Sex differences in the association between suicide attempts and glucose disturbances in first-episode and drug naive patients with major depressive disorder

Clinical correlates, lipid metabolic parameters and thyroid hormones are associated with abnormal glucose metabolism in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with suicide attempts: A large cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The factors associated with glucose disturbances in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with comorbid suicide attempts remains unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with a large sample size to examine risk factors for glucose disturbances, including clinically relevant factors, lipid metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone levels in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts.

METHODS

A total of 1718 FEDN MDD patients were enrolled. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess the clinical symptoms of the patients. Fasting blood samples were collected and biochemical parameters were measured, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4, FT3), anti-thyroid autoantibodies (TgAb), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb). Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate logistic regression analyses and receptor operating characteristic curves.

RESULTS

The prevalence of glucose disturbances was 24 % in MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts, which was 1.88 times higher than that in MDD patients without suicide attempts (11 %). Among MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempters, compared with patients without glucose disturbances, patients with glucose disturbances had higher mean scores on the HAMA, HAMD and PANSS positive subscale scores, and higher mean levels of TC, TG, TSH, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TPOAb. The combination of HAMA score, HAMD score, PANSS positive subscale score and TSH distinguished between patients with and without glucose disturbances.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest a high prevalence of glucose disturbances in FEDN MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts. Several clinical correlates, lipid metabolism parameters, and thyroid hormone function are associated with glucose disturbances in MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts.

Gender differences in clinical correlates of glucose disturbance in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder

Gender differences in glucose metabolism disorders in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been rarely studied. In this study we investigated gender differences in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders and associated factors in first-episode and drug naïve (FEDN) MDD patients in a Chinese Han population. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1718 FEDN MDD outpatients were recruited, and demographic and clinical data were collected. All subjects were scored using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale to assess clinical symptoms. Female MDD patients were older, present with symptoms at an older age, were more likely to be married and had more psychotic symptoms than male MDD patients. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders between female patients (14.16%) and male patients (12.59%) (p > 0.05). In both male and female groups, patients with glucose metabolism disorders had higher HAMD score, HAMA score, suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms than patients without glucose metabolism disorders (all p < 0.05). However, only in female group, patients with glucose metabolism disorders had more severe anxiety symptoms than patients without glucose metabolism disorders. Furthermore, binary logistic regression analysis showed that psychotic symptoms and suicide attempts were independently associated with glucose metabolism disorders in male MDD patients, while suicide attempts and HAMD score was independently associated with glucose metabolism disorders in female MDD patients. Our findings showed no gender differences in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders in patients with FEDN MDD. However, there were gender difference in the clinical correlates of glucose metabolism disorders in FEDN MDD patients.

Structural brain changes in the anterior cingulate cortex of major depressive disorder individuals with suicidal ideation: Evidence from the REST-meta-MDD project

BACKGROUND

Suicidal ideation (SI) is very common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) region may be associated with SI in MDD patients. This study aimed to elucidate the neural mechanisms of SI in MDD patients by analyzing changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in brain structures in the ACC region, which has not been adequately studied to date.

METHODS

According to the REST-meta-MDD project, this study subjects consisted of 235 healthy controls and 246 MDD patients, including 123 MDD patients with and 123 without SI, and their structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to determine whether there was a correlation between GMV of ACC and SI in MDD patients.

RESULTS

MDD patients with SI had higher HAMD scores and greater GMV in bilateral ACC compared to MDD patients without SI (all p < 0.001). GMV of bilateral ACC was positively correlated with SI in MDD patients and entered the regression equation in the subsequent logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that GMV of ACC may be associated with SI in patients with MDD and is a sensitive biomarker of SI.

Bibliometric Analysis of Antipsychotic-induced Metabolic Disorder from 2006 to 2021 Based on WoSCC Database

BACKGROUND

With the frequent use of antipsychotics, the metabolic disorder (MetD) caused by drugs has received increasing attention. However, the mechanism of drug-induced MetD is still unclear and is being explored. Keeping abreast of the progress and trending knowledge in this area is conducive to further work.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to analyze the latest status and trends of research on antipsychoticinduced metabolic disorder (AIMetD) by bibliometric and visual analysis.

METHODS

3478 publications of AIMetD from 2006 to 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. R-biblioshiny was used for descriptive analysis, CiteSpace for cooperative network, co-citation analysis and burst detection, and VOSviewer for co-occurrence keywords was used.

RESULTS

Since 2006, the publications have been growing fluctuantly. These studies have extensive cooperation among countries/regions. The most influential country/region, institution and author are the USA, King's College London and Christoph U Correll. Analysis of references shows the largest cluster of "antipsychotic-induced metabolic dysfunction", which is an important basis for MetD. The recent contents of the burst citation are related to "glucose homeostasis" and "cardiovascular metabolism". Several bursting keywords were discerned at the forefront, including "LC-MS/MS", "major depressive disorder", "expression", and "homeostasis".

CONCLUSION

The AIMetD study is in a state of sustained development. Close cooperation between countries/ regions has promoted progress. For grasping the foundation, development, and latest trends of AIMetD, it is recommended to focus on active institutions and authors. Based on AIMetD, subdivision areas such as "LC-MS/MS", "expression", and "homeostasis" are forefronts that deserve constant attention.

Gender differences in risk factors for suicide attempts among young, first-episode and drug-naive major depressive disorder patients with anxiety symptoms

Background

Suicide attempts and anxiety are common commodities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and suicide attempts are often associated with anxiety symptoms. Studies have found gender differences in several aspects of MDD; however, gender differences in suicide attempts in young first-episode and drug-naive (FEDN) MDD patients with anxiety remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate potential gender differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts and associated risk factors among young FEDN MDD patients with anxiety in a Chinese Han population.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1289 young patients with FEDN MDD. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and biochemical parameters of patients were collected.

Results

Suicide attempters accounted for 23.80% and 26.12% of male and female FEDN MDD patients with anxiety, respectively, with no significant gender differences. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that anxiety, clinical global impression severity, and thyroid peroxidase antibody significantly predicted suicide attempts in both male and female FEDN MDD patients with anxiety, while body mass index significantly predicted suicide attempts only in males, and psychotic symptoms predicted suicide attempts only in females.

Conclusion

The present study represents the first large-scale investigation of gender differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts and related risk factors among young FEND MDD patients with anxiety in the Chinese Han population. The results indicate that risk factors associated with suicide attempts vary by gender among young FEND MDD patients with anxiety, although a comparable rate of suicide attempts was observed in both female and male patients.

Prevalence and risk factors of suicide attempts among Chinese elderly patients over 50 years with schizophrenia

BACKGROUND

Several research efforts have found that older schizophrenia patients are at higher risk for suicide. Related risk factors for suicide attempts in the elderly with schizophrenia are poorly understood. This study sought to assess the prevalence of suicide attempts and related risk variables in schizophrenia patients over the age of 50.

METHODS

We recruited 591 elderly patients over the age of 50. Demographic, clinical and blood parameters of all patients were collected. Patients with schizophrenia were evaluated for psychopathological symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

RESULTS

The rate of suicide attempts among elderly Chinese schizophrenia patients was 15.2%. In these elderly schizophrenia patients, those who with suicide attempts had significantly higher scores for insomnia, depression and smoking addiction, and higher levels of red blood cells, Hc1 glycosylated hemoglobin and free T3, but significantly lower levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein and -globulin. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher depression scores and smoking addiction were risk factors for suicide attempts in these patients. Additionally, multiple regression analyses showed that higher BMI and insomnia scores were associated with suicide risk scores in elderly schizophrenia patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research shows that there is a high incidence of suicide attempts in people over 50 years of age with schizophrenia. A number of clinically relevant factors and metabolic markers are associated with suicide attempts among elderly patients with schizophrenia.

U-shaped association between fasting blood glucose and suicide attempts in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND

Evidence regarding the relationship between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and suicide attempts (SA) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) was limited. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate whether FBG was independently related to SA in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD after adjusting for other covariates.

METHODS

The present study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1718 participants (average age: 34.9 ± 12.4 years, 65.8% females) with FEDN MDD were involved in a hospital in China from September 2016 to December 2018. Multiple logistic regression analysis and smooth curve fitting were used to estimate the association between FBG and the risk of SA. The threshold effect was examined by the two-piecewise linear regression model. Interaction and stratified analyses were conducted according to sex, education, marital status, comorbid anxiety, and psychotic symptoms.

RESULTS

The prevalence of SA in patients with FEDN MDD was 20.1%. The result of fully adjusted binary logistic regression showed FBG was positively associated with the risk of SA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.13-2.32). Smoothing plots also revealed a nonlinear relationship between FBG and SA, with the inflection point of FBG being 5.34 mmol/l. The effect sizes and the confidence intervals on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 0.53 (0.32-0.88, P = 0.014) and 1.48 (1.04-2.10, P = 0.030), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A U-shaped relationship between FBG and SA in FEDN MDD patients was found, with the lowest risk of SA at a FBG of 5.34 mmol/l, indicating that both the lower and higher FBG levels may lead to an increased risk of SA.

Association of clinical variables and thyroid-stimulating hormone with psychotic symptoms in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder with elevated fasting blood glucose: preliminary exploratory study with a large sample

BACKGROUND

Psychotic symptoms and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) are frequently observed in people with major depressive disorder (MDD), but there is a lack of research into this relationship within this cohort.

AIMS

This study aimed to preliminarily explore the prevalence of psychotic symptoms and their predictors among patients with MDD and elevated FBG.

METHOD

This study enrolled 1718 patients with first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD. Sociodemographic data and physical and biochemical indicators were collected. Clinical symptoms were assessed with tools such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale.

RESULTS

The odds ratio for psychotic symptoms in those with MDD and elevated FBG (18.7%) was 2.33 times higher than those with MDD without elevated FBG. Presence of psychotic symptoms was significantly correlated with HRSD score, suicide attempts, and total cholesterol and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The combination of HRSD score, suicide attempts and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels among patients with MDD and elevated FBG effectively distinguished between individuals with and without psychotic symptoms, achieving an area under the curve of 0.87.

CONCLUSIONS

Psychotic symptoms are frequently observed among FEDN MDD patients with elevated FBG, and depressive symptoms, suicide attempts and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are related to psychotic symptoms in this cohort.

Prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of glucose disturbances in a large sample of Han Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder

Glucose disturbances are a common comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and have been extensively studied in the past. However, few studies have explored glucose disturbances in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of glucose disturbances in FEDN MDD patients to understand the relationship between MDD and glucose disturbances in the acute early phase and provide important implications for therapeutic interventions. Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited a total of 1718 MDD patients. We collected their socio-demographic information, clinical data, and blood glucose indicators.17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and the positive symptom subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess their depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, respectively. The prevalence of glucose disturbances in FEDN MDD patients was 13.6%. Depression, anxiety and psychotic symptoms, body mass index (BMI) levels and suicide attempts rates were higher in the group with glucose disorders than in the group without glucose disorders among patients with first-episode drug-naive MDD. Correlation analysis showed that glucose disturbances were associated with HAMD score, HAMA score, BMI, psychotic symptoms and suicide attempts. Furthermore, binary logistic regression showed that HAMD score and suicide attempts were independently associated with glucose disturbances in MDD patients. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of comorbid glucose disturbances is very high in FEDN MDD patients. Moreover, more severe depressive symptoms and higher suicide attempts are correlated with glucose disturbances in MDD FEDN patients in the early stage.

Genetic factors associated with suicidal behaviors and alcohol use disorders in an American Indian population

American Indians (AI) demonstrate the highest rates of both suicidal behaviors (SB) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among all ethnic groups in the US. Rates of suicide and AUD vary substantially between tribal groups and across different geographical regions, underscoring a need to delineate more specific risk and resilience factors. Using data from over 740 AI living within eight contiguous reservations, we assessed genetic risk factors for SB by investigating: (1) possible genetic overlap with AUD, and (2) impacts of rare and low-frequency genomic variants. Suicidal behaviors included lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and acts, including verified suicide deaths, scored using a ranking variable for the SB phenotype (range 0-4). We identified five loci significantly associated with SB and AUD, two of which are intergenic and three intronic on genes AACSP1, ANK1, and FBXO11. Nonsynonymous rare and low-frequency mutations in four genes including SERPINF1 (PEDF), ZNF30, CD34, and SLC5A9, and non-intronic rare and low-frequency mutations in genes OPRD1, HSD17B3 and one lincRNA were significantly associated with SB. One identified pathway related to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation, whose 83 nonsynonymous rare and low-frequency variants on 10 genes were significantly linked to SB as well. Four additional genes, and two pathways related to vasopressin-regulated water metabolism and cellular hexose transport, also were strongly associated with SB. This study represents the first investigation of genetic factors for SB in an American Indian population that has high risk for suicide. Our study suggests that bivariate association analysis between comorbid disorders can increase statistical power; and rare and low-frequency variant analysis in a high-risk population enabled by whole-genome sequencing has the potential to identify novel genetic factors. Although such findings may be population specific, rare functional mutations relating to PEDF and HIF regulation align with past reports and suggest a biological mechanism for suicide risk and a potential therapeutic target for intervention.

Prevalence and clinical correlates of thyroid dysfunction in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

Few studies have investigated the relative factors of thyroid dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with Metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to explore the prevalence and related factors associated with thyroid dysfunction in drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients with MetS.

METHODS

1718 FEDN MDD patients were recruited and their demographic data, clinical data were collected. Various biochemical indicators including fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids and thyroid hormones were measured. The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA-14) and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess clinical symptoms.

RESULTS

Among FEDN MDD patients, MetS was an independent risk factor for TSH abnormality (P < 0.001, Adjusted OR = 3.77, 95%CI: 2.82-5.05). In patients with MetS, those with TSH abnormality had significantly longer duration of illness, higher HAMD, HAMA, and PANSS positive subscale scores, higher levels of TC, LDL-C, blood glucose, pressure, lower levels of HDL-C, and a higher probability of suicide attempt (all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

MetS is significantly associated with thyroid dysfunction in patients with FEDN MDD. Related factors for thyroid dysfunction include a number of clinical indicators and psychiatric symptoms.

Major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation or behavior in Chinese population: A scoping review of current evidence on disease assessment, burden, treatment and risk factors

BACKGROUND

Identifying and managing major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with suicidal ideation or behavior (MDSI) is critical for reducing the disease burden. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence related to MDSI in the Chinese population.

METHOD

A scoping review was conducted to summarize the published evidence regarding epidemiology or disease burden, evaluation, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of MDSI. The search strategy imposed restriction on English or Chinese publications between 1 January 2011 and 28 February 2022.

RESULTS

Of the 14,005 identified records, 133 met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. The included studies were characterized as high heterogeneity in evaluation of suicidal ideation or behavior. Compared with MDD patients without suicidal ideation or behavior, MDSI patients were more likely to suffer from psychological and somatic symptoms, social function impairment, and lower quality of life. Younger age, female gender, longer disease course, and comorbid psychological or physical symptoms were consistently found to be risk factors of suicidal ideation or behavior. Relevant research gaps remain regarding comprehensive evaluation of standard clinical diagnosis, disease burden, social-cultural risk factors, and effectiveness of interventions targeting MDSI. Studies with large sample size, representative population are warranted to provide high-quality evidence.

CONCLUSIONS

MDD patients with suicidal ideation or behavior should be prioritized in treatment and resource allocation. Heterogeneity exists in the definition and evaluation of MDSI in different studies. To better inform clinical practice, it is imperative to establish a unified standard for evaluation and diagnosis of suicidal ideation or behavior among MDD population.

Prevalence and correlates of suicide attempts in young patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder: A large cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Few studies in China have reported factors influencing suicide attempt in young first-episode drug-free (FEDN) MDD patients. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and potential relevant factors of suicide attempt among young Chinese patients with FEDN MDD to prevent suicidal behavior in this population.

METHODS

We recruited 1076 FEDN MDD outpatients aged 18-45 years. Patients' mental states were measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale, and Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGIS). Fasting blood glucose, lipid levels, and thyroid function parameters were also measured.

RESULTS

The prevalence of suicide attempt for FEDN MDD patients was 18.31 %. Compared to patients without suicide attempt, patients with suicide attempt had an older age of onset, higher HAMA, HAMD, PANSS-positive subscale and CGI-S scores, higher blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, thyroid peroxidases antibody (A-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (A-TG), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC), but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) (all p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that duration of illness, hypertension, PANSS-positive subscale, HAMA and CGI-S scores, and A-TPO, LDL-C, TC, and HDL-C were associated with suicide attempt in patients with MDD.

LIMITATIONS

The main limitations are cross-sectional design and inability to control selection bias.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that young patients with FEDN MDD have a high rate of suicide attempts. Several clinical and metabolic indicators related to lipids and thyroid function may be involved in suicide attempts in FEDN MDD patients.

Establishment of a risk prediction model for suicide attempts in first-episode and drug naïve patients with major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND

Suicide is common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and has serious consequences for individuals and families. This study aims to establish a risk prediction model for suicide attempts in MDD patients to make the detection of suicide risk more accurate and effective.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey, clinical examination, and biochemical indicator tests were performed on 1718 first-episode and drug naïve patients with major depressive disorder. We used Machine Learning to establish a risk prediction model for suicide attempts in FEDN patients with MDD.

RESULTS

Five predictors were identified by LASSO regression analysis from a total of 20 variables studied, namely psychotic symptoms, anxiety symptoms, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The model constructed using the five predictors displayed moderate predictive ability, with an area under the ROC of 0.771 in the training set and 0.720 in the validation set. The DCA curve showed that the nomogram could be applied clinically if the risk threshold was between 22 % and 60 %. The risk threshold was found to be between 20 % and 60 % in external validation.

CONCLUSION

Introducing psychotic symptoms, anxiety symptoms, ATPO, TC, and HDL-C to the risk nomogram increased its usefulness for predicting suicide risk in patients with MDD. It may be useful in clinical decision-making or in discussions with patients, especially in crisis interventions.

Clinical correlates and thyroid hormones of metabolic syndrome in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder outpatients with and without hyperglycemia: a comprehensive cross-sectional study

Hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical factors of MetS in first-episode and drug-naïve MDD (FEDND) patients with and without hyperglycemia. A total of 1,718 FEDND patients' symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Blood glucose levels, metabolic index, and thyroid hormones were measured during fasting. The prevalence of MetS in FEDND patients with hyperglycemia was 35.67 times higher than in FEDND patients without hyperglycemia. FEDND patients with MetS were older, had later age of onset, and were predominantly married than those without MetS (p < 0.05). Among FEDND patients without hyperglycemia, suicide attempts, severe anxiety, HAMD, HAMA, PANSS subscale scores, thyroid stimulating hormone, antithyroglobulin, and total cholesterol levels were all higher in patients with MetS than those without MetS (all p < 0.05). In FEDND patients without hyperglycemia, the combination of age and TgAb distinguished those patients with and without MetS. Our results suggest a high prevalence of MetS in FEDND patients with hyperglycemia. Several clinical variables and thyroid function-related hormones impact MetS in patients with FEDND.

Sex-differential association of suicide attempts with thyroid dysfunction in first-episode and drug-naïve young major depressive disorder patients with comorbid anxiety

This study aimed to explore sex differences in the relationship between thyroid function indicators and suicide attempts in first-episode and drug-naïve young major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with comorbid anxiety (MDA). A total of 917 MDD patients (aged 18-35 years) were recruited. The Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA), positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) positive subscale and clinical global impression of severity scale (CGI-S) were used. 467 patients were classified as MDA. The prevalence of suicide attempts was 31.3% in MDA patients, which was significantly higher than that (7.3%) in MDD patients without anxiety. Compared with MDA patients without suicide attempts, MDA patients with suicide attempts were older, had a later age of onset, higher HAMD-17, HAMA, and PANSS positive symptom subscale scores, as well as higher TSH, TgAb and TPOAb levels. For male patients, TSH and TPOAb levels were independently associated with suicide attempts. For female patients, HAMA, PANSS positive symptom scores, CGI-S score and TPOAb levels were independently associated with suicide attempts. Our results suggest that the indicators of thyroid function which can predict suicide attempts in male and female MDA patients have sex differences.

Incidence and Factors Associated with Hyperglycemia in Patients with First Hospitalization for Major Depression Disorder: A Large Cross-Sectional Sample

Purpose

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder characterized by persistent spontaneous depression and has a high rate of disability and mortality. There is a complex relationship between MDD and disorders of glucose metabolism, and our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for hyperglycemia in patients with MDD who were hospitalized for the first times.

Patients and Methods

A total of 981 first-time inpatients with MDD were recruited, socio-demographic information, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were collected for each participant. The 17-item Hamilton Assessment Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), the 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-14), the Positive Syndrome Scale (PSS), and Clinical General Impressions Inventory-Severity of Illness (CGI-SI) scores were used to assess patients' clinical symptoms.

Results

The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 9.28% among patients with MDD who were hospitalized for the first time. Compared to the non-hyperglycemic subgroup, patients in the hyperglycemic subgroup were found to have more extensive and significant demographic and clinical characteristics, higher levels of metabolism-related parameters, and more severe psychological and psycho-pathological symptoms. Age, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triglycerides (TG) were risk factors for hyperglycemia in MDD patients, while course of disease was a protective factor.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that the prevalence of hyperglycemia is not high in patients with MDD who are hospitalized for the first time. The risk variables for predicting hyperglycemia include age, TSH and TG. The above three factors and course of disease have good combined diagnostic ability for hyperglycemia.

Gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of thyroid dysfunction in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder with comorbid suicide attempts: a large cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Gender differences in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported; however, gender differences in first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts have not been reported. This study aimed to examine potential gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of comorbid abnormal thyroid function (ATF) in FEDN MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of 1718 FEDN MDD patients was conducted. The demographic and clinical data were collected. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess depression, anxiety and psychotic symptoms, respectively. Thyroid function parameters and blood glucose levels were measured.

RESULTS

There was no gender difference in the prevalence of ATF between male (78.6%, 88/112) and female MDD patients (74.8%, 175/234) with comorbid suicide attempts. In the male and female subgroups, duration of disease, HAMD score, HAMA score, anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), thyroid peroxidases antibody (TPOAb), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose level and the rate of psychotic symptoms were higher in patients with ATF than those without ATF in MDD with comorbid suicide attempt (all P < 0.05). There was a gender main effect only on SBP (F = 7.35, P = 0.007). Furthermore, binary logistic regression analysis showed that HAMD score, DBP and glucose levels were independently with ATF in both male and female MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts. However, anxiety symptoms, psychotic symptoms and TPOAb levels were significantly associated with ATF only in female MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed no gender differences in the prevalence of ATF in FEDN MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts. Depression, DBP and glucose levels were associated with ATF in both male and female MDD patients with comorbid suicide attempts, whereas anxiety, psychotic symptoms and TPOAb level were correlated with ATF only in female MDD patients with suicide attempts.

Genetic Factors Associated with Suicidal Behaviors and Alcohol Use Disorders in an American Indian Population

American Indians (AI) demonstrate the highest rates of both suicidal behaviors (SB) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among all ethnic groups in the US. Rates of suicide and AUD vary substantially between tribal groups and across different geographical regions, underscoring a need to delineate more specific risk and resilience factors. Using data from over 740 AI living within eight contiguous reservations, we assessed genetic risk factors for SB by investigating: (1) possible genetic overlap with AUD, and (2) impacts of rare and low frequency genomic variants. Suicidal behaviors included lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and acts, including verified suicide deaths, scored using a ranking variable for the SB phenotype (range 0-4). We identified five loci significantly associated with SB and AUD, two of which are intergenic and three intronic on genes AACSP1, ANK1, and FBXO11. Nonsynonymous rare mutations in four genes including SERPINF1 (PEDF), ZNF30, CD34, and SLC5A9, and non-intronic rare mutations in genes OPRD1, HSD17B3 and one lincRNA were significantly associated with SB. One identified pathway related to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation, whose 83 nonsynonymous rare variants on 10 genes were significantly linked to SB as well. Four additional genes, and two pathways related to vasopressin-regulated water metabolism and cellular hexose transport, also were strongly associated with SB. This study represents the first investigation of genetic factors for SB in an American Indian population that has high risk for suicide. Our study suggests that bivariate association analysis between comorbid disorders can increase statistical power; and rare variant analysis in a high-risk population enabled by whole-genome sequencing has the potential to identify novel genetic factors. Although such findings may be population specific, rare functional mutations relating to PEDF and HIF regulation align with past reports and suggest a biological mechanism for suicide risk and a potential therapeutic target for intervention.

Prevalence and clinical correlates of abnormal lipid metabolism in first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder with abnormal glucose metabolism

Comorbid glucose metabolism abnormalities are very common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism are closely related. However, there are few researches on the incidence and related factors of lipid metabolism abnormalities among MDD patients with comorbid glucose metabolism abnormalities. A cross-sectional study involving 1718 first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients was conducted. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale were utilized to evaluate depressive, anxiety and psychotic symptom, respectively. Serum thyroid function-related parameters, glucose- and lipid-metabolism parameters were measured. The prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism was significantly higher in FEDN MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism than in those without abnormal glucose metabolism (P < 0.001). In MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism, TSH, FT3 and body mass index (BMI) levels were significantly higher in the abnormal lipid metabolism subgroup than in the non-abnormal lipid metabolism subgroup. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that TSH, FT3 and BMI were the influencing factors of abnormal lipid metabolism in MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism (all P < 0.05). MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism have a high prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism. Moreover, abnormal glucose metabolism was an independent risk factor for abnormal lipid metabolism in patients with MDD. In addition, thyroid hormone function and BMI may contribute to the co-occurrence of abnormal lipid metabolism in MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Metabolic parameters and thyroid hormones in relation to suicide attempts in patients with first-episode and drug-naive major depressive disorder with comorbid glucose disturbances: a large cross-sectional study

The factors associated with suicide attempts in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with comorbid glucose disturbances remain unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with a large sample size to examine risk factors of suicide attempts in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients with comorbid glucose disturbances, including clinically relevant factors, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone levels. A total of 1718 FEDN MDD patients were enrolled. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess the clinical symptoms of patients. Fasting blood glucose, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone levels were measured. After controlling for HAMA and HAMD scores, the suicide attempt rate was 1.88 times higher in MDD patients with glucose disturbances than in MDD patients without glucose disturbances. Compared to non-suicide attempters, suicide attempters among the MDD patients with glucose disturbances had higher scores on HAMD and HAMA, PANSS positive symptoms, as well as higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, TC, LDL-C, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), TgAb, and thyroid peroxidases antibody (TPOAb). The combination of positive symptom score, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, and marital status distinguished suicide attempters from non-suicide attempters. In addition, HAMA score, HAMD score, and TPOAb were associated with the number of suicide attempts in MDD patients with comorbid glucose disturbances. Our results suggest a high incidence of suicide attempts in MDD patients with comorbid glucose disturbances. Several clinically relevant factors, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone function have an impact on suicide attempts in MDD patients with comorbid glucose disturbances.

Prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with comorbid abnormal glucose metabolism: Sex differences

BACKGROUND

Lipid metabolism is associated with glucose metabolism, but whether there are variations between sexes in risk factors and prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with glucose metabolism abnormalities remains ambiguous. In the present study, the frequency and risk factors of dyslipidemia in first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients with dysglycemia were examined according to sex.

METHODS

One thousand seven hundred and eighteen FEDN MDD patients were recruited and their demographic data, clinical data, various biochemical indicators and scale assessment scores including 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA-14), and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were collected.

RESULTS

The prevalence of abnormal lipid metabolism in both male and female MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism was higher than that in patients without abnormal glucose metabolism. Among male MDD patients with abnormal glucose metabolism, TC was positively correlated with HAMD score, TSH and TgAb levels, but negatively correlated with PANSS positive subscale scores. LDL-C was positively correlated with TSH and BMI, but negatively correlated with PANSS positive subscale scores. HDL-C was negatively correlated with TSH levels. Among females, TC was positively correlated with HAMD score, TSH, and BMI, but negatively correlated with PANSS positive subscale score. LDL-C was positively correlated with HADM score and negatively correlated with FT3 level. HDL-C was negatively correlated with TSH and BMI levels.

CONCLUSION

There are sex differences in the correlated factors of lipid markers in MDD patients with impaired glucose.

Circulating metabolites and depression: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization

Background

Studies have shown an association between depression and circulating metabolites, but the causal relationship between them has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the causal relationship between circulating metabolites and depression and to explore the role of circulating metabolites in depression.

Methods

In this study, the top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with circulating metabolites (n = 24,925) and depression (n = 322,580) were obtained based on the publicly available genome-wide association study using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). SNP estimates were summarized through inverse variance weighted, MR Egger, weighted median, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, and "leave-one-out" methods.

Results

Apolipoprotein A-I (OR 0.990, 95% CI 981-0.999) and glutamine (OR 0.985, 95% CI 0.972-0.997) had protective causal effects on depression, whereas acetoacetate (OR 1.021, 95% CI 1.009-1.034), glycoproteins (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.000-1.009), isoleucine (OR 1.013, 95% CI 1.002-1.024), and urea (OR 1.020, 95% CI 1.000-1.039) had an anti-protective effect on depression. Reversed MR showed no effect of depression on the seven circulating metabolites.

Conclusion

In this study, MR analysis showed that apolipoprotein A-I and glutamine had a protective effect on depression, and acetoacetate, glycoprotein, isoleucine, glucose, and urea may be risk factors for depression. Therefore, further research must be conducted to translate the findings into practice.

Risk factors for suicidal attempt in patients with the melancholic subtype of depressive disorder: Implication for nursing care

The incidence of suicide in patients with depressive order is much higher than other population. We aimed to evaluate the current status and risk of suicidal attempt in patients with the melancholic subtype of depressive disorder, to provide evidence for the clinical management and nursing care of depressive disorder. Patients diagnosed as the melancholic subtype of depressive disorder and treated in our hospital from June 1, 2018 to August 31, 2021 were included. The characteristics of included patients were collected and analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis with odd ratio and 95% confidence interval were conducted to analyze the influencing factors of suicidal attempt in patients with the melancholic subtype of depressive disorder. A total of 446 patients with melancholic subtype of depressive disorder were included, the incidence of suicidal attempt was 18.83%. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that gender (R = 0.611), alcohol drinking (R = 0.719), living situation (R = 0.812), number of previous admission to hospital (R = 0.547), sleep disorder (R = 0.612) and frequent depressive episodes (R = 0.559) were all correlated with the suicidal attempt in patients with melancholic subtype of depressive disorder (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that female (OR 3.115, 95%CI 2.493-3.906), alcohol drinking(OR 1.946, 95%CI 1.684-2.763), living alone (OR 2.401, 95%CI 1.915-3.008), number of previous admission to hospital ≥ 3 (OR 2.342, 95%CI 1.601-2.742), sleep disorder (OR 1.821, 95%CI 1.328-2.215) and frequent depressive episodes (OR 3.128, 95%CI 2.421-3.779) were the independent risk factors of suicidal attempt (all P < 0.05). Suicidal attempt is common in the patients with melancholic subtype of depressive disorder, and there are many related risk factors for suicidal attempt in patients with the melancholic subtype of depressive disorder.