Long-Term Follow-Up of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction after Planned Ventral Hernia: A 15-Year Experience

Abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) for post-trauma laparotomy ventral hernia and follow-up assessment of functional quality of life (QOL): experience of a level-1 trauma centre in India

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to examine the postoperative outcomes and follow-up QOL of patients after AWR at a level-1 trauma centre in India.

METHODS

The study cohort included AWR patients treated between January 2011 and July 2022. The Activities Assessment Scale (AAS) was used to measure QOL, and the Ventral Hernia Recurrence Inventory (VHRI) was used to determine the occurrence of recurrence. In patients suspected of having recurrence, thorough clinical examination and relevant imaging were performed to confirm or rule out recurrence.

RESULTS

Out of 89 patients, 35 patients whose complete perioperative and follow-up data were available were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 28 (SD, 9) years. The mean defect size was 14. 9 (SD, 7) cm. The mean time from laparotomy to AWR surgery was 21 months. During the postoperative course, 37% of patients developed complications, such as SSI and seroma. The mean follow-up time was 53 (SD, 43) months. Upon comparing procedures involving the mesh placed in the sublay position with procedures involving the mesh placed in other positions, no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate (one in each group, p = 0.99), surgical complication rate (33% v/s 66%, p = 0.6), or mean AAS QOL score (94.7 v/s 98, p = 0.4) was observed. The specificity of the VHRI for diagnosing recurrence was 79%.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the recurrence rate was low in these patients despite the presence of large hernia defects. Long-term QOL was not affected by the specific procedure used. Timely planning and execution are more important than the specific repair approach for post-trauma laparotomy ventral hernia.

The man, the myth, the method: an inside look at the open abdomen and abdominal wall reconstruction

Management of the open abdomen (or the abdomen that will not close) and subsequent abdominal wall reconstruction remains one of the most vexing situations for even the most experienced trauma surgeon. The contribution to the literature on this topic by Dr Timothy Fabian and the Memphis group at the Elvis Presley Trauma Center resulted in the contemporary recognition that the initial management as well as the long-term approach dictates optimal outcomes for patients with this problem. Over three decades, the Memphis group, under Dr Fabian's leadership, performed numerous clinical studies that led to the publication of multiple articles (including a step-by-step how-to manual) for managing the open abdomen from onset to closure. The purpose of this review is to survey the consecutive studies from Memphis specifically that led to the development of a simplified management scheme that has stood the test of time.

BMI: does it predict the need for component separation?

PURPOSE

Patient optimization and selecting the proper technique to repair large incisional hernias is a multifaceted challenge. Body mass index (BMI) is a modifiable variable that may infer higher intra-abdominal pressures and, thus, predict the need for component separation (CS) at the time of surgery, but no data exist to support this. This paper assesses if the ratio of anterior-posterior (AP): transverse (TRSV) abdominal diameter, from pre-operative CT imaging, indicates a larger proportion of intra-abdominal fat and correlates with a hernia defect requiring a component separation for successful tension-free closure.

METHODS

Ninety patients were identified who underwent either an open hernia repair with mesh by primary closure (N = 53) or who required a component separation at the time of surgery (N = 37). Pre-operative CT images were used to measure hernia defect width, AP abdominal diameter, and TRSV abdominal diameter. Quantitative data, nominal data, and logistic regression was used to determine predictors associated with surgical group categorization.

RESULTS

The average hernia defect widths for primary closure and CS were 7.7 ± 3.6 cm (mean ± SD) and 9.8 ± 4.5, respectively (p = 0.015). The average BMI for primary closure was 33.9 ± 7.2 and 33.8 ± 4.9 for those requiring CS (p = 0.924). The AP:TRSV diameter ratios for primary closure and CS were 0.41 ± 0.08 and 0.49 ± 0.10, respectively (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis including both defect width and AP:TRSV diameter ratio, only AP:TRSV diameter ratio predicted the need for a CS (p = 0.001) while BMI did not (p = 0.92).

CONCLUSION

Intraabdominal fat distribution measured by AP:TRSV abdominal diameter ratio correlates with successful tension-free fascial closure during incisional hernia repair, while BMI does not.

Botulinum Toxin in the Surgical Treatment of Complex Abdominal Hernias: A Surgical Anatomy Approach, Current Evidence and Outcomes

BACKGROUND/AIM

Abdominal wall hernias represent a common problem in surgical practice. A significant proportion of them entails large defects, often difficult to primarily close without advanced techniques. Injection of botulinum toxin preoperatively at specific points targeting lateral abdominal wall musculature has been recently introduced as an adjunct in achieving primary fascia closure rates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature search was conducted investigating the role of botulinum toxin in abdominal wall reconstruction focusing on anatomic repair of hernia defects.

RESULTS

Injecting botulinum toxin preoperatively achieved chemical short-term paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall muscles, enabling a tension-free closure of the midline, which according to anatomic and clinical studies should be the goal of hernia repair. No significant complications from botulinum injections for complex hernias were reported.

CONCLUSION

Botulinum is a significant adjunct to complex abdominal wall reconstruction. Further studies are needed to standardize protocols and create more evidence.

Computed Tomography Image Analysis in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Ventral hernias are a complex and costly burden to the health care system. Although preoperative radiologic imaging is commonly performed, the plethora of anatomic features present and available in routine imaging are seldomly quantified and integrated into patient selection, preoperative risk stratification, and perioperative planning. We herein aimed to critically examine the current state of computed tomography feature application in predicting surgical outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were reviewed under search syntax "computed tomography imaging" and "abdominal hernia" for papers published between 2000 and 2020.

Results

Of the initial 1922 studies, 12 papers met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most frequently used radiologic features were hernia volume (n = 9), subcutaneous fat volume (n = 5), and defect size (n = 8). Outcomes included both complications and need for surgical intervention. Median area under the curve (AUC) and odds ratio were 0.68 (±0.16) and 1.12 (±0.39), respectively. The best predictive feature was hernia neck ratio > 2.5 (AUC 0.903).

Conclusions

Computed tomography feature selection offers hernia surgeons an opportunity to identify, quantify, and integrate routinely available morphologic tissue features into preoperative decision-making. Despite being in its early stages, future surgeons and researchers will soon be able to integrate 3D volumetric analysis and complex machine learning and neural network models to improvement patient care.

How soon is too soon?: Optimal timing of split-thickness skin graft following polyglactin 910 mesh closure of the open abdomen

BACKGROUND

Various management strategies exist for the abdomen that will not close. At our institution, these patients are managed with polyglactin 910 mesh followed 14 days later (LATE) by split-thickness skin graft (STSG) or, in some cases, earlier (EARLY, <14 days), if the wound is judged to be adequately granulated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of STSG timing for wounds felt ready for grafting on STSG failure.

METHODS

Consecutive patients over a 3-year period managed with polyglactin 910 mesh followed by STSG were identified. Patient characteristics, severity of injury and shock, time to STSG, and outcomes, including STSG failure, were recorded and compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of graft failure.

RESULTS

Sixty-one patients were identified: 31 EARLY and 30 LATE. There was no difference in severity of injury or shock between the groups. Split-thickness skin graft failure occurred in 11 patients (9 EARLY vs. 2 LATE, p < 0.0001). Time to STSG was significantly less in patients with graft failure (11 days vs. 15 days, p = 0.012). In fact, after adjusting for age, injury severity, severity of shock, and time to STSG, multivariable logistic regression identified EARLY STSG (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.8, p = 0.020) as the only independent predictor of graft failure.

CONCLUSION

Appearance of the open abdomen can be misleading during the first 2 weeks following polyglactin 910 mesh placement. EARLY STSG was the only modifiable risk factor associated with graft failure. Thus, for optimal results, STSG should be delayed at least 14 days after polyglactin 910 mesh placement.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic study, level IV.

Pre-operative CT scan measurements for predicting complications in patients undergoing complex ventral hernia repair using the component separation technique

Background

The component separation technique (CST) is considered an excellent technique for complex ventral hernia repair. However, postoperative infectious complications and reherniation rates are significant. Risk factor analysis for postoperative complication and reherniation has focused mostly on patient history and co-morbidity and shows equivocal results. The use of abdominal morphometrics derived from CT scans to assist in risk assessment seems promising. The aim of this study is to determine the predictability of reherniation and surgical site infections (SSI) using pre-operative CT measurements.

Methods

Electronic patient records were searched for patients who underwent CST between 2000 and 2013 and had a pre-operative CT scan available. Visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV), loss of domain (LOD), rectus thickness and width (RT, RW), abdominal volume, hernia sac volume, total fat volume (TFV), sagittal distance (SD) and waist circumference (WC) were measured or calculated. Relevant variables were entered in multivariate regression analysis to determine their effect on reherniation and SSI as separate outcomes.

Results

Sixty-five patients were included. VFV (p = 0.025, OR = 1.65) was a significant predictor regarding reherniation. Hernia sac volume (p = 0.020, OR = 2.10) and SFV per 1000 cm³ (p = 0.034, OR = 0.26) were significant predictors of SSI.

Conclusion

Visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume and hernia sac volume derived from CT scan measurements may be used to predict reherniation and SSI in patients undergoing complex ventral hernia repair using CST. These findings may aid in optimizing patient-tailored preoperative risk assessment.

"Complex abdominal wall" management: evidence-based guidelines of the Italian Consensus Conference

To date, there is no shared consensus on a definition of a complex abdominal wall in elective surgery and in the emergency, on indications, technical details, complications, and follow-up. The purpose of the conference was to lay the foundations for a homogeneous approach to the complex abdominal wall with the primary intent being to attain the following objectives: (1) to develop evidence-based recommendations to define “complex abdominal wall”; (2) indications in emergency and in elective cases; (3) management of “complex abdominal wall”; (4) techniques for temporary abdominal closure. The decompressive laparostomy should be considered in a case of abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with critical conditions or after the failure of a medical treatment or less invasive methods. In the second one, beyond different mechanism, patients with surgical emergency diseases might reach the same pathophysiological end point of trauma patients where a preventive “open abdomen” might be indicated (a temporary abdominal closure: in the case of a non-infected field, the Wittmann patch and the NPWT had the best outcome followed by meshes; in the case of an infected field, NPWT techniques seem to be the preferred). The second priority is to create optimal both general as local conditions for healing: the right antimicrobial management, feeding—preferably by the enteral route—and managing correctly the open abdomen wall. The use of a mesh appears to be—if and when possible—the gold standard. There is a lot of enthusiasm about biological meshes. But the actual evidence supports their use only in contaminated or potentially contaminated fields but above all, to reduce the higher rate of recurrences, the wall anatomy and function should be restored in the midline, with or without component separation technique. On the other site has not to be neglected that the use of monofilament and macroporous non-absorbable meshes, in extraperitoneal position, in the setting of the complex abdomen with contamination, seems to have a cost effective role too. The idea of this consensus conference was mainly to try to bring order in the so copious, but not always so “evident” literature utilizing and exchanging the expertise of different specialists.

Components Separation for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in the Recalcitrant, High-Comorbidity Patient: A Review of 311 Single-Surgeon Cases

PURPOSE

Components separation of the abdominal musculature remains a mainstay for closure of complicated midline and paramedian abdominal wall defects. The authors critically analyzed their experience with this technique to identify prognosticators affecting long-term clinical outcomes.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing components separation by a single senior surgeon (J.M.R.) between 2000 and 2010. Numerous perioperative patient characteristics were collected and analyzed to determine their effects on long-term clinical outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict hernia recurrence and other adverse clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 311 patients were identified (male, 51.1%). Mean age was 53.1 ± 14.0 years, preoperative body mass index was 33.1 ± 8.2 kg/m, and defect width was 11.4 ± 7.5 cm. Patients who had prior hernia repair were 97.4%, with 38.3% having prior mesh placement. Average follow-up was 2.9 ± 2.4 years. Overall hernia recurrence rate was 18.3%. Postoperative complications included seroma (9.3%), superficial wound infection (9.0%), skin dehiscence (4.82%), hematoma (3.2%), deep vein thrombos or pulmonary emolbus (3.2%), and skin flap ischemia (1.0%). Respiratory comorbidity (odds ratio, [OR], 2.02; P < 0.029), prior failed mesh repair (OR, 1.86; P < 0.045), and occurrence of any postoperative complication (OR, 2.02; P < 0.034) significantly increased the risk of eventual hernia recurrence. Preoperative body mass index was not associated with hernia recurrence (P < 0.351) or increased incidence of any aforementioned postoperative complications.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a comprehensive review of one of the largest single-surgeon experiences using components separation to date. Patients with respiratory comorbidities, prior failed mesh repair, and the occurrence of any postoperative complication are at significantly increased risk for hernia recurrence.

Abdominal Wall Expanding System Obviates the Need for Lateral Release in Giant Incisional Hernia and Laparostoma

BACKGROUND

In large incisional hernias and after laparostoma midline closure may be impossible. A novel abdominal wall expander system (AWEX) is proposed and evaluated.

METHODS

In patients with large incisional hernias and laparostoma where primary midline closure was impossible, AWEX was used. Patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction using AWEX between May 2012 and December 2015 were included. Intraoperative the abdominal wall was stretched by attaching the midline fascia borders to a retraction system under tension for 30 minutes. Length and width of the hernia defect were measured in preoperative computed tomography. Width gain after AWEX procedure, operative time, morbidity, and presence of remaining midline gap was evaluated. Patients were followed for hernia recurrence.

RESULTS

Ten patients with incisional hernias (N = 4) and grafted laparostoma (N = 6) underwent abdominal wall reconstruction using AWEX. Median (interquartile range) length and width of the hernia defect was 18.0 (15.0-20.5) and 12.0 (11.8-13.3) cm. Width gain after AWEX was 8.5 (8.0-10.5) cm. Operative time was 270 (135-379) minutes. The major morbidity was 20%. In 4 patients a gap of 4 (4-5) cm was bridged by intraperitoneal onlay mesh. After a median follow-up of 21 (7-36) months no hernia recurrence was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Stretching of the abdominal wall that has been shown successful using progressive restressed retention sutures and progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum is reduced from days and weeks to 30 minutes in AWEX. AWEX is a promising alternative to component separation in repair of large incisional hernias. After refinement of the system prospective evaluation is required.

Long-term results of retromuscular hernia repair: a single center experience

INTRODUCTION

Incisional hernia (IH) is one of the most frequent postoperative complications after abdominal surgery. There are multiple surgical techniques described for IH repair. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of primary fascial closure on long-term results in retromuscular hernia repair (RHR) for incisional hernias.

METHODS

A total of 132 patients underwent RHR for IH were included in our study. 109 patients were evaluated in 2009 and 55 patients in 2015 for short and long-term results.

RESULTS

Among 132 patients perfromed RHR, fascia was closed in 107 (81%) and left open in 25 (19%) patients. The mean age of patients was 57.9 ± 11.8 years. Average mesh area was 439.8 ± 194.6 cm², hernia area was 112 ± 77.5 cm² and open area after repair was 40.8 ± 43.3 cm². Mean follow-up of 104 patients regarding postoperative complications evaluated in 2009 was 30.7 ± 14.1 months. Recurrent IH was observed in 6 (4.5%) patients according to data collected in 2009. Long-term results were; mean follow-up period was 91 ± 20.2 months (20-112 months) and recurrent IH was observed in 4 (7.3%) patients.

CONCLUSION

Retromuscular repair for incisional hernia regardless of the fascial closure gives high patient satisfaction, less recurrence rates and complications in long-term follow-up.

International consensus conference on open abdomen in trauma

BACKGROUND

A part of damage-control laparotomy is to leave the fascial edges and the skin open to avoid abdominal compartment syndrome and allow further explorations. This condition, known as open abdomen (OA), although effective, is associated with severe complications. Our aim was to develop evidence-based recommendations to define indications for OA, techniques for temporary abdominal closure, management of enteric fistulas, and methods of definitive wall closure.

METHODS

The literature from 1990 to 2014 was systematically screened according to PRISMA [Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses] protocol. Seventy-six articles were reviewed by a panel of experts to assign grade of recommendations (GoR) and level of evidence (LoE) using the GRADE [Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation] system, and an international consensus conference was held.

RESULTS

OA in trauma is indicated at the end of damage-control laparotomy, in the presence of visceral swelling, for a second look in vascular injuries or gross contamination, in the case of abdominal wall loss, and if medical treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome has failed (GoR B, LoE II). Negative-pressure wound therapy is the recommended temporary abdominal closure technique to drain peritoneal fluid, improve nursing, and prevent fascial retraction (GoR B, LoE I). Lack of OA closure within 8 days (GoR C, LoE II), bowel injuries, high-volume replacement, and use of polypropylene mesh over the bowel (GoR C, LoE I) are risk factors for frozen abdomen and fistula formation. Negative-pressure wound therapy allows to isolate the fistula and protect the surrounding tissues from spillage until granulation (GoR C, LoE II). Correction of fistula is performed after 6 months to 12 months. Definitive closure of OA has to be obtained early (GoR C, LoE I) with direct suture, traction devices, component separation with or without mesh. Biologic meshes are an option for wall reinforcement if bacterial contamination is present (GoR C, LoE II).

CONCLUSION

OA and negative-pressure techniques improve the care of trauma patients, but closure must be achieved early to avoid complications.

Open repair of large abdominal wall hernias with and without components separation; an analysis from the ACS-NSQIP database

Background

Components separation technique emerged several years ago as a novel procedure to improve durability of repair for ventral abdominal hernias. Almost twenty-five years since its initial description, little comprehensive risk adjusted data exists on the morbidity of this procedure. This study is the largest analysis to date of short-term outcomes for these cases.

Methods

The ACS-NSQIP database identified open ventral or incisional hernia repairs with components separation from 2005 to 2012. A data set of cohorts without this technique, matched for preoperative risk factors and operative characteristics, was developed for comparison. A comprehensive risk-adjusted analysis of outcomes and morbidity was performed.

Results

A total of 68,439 patients underwent open ventral hernia repair during the study period (2245 with components separation performed (3.3%) and 66,194 without). In comparison with risk-adjusted controls, use of components separation increased operative duration (additional 83 min), length of stay (6.4 days vs. 3.8 days, p < 0.001), return to the OR rate (5.9% vs. 3.6%, p < 0.001), and 30-day morbidity (10.1% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.001) with no increase in mortality (0.0% in each group).

Conclusions

Components separation technique for large incisional hernias significantly increases length of stay and postoperative morbidity. Novel strategies to improve short-term outcomes are needed with continued use of this technique.

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The repair of large abdominal wall hernias is more frequently performed using components separation.

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While this technique appears to reduce recurrence, morbidity has not been previously studied.

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When compared to a large cohort, components separation has a higher complication rate than traditional open hernia repair.

Open abdomen in trauma patients: a double-edged sword

The use of open abdomen (OA) as a technique in the treatment of exsanguinating trauma patients was first described in the mid-19(th) century. Since the 1980s, OA has become a relatively new and increasingly common strategy to manage massive trauma and abdominal catastrophes. OA has been proven to help reduce the mortality of trauma. Nevertheless, the OA method may be associated with terrible and devastating complications such as enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF). As a result, OA should not be overused, and attention should be given to critical care as well as special management. The temporary abdominal closure (TAC) technique after abbreviated laparotomy was used to improve wound healing and facilitate final fascial closure of OA. Negative pressure therapy (NPT) is the most commonly used TAC method.

Outcomes following placement of non-cross-linked porcine-derived acellular dermal matrix in complex ventral hernia repair

Repair of complex ventral hernias frequently results in postoperative complications. This study assessed postoperative outcomes in a consecutive cohort of patients with ventral hernias who underwent herniorrhaphy using components separation techniques and reinforcement with non–cross-linked intact porcine-derived acellular dermal matrix (PADM) performed by a single surgeon between 2008 and 2012. Postoperative outcomes of interest included incidence of seroma, wound infection, deep-vein thrombosis, bleeding, and hernia recurrence determined via clinical examination. Of the 47 patients included in the study, 25% were classified as having Ventral Hernia Working Group grade 1 risk, 62% as grade 2, 2% as grade 3, and 11% as grade 4; 49% had undergone previous ventral hernia repair. During a mean follow-up of 31 months, 3 patients experienced hernia recurrence, and 9 experienced other postoperative complications: 4 (9%) experienced deep-vein thrombosis; 3 (6%), seroma; 2 (4%), wound infection; and 2 (4%), bleeding. The use of PADM reinforcement following components separation resulted in low rates of postoperative complications and hernia recurrence in this cohort of patients undergoing ventral hernia repair.

Planned ventral hernia following damage control laparotomy in trauma: an added year of recovery but equal long-term outcome

PURPOSE

Significantly injured trauma patients commonly require damage control laparotomy (DCL). These patients undergo either primary fascial closure during the index hospitalization or are discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Hospital and long-term outcomes of these patients have not been extensively studied.

METHODS

Patients who underwent DCL for trauma from 2003 to 2012 at a regional Level I trauma center were identified and a comparison was made between those who had primary fascial closure and planned ventral hernia.

RESULTS

DCL was performed in 154 patients, 47% of whom sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age and injury severity score (ISS) were 40 and 25, respectively. Hospital mortality was 19%. Primary fascial closure was performed in 115 (75%) of those undergoing DCL during the index hospitalization. Of these, 11 (9%) had reopening of the fascia. Of the surviving patients, 22 (19%) never had primary fascial closure and were discharged with a planned ventral hernia. Patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia were similar in age, gender, ISS, and mechanism. Those with planned ventral hernias underwent more subsequent laparotomies (3.0 vs. 1.3, p < 0.001), and had more enteric fistulas (18.2 vs. 4.3%, p = 0.041) and intra-abdominal infections (46 vs. 15%, p = 0.007), and had a greater number of hospital days (38 vs. 25, p = 0.007) during the index hospitalization. Sixteen (73%) patients with a planned ventral hernia had definitive reconstruction (mean days = 266). Once definitive abdominal wall closure was achieved, the two groups achieved similar rates of return to work and usual activity (71 vs. 70%, p = NS).

CONCLUSIONS

Following DCL for trauma, patients with a planned ventral hernia have definitive reconstruction nearly 9 months after the initial injury. Once definitive abdominal wall closure has been achieved; patients with primary fascial closure and those with planned ventral hernia have similar rates of return to usual activity.

Posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release successfully addresses recurrent ventral hernias following anterior component separation

PURPOSE

Anterior component separation (ACS) with external oblique release for ventral hernia repair has a recurrence rate up to 32%. Hernia recurrence after prior ACS represents a complex surgical challenge. In this context, we report our experience utilizing posterior component separation with transversus abdominis muscle release (PCS/TAR) and retromuscular mesh reinforcement.

METHODS

Patients with a history of recurrent hernia following ACS repaired with PCS/TAR were retrospectively identified from prospective databases collected at two large academic institutions. Patient demographics, hernia characteristics (using CT scan) and outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients with a history of ACS developed 22 (76%) midline, 3 (10%) lateral and 4 (14%) concomitant recurrences. Contamination was present in 11 (38%) of cases. All were repaired utilizing a PCS/TAR with retromuscular mesh placement (83% synthetic, 17% biologic) and fascial closure. Wound morbidity consisted of 13 (45%) surgical site occurrences including 8 (28%) surgical site infections. Five (17%) patients required 90-day readmission, and two (7%) were related to wound morbidity. One organ space infection with frank spillage of stool resulted in the only instance of mesh excision. This case also represents the only instance of recurrence (3%) with a mean follow-up of 11 (range 3-36) months.

CONCLUSION

Patients with a history of an ACS who develop a recurrence represent a challenging clinical scenario with limited options for surgical repair. A PCS/TAR hernia repair achieves acceptable outcomes and may in fact be the best approach available.

Can't have one without the other: component separation plus mesh for repairing difficult incisional hernias

BACKGROUND

Incisional hernia recurrence after repair continues to be a persistent complication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between patient-specific factors, surgeon-specific factors, and hernia recurrence in patients undergoing repair of an incisional hernia in whom the component separation technique was used.

METHODS

All patients undergoing incisional herniorrhaphy with component separation from October 2006 to May 2013 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and factors related to mesh implantation. Computed tomography images were used to evaluate the size of the hernia and dimensions of the linea alba.

RESULTS

The 85 patients were followed for a mean of 14.4 months, and 12 (14.1%) recurrent hernias were diagnosed. More than 91% of the herniorrhaphies were performed after a previous repair failed. The recurrence rate decreased to 11.1% when, in addition to the component separation, a mesh was used to reinforce the repair. There were no differences between the group who developed a recurrence and those who did not in terms of sex, age, race, body mass index, preoperative comorbidities, or type of mesh used.

CONCLUSION

In this case series of complex abdominal wall herniorrhaphies using component separation, the recurrence rate was 14.1% overall and 11.1% when a mesh was used to reinforce the repair. Recurrent hernia was not associated with patient demographics, comorbidities, thickness or width of the linea alba, presence of a contaminated wound, or postoperative surgical-site occurrences.

Large and complex ventral hernia repair using "components separation technique" without mesh results in a high recurrence rate

BACKGROUND

Recurrence rates after component separation technique (CST) are low in the literature but may be underestimated because of inadequate follow-up methods.

METHODS

Prospective patient follow-up was performed of consecutive patients who underwent repair of large and complex ventral hernias using CST without mesh utilization. Primary outcome was recurrent hernia determined by clinical examination at least 1 year after surgery in all living patients. Current literature underwent meta-analysis regarding outcomes and mode of follow-up.

RESULTS

Seventy-five patients were included with a mean age of 52.2 years and a mean defect size of 214.9 cm(2), respectively. Twenty-nine patients (38.7%) had a recurrent hernia after a mean of 40.9-month follow-up, and this was significantly higher than in the literature (14.0%, P < .01). Sixty-four percent of studies in the literature were unclear about the method of determining recurrent hernia or included telephone follow-up and questionnaires.

CONCLUSIONS

CST coincides with a high recurrence rate when clinical follow-up is longer than a year. Reported recurrence rates are probably underestimated because the method and duration of follow-up are inadequate.

Predicting abdominal closure after component separation for complex ventral hernias: maximizing the use of preoperative computed tomography

BACKGROUND

Component separation techniques (CSTs) have allowed for midline fascial reapproximation in large midline ventral hernias. In certain cases, however, fascial apposition is not feasible, resulting in a bridged repair that is suboptimal. Previous estimates on myofascial advancement are based on hernia location and do not take into account variability between patients. Examination of preoperative computed tomography (CT) may provide insight into these variabilities and may allow for prediction of abdominal closure with CST.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent abdominal wall reconstruction from 2007 to 2012 with CST. Preoperative CT was obtained, and specific parameters were analyzed using image analysis software. Logistic regression was used to predict ideal operative closure. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for age and sex. An a priori value was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Fifty-four patients met the criteria and had preoperative CT available for analysis. Forty-eight patients had fascial reapproximation achieved, whereas 6 patients had a bridged repair. Age, sex, weight, and body mass index were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Significant differences were seen between groups in 3 variables: transverse defect size (19.8 vs 10 cm, P < 0.05), defect area (420 vs 184.2 cm, P < 0.05), and percent abdominal wall defect (18.9% vs 10.6%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative determination of abdominal wall defect ratios and hernia defect areas may represent a more accurate method to predict abdominal wall closure after CST. Predicting midline approximation after CST is critical because outcomes after bridged repair can result in higher recurrence rates.

Risk factors associated with early failure in complex abdominal wall reconstruction: a 5 year single surgeon experience

Complex abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) is commonly performed, but with a significant rate of surgical complications and hernia recurrence. The aim of this experiential review is to assess risk factors for hernia recurrence after complex AWR. A retrospective review of AWR patients from 2007-2012 was performed. Rates of hernia recurrence were assessed. Univariate analyses and subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess independent predictors of early hernia recurrence. One hundred and thirty-four consecutive cases of AWR were performed over a 5-year period. Hernia recurrence developed in 14 (10.4%) patients. Hernias derived from trauma (OR = 19.76, p = 0.011) and those who experienced postoperative wound infections (OR = 18.81, p = 0.004) were at increased risk for hernia recurrence. In conclusion, increased vigilance must be paid to patients presenting after trauma with massive loss of domain and those who experience postoperative infection, as these cohorts are at added risk for failed reconstruction.

Open Abdomen Treatment for Septic Patients with Gastrointestinal Fistula: From Fistula Control to Definitive Closure

The use of open abdomen in the management of gastrointestinal fistula complicated with severe intra-abdominal infection is uncommon. This study was designed to evaluate outcomes of our staged approach for the infected open abdomen. Patients who had gastrointestinal fistula and underwent open abdomen treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Various materials such as polypropylene mesh and a modified sandwich package were used to achieve temporary abdominal closure followed by skin grafting when the granulation bed matured. A delayed definitive operation was performed for final abdominal closure without implant of prosthetic mesh. Between 1999 and 2009, 56 (68.3%) of 82 patients survived through this treatment. Among them, 42 patients achieved final abdominal closure. Spontaneous fistula closure occurred in 16 patients with secondary fistula recorded in six patients. Besides, wound complications occurred in 13 patients with two cases for pulmonary infection. Within a 12-month follow-up period after definitive closure, no additional fistula was recorded excluding planned ventral hernia repair. Open abdomen treatment was effective for gastrointestinal fistula complicated by severe intra-abdominal infection. A delayed and deliberate operative strategy aiming at fistula excision and fascial closure, with simultaneous abdominal wall reconstruction, was required for the infected open abdomen.

Abdominal wall reconstruction in the obese: an assessment of complications from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program datasets

BACKGROUND

This study utilizes the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to better understand the impact of obesity on perioperative surgical morbidity in abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR).

METHODS

We reviewed the 2005 to 2010 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program databases, identifying cases of AWR and examining early complications in the context of obesity (body mass index > 30, World Health Organization classes 1 to 3).

RESULTS

Of 1,695 patients undergoing AWR, 1,078 (63.2%) patients were obese (mean body mass index = 37.6 kg/m(2)). Major surgical complications (15.3% vs 10.1%, P = .003), wound complications (12.5% vs 8.1%, P = .006), medical complications (16.2% vs 11.2%, P = .005) and return to the operating room (9.1% vs 5.4%, P = .006) were significantly increased, while renal complications (1.9% vs .8%, P = .09) neared significance. On logistic regression, obesity only directly led to a significantly increased odds of having a renal complication (odds ratio = 4.4, P = .04). Complications were still noted to increase with World Health Organization classification, including a concerning incidence of venous thromboembolism.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the incidence of complications increased with obesity, obesity itself does not appear to increase the odds of perioperative morbidity. Specific care should be given to VTE prophylaxis and to preventing renal complications.

Staged management of the open abdomen and enteroatmospheric fistulae using split-thickness skin grafts

BACKGROUND

Management of the open abdomen with polyglactin 910 mesh followed by split-thickness skin grafts allows safe, early closure of abdominal wounds. This technique can be modified to manage enteroatmospheric fistulae. Staged ventral hernia is performed in a less inflamed surgical field.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed of 59 consecutive patients who underwent abdominal skin grafting for open abdominal wounds from 2001 to 2011.

RESULTS

The median length of follow-up was 215 days. Thirty-one percent of patients presented with preexisting enteroatmospheric fistulae, and 41% required polyglactin 910 mesh placement before skin grafting. Partial or complete skin graft failure occurred in 7 patients. Four patients required repeat skin grafting. All patients ultimately achieved abdominal wound closure, and none developed de novo fistulae.

CONCLUSIONS

With proper technique, skin grafting of the open abdomen with a planned ventral hernia repair is a safe and effective alternative to delayed primary closure.

Multilayer myofascial-mesh repair for giant midline incisional hernias: a novel advantageous combination of old and new techniques

BACKGROUND

The components separation technique has been proposed as the best solution when facing large abdominal wall defects. In counterpart, this sometimes comes at the price of high rates of wound complications and recurrence. Moreover, the components separation method alone seems insufficient for huge defects, in which it is impossible to reapproximate the rectus muscles without tension. For these cases, we illustrate a novel operation using a modified components separation technique.

METHODS

Twenty-eight patients with giant midline incisional hernias were treated with a combination of the components separation (bilateral sliding rectus abdominis advancement flaps), an autologous multilayer repair, and a retromuscular mesh reinforcement.

RESULTS

Twenty-four (85%) patients have been analyzed. Transverse defect size ranged from 15 to 25 cm (average, 18.8 cm). Wound complications occurred in nine (37%) cases; three of them required drainage of a subcutaneous abscess. After a mean follow-up of 22 (range, 12-48) months, one (4%) recurrence was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Multilayer myofascial-mesh repair was associated with a low recurrence rate, and wound complications were managed without issues. This approach is a reliable technique for most surgeons and may constitute a new part of the armamentarium for the repair of challenging defects.

Damage control abdomen: single-stage reconstruction using a vicryl mesh buttress

PURPOSE

Damage control laparotomy has become an accepted approach for patients with life-threatening abdominal conditions. This method compromises fascial integrity creating functionally and aesthetically debilitating hernias. The purpose of this study is to present our technique and outcomes with these complex abdominal wall reconstructions.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted on 56 patients with previous damage control laparotomies who underwent elective single-stage abdominal wall reconstruction between 1999 and 2006. Mean age was 42 years. Reconstruction consisted of a double-layer, subfascial Vicryl mesh buttress, combined with components separation and rectus muscle turnover flaps. Hernia recurrence and function were evaluated by clinical examinations and telephone surveys.

RESULTS

The major etiologies of abdominal hernias were gunshot wounds, motor vehicle accidents or blunt trauma, and sepsis or perforated bowel. The mean abdominal wall defect was 865 cm, and the average interval time to definitive repair was 17 months. The average length of follow-up was 29 months. Most patients (88%) had successful repair of their abdominal wall, with no hernia recurrence. There were 7 cases of hernia. Of these, 2 cases were from reopening of abdomen because of compartment syndrome that was not repaired, 3 were small asymptomatic hernias for which patients elected not to undergo further repair. Other complications include superficial skin dehiscence, all of which healed secondarily with daily wound care 12% (7 patients) and abdominal compartment syndrome 7.1% (4 patients), resulting in 2 postoperative mortalities in the initial part of the series. There were no mesh exposures, seromas, or fistulas. In all, 29% or 52% of patients were reached by telephone. Of those, 90% surveyed and who worked full-time prior to injury returned to their jobs, and 92% were functioning at premorbid activity levels.

CONCLUSION

Massive abdominal hernia following damage control laparotomy poses a great challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. This patient population is at significant risk for mortality and morbidity. We believe the use of a Vicryl mesh buttress is an important adjunctive tool in complex abdominal wall reconstruction. Functional results are excellent with most returning to work and preinjury activity levels.

Open abdominal management after damage-control laparotomy for trauma: a prospective observational American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study

BACKGROUND

We conducted a prospective observational multi-institutional study to examine the natural history of the open abdomen (OA) after trauma and identify risk factors for failure to achieve definitive primary fascial closure (DPC) after OA use in trauma.

METHODS

Adults requiring OA for trauma were enrolled during a 2-year period. Demographics, presentation, and management variables were used to compare primary fascial closure and non-primary fascial closure patients, with logistic regression used to identify independent risk factors for failure to achieve primary fascial closure.

RESULTS

A total of 572 patients from 14 American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma centers were enrolled. The majority were male (79%), mean (SD) age 39 (17) years. Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 15 or greater in 85% of patients and 84% had an abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of 3 or greater. Overall mortality was 23%. Initial primary fascial closure with unaltered native fascia was achieved in 379 patients (66%). Patients surviving at least 48 hours were grouped into those achieving DPC and those who did not achieve DPC after OA use. After logistic regression, independent risk factors for failure to achieve DPC included the number of reexplorations required (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-1.6; p < 0.001) the development of intra-abdominal abscess/sepsis (AOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.8; p = 0.011) bloodstream infection (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; p = 0.017), acute renal failure (AOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; p = 0.007), enteric fistula (AOR, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.2-32.8; p = 0.010) and ISS of greater than 15 (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.9; p = 0.037).

CONCLUSION

Our study identifies independent risk factors associated with failure to achieve primary fascial closure during initial hospitalization after OA use for trauma. Additional study is required to validate appropriate algorithms that optimize the opportunity to achieve primary fascial closure and outcomes in this population.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic study, level III.

Reconstruction of Complex Abdominal Wall Defects

Complex abdominal wall defects refer to situations where simple ventral hernia repair is not feasible because the defect is very large, there is a concomitant infection or failed previous repair attempt, or if there is not enough original skin to cover the repair. Usually a complex abdominal wall repair is preceded by a period of temporary abdominal closure where the short-term aims include closure of the catabolic drain, protection of the viscera and preventing fistula formation, preventing bowel adherence to the abdominal wall, and enabling future fascial and skin closure. Currently the best way to achieve these goals is the vacuum- and mesh-mediated fascial traction method achieving close to 90% fascial closure rates. The long-term aims of an abdominal closure following a planned hernia strategy include intact skin cover, fascial closure at midline (if possible), good functional outcome with innervated abdominal musculature, no pain and good cosmetic result. The main methods of abdominal wall reconstruction include the use of prosthetic (mesh) or autologous material (tissue flaps). In patients with original skin cover over the fascial defect (simple ventral hernia), the most commonly used method is hernia repair with an artificial mesh. For more complex defects, our first choice of reconstruction is the component separation technique, sometimes combined with a mesh. In contaminated fields where component separation alone is not feasible, a combination with a biological mesh can be used. In large defects with grafted skin, a free TFL flap is the best option, sometimes reinforced with a mesh and enhanced with components separation.

Evaluation of ultrasound for identification of abdominal wall myofascial components by novice learners

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive components separation (MICS) is believed to decrease wound complications by reducing local tissue damage and eliminating the interruption of blood supply to the overlying skin and soft tissue. One drawback to the MICS technique is the difficulty with identifying the correct location for entry into the anterior abdominal wall. We believe that ultrasound can be used to visually assist identification of the correct surgical entry site (the avascular space between the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles, lateral to the linea semilunaris).

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess if novices can readily learn an ultrasound technique for identifying abdominal wall myofascial components via a video education tool.

METHODS

This research was an institutional review board-approved, prospective, observational study. Ten surgical residents were asked to watch a 1-min training video containing basic instructions on ultrasound technique for identifying the myofascial anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall. After watching the educational video, the subjects were asked to identify the linea semilunaris first by external anatomy, then by ultrasound. A grader, blinded to the identification of the subject, recorded if the subject correctly identified the location of the linea semilunaris by each method (external anatomy only versus ultrasound guided).

RESULTS

Ten subjects were evaluated. Nine of ten (90 %) subjects correctly identified the linea semilunaris with ultrasound. Only three of ten (30 %) subjects correctly identified the linea semilunaris by physical exam.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound technology can aid in identification of the abdominal wall musculofascial units in MICS and be easily taught via short video instruction to novices with excellent results. Further studies will be necessary to prove that ultrasound use can decrease complications associated with entry into the appropriate avascular space between the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles, lateral to the linea semilunaris.

Abdominal wall reconstruction: a case series of ventral hernia repair using the component separation technique with biologic mesh

BACKGROUND

Sixty-eight consecutive patients from October 2008 until February 2012 were selected for this retrospective review.

METHODS

A midline fascial closure with component separation was completed using biologic mesh onlay in all cases. Recurrence rates of the hernias, complication rates, patient satisfaction, and time to return to work/normal activities were investigated.

RESULTS

The recurrence rate was 1.5% (n = 65) with ongoing follow-ups (mean = 20 months). The average age was 57 years, and the average body mass index was 36 kg/m(2) (range 22 to 60). The average hernia defect was 20 cm (range 12 to 26) transversely. Wound infection and/or breakdown occurred in 32%, and seroma formation occurred in 9% of patients. Patient satisfaction was 3.63 of 4. The average time to return to work/normal activities was 16 weeks (range 1 to 76 weeks).

CONCLUSIONS

Large complex ventral hernias can be reliably repaired using the component separation technique. The short-term recurrence rate is significantly reduced in this case series using a biologic mesh onlay.

Biologic grafts for ventral hernia repair: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Biologic grafts hold promise of a durable repair for ventral hernias with the potential for fewer complications than synthetic mesh. This systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of biologic grafts for ventral hernia repair.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies on biologic grafts for the repair of ventral hernias. Outcomes are presented as weighted pooled proportions.

RESULTS

Twenty-five retrospective studies were included. Recurrence depended on wound class, with an overall rate of 13.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6-21.3). The recurrence rate in contaminated/dirty repairs was 23.1% (95% CI, 11.3-37.6). Abdominal wall laxity occurred in 10.5% (95% CI, 3.7-20.3) of patients. The surgical morbidity rate was 46.3% (95% CI, 33.3-59.6). Infection occurred in 15.9% (95% CI, 9.8-23.2) of patients but only led to graft removal in 4.9% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

No randomized trials are available to properly evaluate biologic grafts for ventral hernia repair. The current evidence suggests that biologic grafts perform similarly to other surgical options. Biologic grafts are associated with a high salvage rate when faced with infection.

Closure of midline contaminated and recurrent incisional hernias with components separation technique reinforced with plication of the rectus muscles

PURPOSE

Midline incisional hernia reconstruction by defect closure and reinforcement with either prosthetic or biologic materials has shown to significantly decrease recurrence rates even for complex cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes regarding large incisional hernia reconstruction with components separation technique using rectus muscle plication as a reinforcement method.

METHODS

Thirteen patients having large midline incisional hernias and either history of abdominal wall contamination or recurrence in the presence of mesh were treated between January 2007 and December 2011 with closure using components separation technique reinforced by rectus muscle plication.

RESULTS

Average hernia square was 222 cm(2), and mean follow-up was 24 months. Complications occurred in 6 patients with a mean time to resolution of 59 days. One recurrence was present.

CONCLUSIONS

When use of mesh or biologic materials is not desired, rectus muscle plication is a feasible tool as a reinforcement method after large hernia closure with components separation.

Intraperitoneal mesh implantation for fascial dehiscence and open abdomen

BACKGROUND

Postoperative fascial dehiscence and open abdomen are severe postoperative complications and are associated with surgical site infections, fistula, and hernia formation at long-term follow-up. This study was designed to investigate whether intraperitoneal implantation of a composite prosthetic mesh is feasible and safe.

METHODS

A total of 114 patients with postoperative fascial dehiscence and open abdomen who had undergone surgery between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Contaminated (wound class 3) or dirty wounds (wound class 4) were present in all patients. A polypropylene-based composite mesh was implanted intraperitoneally in 51 patients, and in 63 patients the abdominal wall was closed without mesh implantation. The primary endpoint was incidence of incisional hernia, and the incidence of enterocutaneous fistula was a secondary endpoint.

RESULTS

The incidence of enterocutaneous fistulas after wound closure post-fascial dehiscence (13% vs. 6% without and with mesh, respectively) or post-open abdomen (22% vs. 28% without and with mesh, respectively) was not significantly different. The incidence of incisional hernia was significantly lower with mesh implantation compared with no-mesh implantation in both contaminated (4% vs. 28%; p = 0.025) and dirty abdominal cavities (5% vs. 34%; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Intra-abdominal contamination is not a contraindication for intra-abdominal mesh implantation. The incidence of enterocutaneous fistula is not elevated despite the presence of contamination. The rate of incisional hernias is significantly reduced after intraperitoneal mesh implantation for postoperative fascial dehiscence or open abdomen.

Planned hernia repair and late abdominal wall reconstruction

Planned ventral hernia is a management strategy in which the abdominal fascial layer has been left unclosed and the viscera are covered only with original or grafted skin. Leaving the fascia open can be deliberate or unavoidable and most commonly results from staged repair of the abdominal wall due to trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis, abdominal vascular emergencies, or abdominal compartment syndrome. The abdominal wall defects can be categorized as type I or II defects depending on whether there is intact, stable skin coverage. In defects with intact skin coverage, the most commonly used methods are the components separation technique and a prosthetic repair, sometimes used in combination. The advantages of the components separation technique is the ability to close the linea alba at the midline, creating a better functional result than a repair with inert mesh. Although the reherniation risk seems higher after components separation, the risk of infection is considerably lower. With a type II defect, with absent or unstable skin coverage, fascial repair alone is inadequate. Of the more complex reconstruction techniques, the use of a free tensor fasciae latae (TFL) flap utilizing a saphenous vein arteriovenous loop is the most promising. The advantages of the TFL flap include constant anatomy of the pedicle, a strong fascial layer, large-caliber vessels matching the size of the AV loop, and the ability to use large flaps (up to 20 × 35 cm). Whatever technique is used, the repair of complex abdominal wall defects requires close collaboration with plastic and abdominal surgeons, which is best managed in specialized centers.

Survey on Ventral Hernias: Surgeon Indications, Contraindications, and Management of Large Ventral Hernias

Repair of ventral hernias constitutes one of the most common surgical procedures. Although an abundance of data exists on objective outcome measures, very little information exists on subjective measures of surgeon preference and patient satisfaction in surgical management of ventral hernias. Moreover, there are minimal data on indications for elective repair of ventral hernias. Two questionnaires were sent to a population of general and plastic surgeons active in hernia surgery. The first of these aimed at gathering information from surgeons about their indications and contraindications for repair of ventral hernias. The second survey was aimed at determining surgeons’ perception of patient satisfaction with repair of large ventral hernias (greater than 15 cm width). Five hundred sixty-eight surgeons responded to the first survey and 336 responded to the second survey. The most common indications for elective repair of abdominal wall hernias were generalized pain (68.7%) and cosmesis (54.6%), whereas the most common contraindications were morbid obesity (43.3%), American Society of Anesthesiologists Class III or IV (35.4%), and enterocutaneous fistula (33.1%). The majority of surgeons do not routinely repair large abdominal wall hernias in asymptomatic patients, but 31.6 per cent do repair asymptomatic large hernias. Most surgeons reported that the majority of patients had resolution of pain and subjective impression of improved cosmesis after surgery. This study demonstrates uniform indications and contraindications for surgical repair of ventral hernias among surgeons as well as surgeons’ perception of improvements in satisfaction of most patients after surgery. Future studies will focus on comparing surgeon and patient satisfaction.

Outcomes of damage control laparotomy with open abdomen management in the octogenarian population

BACKGROUND

Controversy surrounds the role of abbreviated laparotomy and open abdomen (OA) in the octogenarian population in the acute care surgery model based on concern that the initial insult, combined with its sequelae, is beyond the physiologic reserve of these patients. As the population ages further, this dilemma will arise more frequently, requiring the analysis of futility or utility of OA in this demographic.

METHODS

The institutional review board approval was obtained to analyze retrospectively patients aged 80 years or older with OA from 1997 to 2009. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate the effects that demographics, comorbidities, and clinical factors had on in-hospital mortality and overall survival.

RESULTS

Sixty-seven patients (32 men and 35 women) were identified. Acute general surgery (including vascular procedures) was the most common indication for laparotomy (94%) with trauma a distant second (6%). Early definitive closure was obtained in 52% of patients with a 34% planned ventral hernia rate. Overall complication rate was 62% and overall in-hospital mortality was 37%. Multivariate analysis revealed congestive heart failure (odds ratio, 11.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-128.03) and acute renal failure (odds ratio, 11.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-69.12) correlated with in-hospital mortality. Of those surviving to hospital dismissal, 2-year survival was 66% with a 17-month median follow-up (range, 1-125 months).

CONCLUSION

There is utility in octogenarians undergoing aggressive surgical management that requires OA. These patients have high mortality rates, but long-term survival can be better than their peers with other chronic diseases if they survive the surgical insult. Patient selection should be based on preexisting comorbidities such as congestive heart failure and the development of acute renal failure. Despite the adequate long-term survival, most patients will leave the hospital with a hernia.

Components separation technique for large abdominal wall defect

Repairing large incisional hernia with abdominal wall reconstruction is a technically challenging problem for surgeons. We report our experience of large midline incisional hernia which was repaired successfully with components separation technique. A patient with incisional hernia, 35 × 20 cm in size, underwent operation following standard components separation technique. The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle was longitudinally transected from the rectus sheath, and the external abdominal oblique muscle was separated from the internal abdominal oblique muscle. With further separation of the posterior rectus sheath from the rectus abdominis muscle, closure of the abdominal wall was attained without tension. The post-operative course was uneventful with minor wound seroma. The patient discharged safely, and no further complication in terms of recurrence and wound problem has occurred. Components separation technique could be a possible and effective treatment option for repair of large abdominal wall defect.

Quality of life after abdominal wall reconstruction following open abdomen

BACKGROUND

Management of intra-abdominal hypertension with an open abdomen and planned ventral hernia results in decreased mortality. But, delayed abdominal wall reconstruction (DAWR) is necessary. Results after DAWR demonstrate acceptable recurrence, morbidity, and mortality rates. However, little is known about quality of life (QOL) after DAWR. The purpose of this study was to analyze QOL after DAWR.

METHODS

Patients who had DAWR>15 years were identified from operative logs of a trauma center. Patients were contacted, and a QOL assessment was administered in person or via telephone. The QOL assessment contained the Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey 1.0, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version, and the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

RESULTS

The QOL assessment was completed by 41 of 152 patients. The indication for open abdomen was injury in 37 (90%) and emergency operation in 4 (10%). Time to follow-up ranged from 9 months to 14.6 years after DAWR. Of 31 patients working before DAWR, 23% had not returned to work secondary to DAWR. Also, 65% screened positive for depression and 23% screened positive for PTSD. Compared with population norms Physical Component Scores were significantly lower for the study population (41.1±13.2, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Patients who undergo DAWR have decreased physical functioning and have a high prevalence of PTSD and depression. Consideration should be given to screening for depression and PTSD in this patient population.