Ten Rules for Implementation of a Telemedicine Program to Care for Patients with Asthma

Leveraging Telemedicine and Smartphones to Deliver Asthma Care

Despite having established diagnostic and treatment guidelines as well as substantial medical advances over the past decades, including targeted biologic therapies, asthma remains a leading cause of health care utilization in the United States. Asthma affects 8% of the population. Individuals living in underserved communities and those who identify as underrepresented minorities have prevalence rates that far exceed national rates with African American and Puerto Rican children having prevalence rates of 20% or more. Children and adults living in underserved communities are also at high risk for poor outcomes such as increased symptoms, hospitalizations, and missed school/work. Asthma adds $56 billion to overall health care expenditures in the United States annually. Access to high-quality asthma care remains a barrier to optimal outcomes for many patient populations, and asthma self-management programs have not been implemented on a large scale. Furthermore, opportunities for in-home visiting programs or remote patient monitoring have been largely restricted to grant or philanthropically funded programs. Telemedicine and smartphone applications offer potential solutions for these longstanding barriers to asthma care. These recent advances in technology offer opportunities to enhance traditional in-person models of health care and serve as viable solutions for improving access to hard-to-reach populations such as those who reside in rural and underserved communities. This narrative review aims to provide a summary on how clinicians can leverage technology such as telemedicine and smartphone applications to aid in the delivery of asthma care.

Enhancing Adult Asthma Management: A Review on the Utility of Remote Home Spirometry and Mobile Applications

Asthma is a prevalent chronic disease, contributing significantly to the global burden of disease and economic costs. Despite advances in treatment, inadequate disease management and reliance on reliever medications lead to preventable deaths. Telemedicine, defined as the use of information and communication technology to improve healthcare access, has gained global attention, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of home monitoring systems in managing severe asthma. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, focusing on studies from 2014 to 2024. Fourteen studies involving 9093 patients were analyzed. The results indicate that telemedicine, through tools such as mobile applications and portable spirometers, positively impacts asthma control, self-management, and quality of life. Home spirometry, in particular, shows strong agreement with clinic spirometry, offering a feasible alternative for continuous monitoring. Digital coaching and machine learning-based telemedicine applications also demonstrate significant potential in improving asthma outcomes. However, challenges such as technology accessibility, data privacy, and the need for standardized protocols remain. This review highlights the promise of telemedicine in asthma management and calls for further research to optimize its implementation and address existing barriers.

Telemedicine with special focus on allergic diseases and asthma-Status 2022: An EAACI position paper

Efficacious, effective and efficient communication between healthcare professionals (HCP) and patients is essential to achieve a successful therapeutic alliance. Telemedicine (TM) has been used for decades but during the COVID-19 pandemic its use has become widespread. This position paper aims to describe the terminology and most important forms of TM among HCP and patients and review the existing studies on the uses of TM for asthma and allergy. Besides, the advantages and risks of TM are discussed, concluding that TM application reduces costs and time for both, HCP and patients, but cannot completely replace face-to-face visits for physical examinations and certain tests that are critical in asthma and allergy. From an ethical point of view, it is important to identify those involved in the TM process, ensure confidentiality and use communication channels that fully guarantee the security of the information. Unmet needs and directions for the future regarding implementation, data protection, privacy regulations, methodology and efficacy are described.

Tele-Monitoring Applications in Respiratory Allergy

Respiratory allergic diseases affect over 500 million people globally and pose a substantial burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Restrictive factors such as geographical disparities, infectious pandemics, limitations in resources, and shortages of allergy specialists in underserved areas impede effective management. Telemedicine encompasses real-time visits, store-and-forward option triage, and computer-based technologies for establishing efficient doctor-patient communication. Recent advances in digital technology, including designated applications, informative materials, digital examination devices, wearables, digital inhalers, and integrated platforms, facilitate personalized and evidence-based care delivery. The integration of telemonitoring in respiratory allergy care has shown beneficial effects on disease control, adherence, and quality of life. While the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, certain concerns regarding technical requirements, platform quality, safety, reimbursement, and regulatory considerations remain unresolved. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in telemonitoring applications holds promise for data analysis, pattern recognition, and personalized treatment plans. Striking the balance between AI-enabled insights and human expertise is crucial for optimizing the benefits of telemonitoring. While telemonitoring exhibits potential for enhancing patient care and healthcare delivery, critical considerations have to be addressed in order to ensure the successful integration of telemonitoring into the healthcare landscape.

Use of Telemedicine Healthcare Systems in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Disease or in Transition Stages of Life: Consensus Document of the Italian Society of Telemedicine (SIT), of the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics (SIPPS), of the Italian Society of Pediatric Primary Care (SICuPP), of the Italian Federation of Pediatric Doctors (FIMP) and of the Syndicate of Family Pediatrician Doctors (SIMPeF)

Telemedicine is considered an excellent tool to support the daily and traditional practice of the health profession, especially when referring to the care and management of chronic patients. In a panorama in which chronic pathologies with childhood onset are constantly increasing and the improvement of treatments has allowed survival for them into adulthood, telemedicine and remote assistance are today considered effective and convenient solutions both for the chronic patient, who thus receives personalized and timely assistance, and for the doctors, who reduce the need for direct intervention, hospitalizations and consequent management costs. This Consensus document, written by the main Italian Scientific Societies involved in the use of telemedicine in pediatrics, has the objectives to propose an organizational model based on the relationships between the actors who participate in the provision of a telemedicine service aimed at minors with chronic pathologies, identifying specific project links between the areas of telemedicine in the developmental age from the first 1000 days of life to the age adult. The future scenario will have to be able to integrate digital innovation in order to offer the best care to patients and citizens. It will have to be able to provide the involvement of patients from the very beginning of the design of any care pathway, increasing where possible the proximity of the health service to citizens.

Experience on the Management of Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the NEUMOBIAL Study

INTRODUCTION

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are treatable but greatly underdiagnosed disorders. Telemedicine made it possible to continue diagnosis, follow-up visits and treatment modifications during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study describes the management of patients with COPD and asthma, and their treatments during the pandemic from the pulmonologist's perspective.

METHODS

NEUMOBIAL was an ecological study with aggregated data. A total of 279 Spanish pulmonologists answered a 60-question survey about their last 10 patients, focused on the characterisation and changes in visits and treatments during the pandemic.

RESULTS

Most pulmonologists (72.0%) considered that the pandemic negatively altered the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with asthma or COPD. Diagnostic tests were reduced during the pandemic, mainly because they were not recommended by pulmonologists (68.1% and 72.7% in the case of COPD and asthma tests, respectively). Moreover, 17.3% of the COPD and 19.1% of the asthma visits were remote visits. According to pulmonologists, low adherence to treatment was mainly due to a lack of patient knowledge about their disease (75.3% and 81.7% in COPD and asthma, respectively). Other factors that also influenced adherence were inadequate use of the inhaler (59.5% for COPD and 57.7% for asthma) and a lack of knowledge about the device (57.3% for COPD and 57.7% for asthma). Pulmonologists chose Zonda® for COPD because of the ease of use of the device (73.1%) and the ability to check whether the entire dose was inhaled (69.5%). For asthma, Spiromax® was chosen because of the ease of use of the device (85.7%) and the possibility of using a single device for maintenance and reliever treatment (82.4%).

CONCLUSION

According to pulmonologists, during the pandemic, treatments for COPD and asthma were mainly chosen on the basis of their ease of use; treatment adherence was good; and the number of remote visits increased.

Managing adult asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic: A 2022 review and current recommendations

Introduction: This review aims to examine asthma management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Relevant recommendations and articles were identified by respiratory professional societies and PubMed search using the terms “asthma” and “COVID-19”, and examined for relevance and inclusion in this study. Results: Recommendations for the management of asthma have remained similar but are now supported by new evidence between the years 2020 and 2022. Patients with well-controlled, mild-to-moderate asthma are unlikely to be at increased risk of acquiring COVID-19 or having worse outcomes from COVID-19. All asthma patients should receive COVID-19 vaccination. Spirometry can be performed with the usual strict infection control procedures unless there is a suspicion of COVID-19. Mask-wearing and other health measures remain important for asthma patients. Conclusion: While previous recommendations were largely based on expert opinion, the tremendous amount of literature published since the pandemic first emerged 2 years ago has helped guide respiratory professional bodies to update their recommendations. This study provides a timely review of the various recommendations and can be used to guide healthcare professionals in managing asthma patients, as the world prepares for a future with COVID-19 becoming endemic. The long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection in asthma patients and the ripple effects of COVID-19 remain uncertain and deserve ongoing study. Keywords: Asthma, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2

Toward an asthma patient-reported outcome measure for use in digital remote monitoring

OBJECTIVE

To develop and test a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for suitability in digital remote asthma symptom monitoring to identify uncontrolled asthma.

METHODS

We modified a 5-item PROM that does not require a license, the asthma control measure (ACM), from a one-month to one-week lookback period, and evaluated it using the 5-item asthma control questionnaire (ACQ-5). We recruited subjects with asthma through MTurk, an online platform.

RESULTS

In a sample of 498 subjects, the ACM identified uncontrolled asthma with sensitivity 0.99 and specificity 0.65. The two measures correlated with r = 0.81.

CONCLUSION

The ACM modified to a weekly lookback period can differentiate patients with well-controlled asthma from those with uncontrolled asthma. This PROM does not require a license and can be used in digital remote monitoring interventions.

Telehealth and Allergy Services in Rural and Regional Locations That Lack Specialty Services

Secondary to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, telehealth quickly peaked as the dominant health care modality and its use still remains high. Although allergists and health care systems adapted quickly to adopt telehealth, its increased use has both highlighted its benefits for patients and allergists and demonstrated known concerns with delivering allergy specialty care to rural and regional patient populations. With increased concentration of both patients and allergists in urban areas, the ability to provide allergy specialty care to the rural and remote population continues to remain a challenge despite the advantages leveraged through telehealth. Herein, we review aspects specific to the rural patient population, tele-allergy outcomes with these patient cohorts, and efforts, both past and present, taken at different levels within the allergy community to promote our specialty through specific telehealth modalities to address and engage the rural and regional patient.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on severe asthma care in Europe: will care change for good?

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put pressure on healthcare services, forcing the reorganisation of traditional care pathways. We investigated how physicians taking care of severe asthma patients in Europe reorganised care, and how these changes affected patient satisfaction, asthma control and future care.

Methods

In this European-wide cross-sectional study, patient surveys were sent to patients with a physician-diagnosis of severe asthma, and physician surveys to severe asthma specialists between November 2020 and May 2021.

Results

1101 patients and 268 physicians from 16 European countries contributed to the study. Common physician-reported changes in severe asthma care included use of video/phone consultations (46%), reduced availability of physicians (43%) and change to home-administered biologics (38%). Change to phone/video consultations was reported in 45% of patients, of whom 79% were satisfied or very satisfied with this change. Of 709 patients on biologics, 24% experienced changes in biologic care, of whom 92% were changed to home-administered biologics and of these 62% were satisfied or very satisfied with this change. Only 2% reported worsening asthma symptoms associated with changes in biologic care. Many physicians expect continued implementation of video/phone consultations (41%) and home administration of biologics (52%).

Conclusions

Change to video/phone consultations and home administration of biologics was common in severe asthma care during the COVID-19 pandemic and was associated with high satisfaction levels in most but not all cases. Many physicians expect these changes to continue in future severe asthma care, though satisfaction levels may change after the pandemic.

Severe Asthma, Telemedicine, and Self-Administered Therapy: Listening First to the Patient

Severe asthma patients are at an increased risk of major complications and they need to be monitored regularly. The COVID-19 pandemic has notably impacted on the health care resources. The telemedicine approach applied to the follow-up of asthmatic patients has been proven to be effective in monitoring their disease and their adherence to the therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the satisfaction of severe asthma patients before the activation of a telemedicine management, as well as their current experience with self-administration of injection therapy. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed and sent by e-mail to 180 severe asthma patients. Most of subjects, 82%, were confident with the idea of doing self-measurements and self-managing their disease. Further, 77% of subjects favoured to carry out virtual visits and telemedicine. Regarding the home treatment, 93% of patients considered the self-injection therapy easy, 94% of subjects felt safe, and 93% were not worried while self-administering. Only mild adverse events were reported in 22% of patients after self-administration. Our results showed an agreement between what is considered necessary and practicable by healthcare personnel and what is perceived by the severe asthma patients in terms of treatment and monitoring of the disease with Telehealth. Biologics have a safety profile and can be easily self-administred at home.

Potential downside issues with telemedicine for individuals with chronic respiratory diseases

Telemedicine refers to the use of communications technologies to provide or enhance medical care through mitigating the negative effects of patient-caregiver distance on medical evaluation and treatment. The general concept, telemedicine, can refer to a number of interventions, such as telemonitoring, tele-consultations, tele-education, tele-communication, and tele-rehabilitation. While telemedicine has seen steady growth its trajectory has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a tool in health care delivery, telemedicine is often met with patient satisfaction often resulting from ease of use and accessibility.  Additionally, outcomes may improve, although the medical literature is not consistent in this regard.  However, enthusiasm over its beneficial effects should be tempered by negative aspects, including the decrease in direct patient-clinician interaction (such as loss of information from the physical examination) and potentially serious privacy risks. Finding a happy median between positive and negative features of telemedicine remains a work in progress.

An enhanced algorithm for improving real-time video transmission for tele-training education

Tele-training in surgical education has not been effectively implemented. There is a stringent need for a high transmission rate, reliability, throughput, and reduced distortion for high-quality video transmission in the real-time network. This work aims to propose a system that improves video quality during real-time surgical tele-training. The proposed approach aims to minimise the video frame's total distortion, ensuring better flow rate allocation and enhancing the video frames' reliability. The proposed system consists of a proposed algorithm for Enhancing Video Quality, Distorting Minimization, Bandwidth efficiency, and Reliability Maximization called (EVQDMBRM) algorithm. The proposed algorithm reduces the video frame's total distortion. In addition, it enhances the video quality in a real-time network by dynamically allocating the flow rate at the video source and maximizing the transmission reliability of the video frames. The result shows that the proposed EVQDMBRM algorithm improves the video quality with the minimized total distortion. Therefore, it improves the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) average by 51.13 dB against 47.28 dB in the existing systems. Furthermore, it reduces the video frames processing time average by 58.2 milliseconds (ms) against 76.1, and the end-to-end delay average by 114.57 ms against 133.58 ms comparing to the traditional methods. The proposed system concentrates on minimizing video distortion and improving the surgical video transmission quality by using an EVQDMBRM algorithm. It provides the mechanism to allocate the video rate at the source dynamically. Besides that, it minimizes the packet loss ratio and probing status, which estimates the available bandwidth.

Using Telemedicine to Care for the Asthma Patient

Purpose of Review

To review the data supporting the use of telemedicine (TM) and to provide practical guidance for practitioners to optimize the care of their asthmatic patients.

Recent Findings

Previous to the pandemic, TM was little used in various aspects of asthma care. Since the pandemic, TM has been increasingly used in new ways to care for asthma patients at various locations. In addition to direct-to-consumer visits for asthma care, other forms of telehealth visits have been increasing such as facilitated visits, asynchronous, remote patient monitoring, e-consults, and mHealth. Moreover, patient and provider satisfaction with the use of TM has been increasing and is comparable at times with face-to-face visits. In this review, best practices for starting a telemedicine asthma service with patients at home, distant clinic sites, and various other locations, including school-based asthma programs, are reviewed.

Summary

TM is a valuable adjunct to face-to-face visits for asthma care. Following the recommended best practices can strengthen the implementation of a telemedicine asthma program (TMAP) into clinical practice. Providers must be vigilant in keeping current with the various nuances required for asthma telemedicine care in preparation for the post-pandemic environment.

Digital Healthcare for Airway Diseases from Personal Environmental Exposure

Digital technologies have emerged in various dimensions of human life, ranging from education to professional services to well-being. In particular, health products and services have expanded by the use and development of artificial intelligence, mobile health applications, and wearable electronic devices. Such advancements have enabled accurate and updated tracking and modeling of health conditions. For instance, digital health technologies are capable of measuring environmental pollution and predicting its adverse health effects. Several health conditions, including chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, can be exacerbated by pollution. These diseases impose substantial health burdens with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, efforts have been made to develop digital technologies to alleviate such conditions. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has facilitated the application of telemedicine and telemonitoring for patients with chronic airway diseases. This article reviews current trends and studies in digital technology utilization for investigating and managing environmental exposure and chronic airway diseases. First, we discussed the recent progression of digital technologies in general environmental healthcare. Then, we summarized the capacity of digital technologies in predicting exacerbation and self-management of airway diseases. Concluding these reviews, we provided suggestions to improve digital health technologies' abilities to reduce the adverse effects of environmental exposure in chronic airway diseases, based on personal exposure-response modeling.

Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications

Regular hospital visits can be expensive, particularly in rural areas, due to travel costs. In the era of the Covid-19 Pandemic, where physical interaction becomes risky, people prefer telemedicine. Fortunately, medical visits can be reduced when telemedicine services are used through video conferencing or other virtual technologies. Thus, telemedicine saves both the patient's and the health care provider time and the cost of the treatment. Furthermore, due to its fast and advantageous characteristics, it can streamline the workflow of hospitals and clinics. This disruptive technology would make it easier to monitor discharged patients and manage their recovery. As a result, it is sufficient to state that telemedicine can create a win-win situation. This paper aims to explore the significant capabilities, features with treatment workflow, and barriers to the adoption of telemedicine in Healthcare. The paper identifies seventeen significant applications of telemedicine in Healthcare. Telemedicine is described as a medical practitioner to diagnose and treat patients in a remote area. Using health apps for scheduled follow-up visits makes doctors and patients more effective and improves the probability of follow-up, reducing missing appointments and optimising patient outcomes. Patients should have an accurate medical history and show the doctor any prominent rashes, bruises, or other signs that need attention through the excellent quality audio-video system. Further, practitioners need file management and a payment gateway system. Telemedicine technologies allow patients and doctors both to review the treatment process. However, this technology supplements physical consultation and is in no way a substitute for a physical consultation. Today this technology is a safe choice for patients who cannot go to the doctor or sit at home, especially during a pandemic.

THE IMPACT OF TELEMEDICINE AS A DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION ON ALLERGY/IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICE

BACKGROUND

Urban minority preschool children are disproportionately affected by asthma with increased asthma morbidity and mortality. It is important to understand how families manage asthma in preschool children in order to improve asthma control.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines family asthma management and asthma outcomes among a low-income urban minority population of Head Start preschool children.

METHODS

The Family Asthma Management System Scale (FAMSS) assesses how families manage a child's asthma. 388 caregivers completed the FAMSS at baseline. Asthma outcomes were assessed at baseline and prospectively at 6 months, including asthma control (based on the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids), courses of oral corticosteroids required, and caregiver health-related quality of life (Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ)). Multiple regression models assessed the relationship between the FAMSS Total Score, FAMSS subscales, and asthma outcomes.

RESULTS

Higher FAMSS Total scores were associated with fewer courses of oral corticosteroids required (b=-0.23, p<0.01) and higher PACQLQ scores (b=0.07, p<0.05). At baseline, higher Integration subscale scores (b=-0.19, p<0.05) were associated with fewer courses of oral corticosteroids required, and higher Family Response scores were associate with higher PACQLQ scores (b=0.06, p<0.05). However, higher Collaboration scores were associated with lower PACQLQ at baseline (b=-0.06, p<0.05) and 6 months (b=-0.07, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Among this population of low-income minority preschool children, understanding how a family manages their child's asthma may help identify gaps for education to possibly improve caregiver asthma-related quality of life and reduce courses of oral corticosteroids.

Keeping Pace with Adolescent Asthma: A Practical Approach to Optimizing Care

Known for their pre-occupation with body image, self-identity creation, peer acceptance, and risk-taking behaviors, adolescents with asthma face unique challenges. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease and accurate diagnosis requires assessment through detailed clinical history, examination, and objective tests. Diagnostic challenges exist as many adolescents can present with asthma-like symptoms but do not respond to asthma treatment and risk being mis-diagnosed. Under-recognition of asthma symptoms and denial of disease severity must also be addressed. The over-reliance on short-acting beta-agonists in the absence of anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma is now deemed unsafe. Adolescents with mild asthma benefit from symptom-driven treatment with combination inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) on an as-required basis. For those with moderate-to-persistent asthma requiring daily controller therapy, maintenance and reliever therapy using the same ICS-LABA controller simplifies treatment regimes, while serving to reduce exacerbation risk. A developmentally staged approach based on factors affecting asthma control in early, middle, and late adolescence enables better understanding of the individual's therapeutic needs. Biological, psychological, and social factors help formulate a risk assessment profile in adolescents with difficult-to-treat and severe asthma. Smoking increases risks of developing asthma symptoms, lung function deterioration, and asthma exacerbations. Morbidity associated with e-cigarettes or vaping calls for robust efforts towards smoking and vaping cessation and abstinence. As adolescents progress from child-centered to adult-oriented care, coordination and planning are required to improve their self-efficacy to ready them for transition. Frequent flare-ups of asthma can delay academic attainment and adversely affect social and physical development. In tandem with healthcare providers, community and schools can link up to help shoulder this burden, optimizing care for adolescents with asthma.

Challenges for asthma units in response to COVID-19: a qualitative group dynamics analysis

OBJECTIVE

To develop a set of recommendations for the management of severe asthma during COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Eleven pneumologists and allergologists who were staff members of officially accredited asthma units in Catalonia (Spain) participated in a cross-section study based on three 2-hour virtual workshops (first: brainstorming, second: identification of impacts and challenges summarized in 10 topics, third: establishment of final recommendations by consensus).

RESULTS

Impacts and challenges identified were improvement of referral protocols between different levels of care; assessment of the minimum number of function tests to be performed and promote the performance of spirometry in primary care; implementation of videoconferencing, mobile apps, telephone calls, or integral virtual platforms for the follow-up of patients, and definition of the model of care (face-to-face, telematics, mixed) according to the patient's individual needs; self-administration of biologics for domiciliary treatment; and empowerment of the role of nursing and hospital pharmacy in particular for follow-up and self-administration of biologics. The main recommendations included coordination between primary care and specialized care consultation, optimization of lung function testing, implementation of telemedicine, and the role of nursing and hospital pharmacy.

CONCLUSION

The specific proposals in response to the effect of COVID-19 pandemic focused on four areas of interest (coordination between primary care and specialized care, optimization of lung function testing, implementation of telemedicine, and empowerment of the role of nursing and hospital pharmacy) may be generalized to other health care settings, and help to introduce new ways of caring asthma patients in the COVID-19 context.

A Narrative Review of Factors Historically Influencing Telehealth Use across Six Medical Specialties in the United States

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, studies in the US have identified wide variations in telehealth use across medical specialties. This is an intriguing problem, because the US has historically lacked a standardized set of telehealth coverage and reimbursement policies, which has posed a barrier to telehealth use across all specialties. Although all medical specialties in the US have been affected by these macro (policy-level) barriers, some specialties have been able to integrate telehealth use into mainstream practice, while others are just gaining momentum with telehealth during COVID-19. Although the temporary removal of policy (coverage) restrictions during the pandemic has accelerated telehealth use, uncertainties remain regarding future telehealth sustainability. Since macro (policy-level) factors by themselves do not serve to explain the variation in telehealth use across specialties, it would be important to examine meso (organizational-level) and micro (individual-level) factors historically influencing telehealth use across specialties, to understand underlying reasons for variation and identify implications for widespread sustainability. This paper draws upon the existing literature to develop a conceptual framework on macro-meso-micro factors influencing telehealth use within a medical specialty. The framework is then used to guide a narrative review of the telehealth literature across six medical specialties, including three specialties with lower telehealth use (allergy-immunology, family medicine, gastroenterology) and three with higher telehealth use (psychiatry, cardiology, radiology) in the US, in order to synthesize themes and gain insights into barriers and facilitators to telehealth use. In doing so, this review addresses a gap in the literature and provides a foundation for future research. Importantly, it helps to identify implications for ensuring widespread sustainability of telehealth use in the post-pandemic future.

Uncontrolled Asthma: Unmet Needs in the Management of Patients

The recent scientific research has provided clinicians with the tools for substantially upgrading the standard of care in the field of bronchial asthma. Nevertheless, satisfactory asthma control still remains an unmet need worldwide. Identifying the major determinants of poor control in different asthma severity levels represents the first step towards the improvement of the overall patients' management. The present review aims to provide an overview of the main unmet needs in asthma control and of the potential tools for overcoming the issue. Implementing a personalized medicine approach is essential, not only in terms of pharmacological treatments, biologic drugs or sophisticated biomarkers. In fact, exploring the complex profile of each patient, from his inflammation phenotype to his preferences and expectations, may help in filling the gap between the big potential of currently available treatments and the overall unsatisfactory asthma control. Telemedicine and e-health technologies may provide a strategy to both optimize disease assessment on a regular basis and enhance patients' empowerment in managing their asthma. Increasing patients' awareness as well as the physicians' knowledge about asthma phenotypes and treatment options besides corticosteroid probably represent the key and more difficult goals of all the players involved in asthma management at every level.