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Turner PJ, Ansotegui IJ, Campbell DE, Cardona V, Carr S, Custovic A, Durham S, Ebisawa M, Geller M, Gonzalez-Estrada A, Greenberger PA, Hossny E, Irani C, Leung AS, Levin ME, Muraro A, Oppenheimer JJ, Ortega Martell JA, Pouessel G, Rial MJ, Senna G, Tanno LK, Wallace DV, Worm M, Morais-Almeida M. Updated grading system for systemic allergic reactions: Joint Statement of the World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Committee and Allergen Immunotherapy Committee. World Allergy Organ J 2024; 17:100876. [PMID: 38361745 PMCID: PMC10867340 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2024.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of consensus over the description and severity assignment of allergic adverse reactions to immunotherapy, although there seems to be a consensus at least in terms of using the World Allergy Organization (WAO) grading systems to describe local adverse events for Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) and Systemic Allergic Reactions (SARs) to Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT) amongst the major national/regional allergy societies. In this manuscript, we propose a modification of the previous WAO Grading system for SARs, which aligns with the newly-proposed Consortium for Food Allergy Research (CoFAR) Grading Scale for Systemic Allergic Reactions in Food Allergy (version 3.0). We hope this can facilitate a unified grading system appropriate to SARs due to allergen immunotherapy, independent of allergen and route of administration, and across clinical and research practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Turner
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Dianne E. Campbell
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stuart Carr
- Snö Asthma & Allergy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Durham
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mario Geller
- Division of Medicine, Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paul A. Greenberger
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elham Hossny
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Carla Irani
- Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, St Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Agnes S.Y. Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Michael E. Levin
- Division of Paediatric Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antonella Muraro
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Food Allergy Referral Centre, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - John J. Oppenheimer
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Atlantic Health System Morristown, NJ, USA
| | | | - Guillaume Pouessel
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Roubaix, France
- Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Manuel J. Rial
- Allergy department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gianenrico Senna
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University and General Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Luciana K. Tanno
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, and Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Dana V. Wallace
- Nova Southeastern University College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - the WAO Anaphylaxis Committee and WAO Allergen Immunotherapy Committee
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Dept. Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
- Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Snö Asthma & Allergy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Medicine, Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, St Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Division of Paediatric Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Food Allergy Referral Centre, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Atlantic Health System Morristown, NJ, USA
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, Mexico
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Roubaix, France
- Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Department, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Allergy department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University and General Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, and Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Nova Southeastern University College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Turner PJ, Patel N, Blumchen K, Berkes S, Sampson HA, Beyer K. Impact of using less objective symptoms to define tolerated dose during food challenges: A data-driven approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:145-154. [PMID: 36603776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food challenges (FCs) form the basis for assessing efficacy outcomes in interventional studies of food allergy; however, different studies have used a variety of similar but not identical criteria to define a challenge reaction, including subjective (nonobjective) symptoms occurring in a single-organ system as dose limiting. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to undertake a secondary analysis of 4 interventional studies to assess the impact of using less objective criteria to determine challenge-stop on reaction thresholds and their reproducibility. METHODS We analyzed individual participant data, including individual participant data meta-analysis, by using 3 different published challenge-stop criteria: (1) PRACTALL consesus criteria; (2) Consortium for Food Allergy Research version 3 (CoFAR v3) with at least 1 moderate- or severe-grade symptom; or (3) CoFAR v3 with at least 2 mild symptoms occurring in different organ systems. Reproducibility of challenge threshold was also assessed in participants undergoing subsequent repeat FCs. RESULTS Four studies, with detailed challenge data from a total of 592 participants, were included. Applying CoFAR v3 definitions for dose-limiting symptoms resulted in an underestimate of reaction thresholds compared with those in PRACTALL (P < .001) that is equivalent to almost a single dosing increment when using a semi-log dosing regimen. Reproducibility was also reduced when applying CoFAR v3 (P < .001 [n = 223]). Using the least conservative interpretation of CoFAR v3 (≥2 mild symptoms occurring in different systems) resulted in a significant overestimate of 15% when assessing oral immunotherapy efficacy. Applying a data-driven minor modification to CoFAR v3 resulted in a new set of challenge-stop criteria with validity similar to that of PRACTALL but one that is simpler to implement and in which significant gastrointestinal discomfort with observable decreased activity remains a dose-limiting symptom. CONCLUSION The use of less objective symptoms to define challenge-stop compromises the reproducibility of the FC as a tool to assess efficacy outcomes in interventional studies, and potentially overestimates the efficacy of the intervention tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Turner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nandinee Patel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Blumchen
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Pneumology, Allergology and Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Berkes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universtãtsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Germany
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