spans less than 60 kb and coincides with the p15 haplotype block. We find confirmation in data originating from much larger, recent European BP studies, albeit with opposite effect directions. CONCLUSION Although more work will be needed to elucidate possible mechanisms, previous findings and new data prompt reconsidering the question of how variation in 9p21.3 might influence hypertension components of cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1 KG, 1000 Genomes Project
- BP, blood pressure
- Blood pressure levels
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- GWAS, genome wide association studi(es)
- Genotype-phenotype associations
- Haplotypes
- MAF, minor allele frequency
- RAS, renin angiotensin system
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell(s)
- bp, base pair
- kb, kilobase pair
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Gallo
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan E. Ochoa
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Helen R. Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Misas
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- Institute of Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Institute of Biology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dagnóvar Aristizábal
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- SICOR, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G. McEwen
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver K. Clay
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|