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Abdel-Rahman GN, Saleh EM, Hegazy A, Fouzy AS, Embaby MA. Safety improvement of the open sun dried Egyptian Siwi dates using closed solar dryer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22425. [PMID: 38053903 PMCID: PMC10694329 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Egyptian Siwi dates dried using the open sun drying is exposed to different contaminants. So, the current study aims to use the closed solar dryer to improve Siwi date safety. The impact of washing and closed solar drying on the levels of microbial load, aflatoxins and heavy metals in Egyptian Siwi dates (ESD), in comparison to traditional open sun drying methods were examined. Two different drying techniques were employed to dry 300 kg of ESD. The microbial load was assessed following the two drying procedures. The levels of aflatoxins and heavy metals were analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques, respectively, after both drying methods. Additionally, the influence of storage time on the microbial load of the ESD was also evaluated using standard methods. The findings of the current study demonstrated that the closed solar drying significantly reduced the total bacterial and fungal counts by 96 % and 93 %, respectively, when compared to open sun-drying. No aflatoxins were detected in both fresh Siwi dates and Siwi dates dried using closed solar drying. However, after open sun drying, two aflatoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), were detected in the ESD, with concentrations of 0.95 and 0.23 μg kg-1, respectively. The closed solar drying significantly decreased the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the dried dates by 96 %, 94 %, 48 %, 71 %, 64 %, 4 %, 26 %, and 7 %, respectively, when compared to open sun drying. The stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the open sun drying showed a higher increase in bacterial (4.86 log CFU/g) and fungal (4.46 log CFU/g) counts. However, the stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the closed solar dryer showed a lower increase in bacterial (3.21 log CFU/g) and fungal (2.51 log CFU/g) counts. So, the duration of storage significantly impacted the microbial loads of the closed solar dried dates as compared to open sun drying. Overall, closed solar drying reduced the levels of investigated contaminants and extended the shelf life of ESD, thereby enhancing their safety for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomaa N. Abdel-Rahman
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Saleh
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aiat Hegazy
- Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S.M. Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Embaby
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Koşan M, Karaca Dolgun G, Aktekeli B, Sacilik K, Aktaş M. Design and analysis of new solar‐powered sustainable dryers: Alfalfa crop. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Koşan
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Kahramanmaras Istiklal University Kahramanmaras Turkey
| | - Gülşah Karaca Dolgun
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Turkey
| | - Burak Aktekeli
- Institute of Natural and Applied Science Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Kamil Sacilik
- Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Mustafa Aktaş
- Deparment of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology Gazi University Ankara Turkey
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3
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Comparative study of pretreatment on microwave drying of Gala apples (Malus pumila): Effect of blanching, electric field and freezing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Assessment of Drying Kinetics, Textural and Aroma Attributes of Mentha haplocalyx Leaves during the Hot Air Thin-Layer Drying Process. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060784. [PMID: 35327206 PMCID: PMC8947669 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Mentha haplocalyx leaves are rich in bioactive constitutes, particularly volatile compounds, there are higher demands for high-quality dried medicinal and aromatic peppermint products. This study aimed to assess the drying kinetics of hot air thin layer drying Mentha haplocalyx leaves and exploring the effects of hot air-drying temperatures on the textural properties and sensory quality. According to our results, the Midilli model is the best model representing the hot air-drying process. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) and activation energy (Ea) of the hot air-drying process were determined as 7.51 × 10−9–3.03 × 10−8 m2/s and 57.98 KJ/moL, respectively. The changes of textural and aromatic profiles of dried Mentha haplocalyx leaves were subsequently evaluated by the SEM, GC–MS and E-nose technology. Changes in leaf cellular membrane structures were observed in this study, indicating that the loss of moisture content induced the shrinkage of leaf cells during the hot air-drying process. Moreover, the altered profile of volatile compounds was identified at the different drying temperatures. As a result of the GC-MS analysis, increasing the content of D-carvone from 61.89%, 69.25% and 78.2% resulted in drying temperatures of 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively; while a decreasing trend of other volatile compounds, including D-Limonene, cineole and l-caryophyllene was detected as drying temperature elevated. Finally, the aromatic profile was evaluated by E-nose, and results of the flavor radar fingerprint and PCA showed that aromatic profiles were significantly altered by the drying process. The overall results elucidated that the hot air thin layer drying at 35 °C efficiently improved the final quality of dried Mentha haplocalyx leaves by maintaining flavor properties.
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Abdullah S, Yusof YA, Rukunudin IH, Shah NNAK, Razak NA. Infrared Drying of
Clinacanthus nutans
Leaves. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriyana Abdullah
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Yus Anis Yusof
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ibni Hajar Rukunudin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | | | - Norawanis Abdul Razak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Arau Perlis Malaysia
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Silva JPS, Veloso CRR, de Souza Barrozo MA, Vieira LGM. Indirect solar drying of Spirulina platensis and the effect of operating conditions on product quality. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kannan VS, Arjunan TV, Vijayan S. Drying characteristics of mint leaves ( Mentha arvensis) dried in a solid desiccant dehumidifier system. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:777-786. [PMID: 33568871 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, solid desiccant-based pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) dehumidifier was developed and the process parameters were optimized to deliver the air continuously at 0.1% relative humidity. Mint (Mentha arvensis) leaves are tested to study the drying characteristics at varied flow rates of dehumidified air in the drying chamber. The initial moisture content of 5.059 g water/g dry matter have been reduced to a safe storage level in 360 min at 0.160 m3/min volume low rate. The effective moisture diffusivity of the mint leaves was found in the range of 2.07534 × 10-11m2/s to 3.45817 × 10-11m2/s. The percentage of retention of ascorbic acid in dried mint leaves is increased by an increase in the volume flow rate of dry air and a maximum of 70.11% is achieved by 0.160 m3/min. The colour measurement and chlorophyll content of the dried samples indicated that the desiccant dehumidified air dryers are suitable for heat sensitive green leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Suresh Kannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
| | - T V Arjunan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Studies in Engineering and Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh India
| | - S Vijayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu India
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KRIAA K, NASSAR AF. Study of gala apples (Malus pumila) thin-layer microwave drying: drying kinetics, diffusivity, structure and color. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.26420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim KRIAA
- Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia; University of Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Fayez NASSAR
- Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia; Cairo University, Egypt
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Udomkun P, Romuli S, Schock S, Mahayothee B, Sartas M, Wossen T, Njukwe E, Vanlauwe B, Müller J. Review of solar dryers for agricultural products in Asia and Africa: An innovation landscape approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110730. [PMID: 32510451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Romuli
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Schock
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Busarakorn Mahayothee
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Murat Sartas
- IITA, Kigali, Rwanda; Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Emmanuel Njukwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - Joachim Müller
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), Stuttgart, Germany
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Experimental Evaluation of a Diesel Cogeneration System for Producing Power and Drying Aromatic Herbs. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11185121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this work was to evaluate the thermal performance of a cogeneration system used to produce power and dry aromatic herbs. The waste heat from the exhaust gases of the diesel engine was recovered to heat air using a thermosyphon heat exchanger. The heated air was employed in a convective tray dryer in order to dry Origanum vulgare, Mentha spicata, and Ocimum basilicum. The experiments were carried out at full load in a stationary compression ignition engine coupled to a generator. The maximum global energy efficiency of the cogeneration system was 40.14%, and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger achieved 39%.
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Moradi M, Fallahi MA, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Kinetics and mathematical modeling of thin layer drying of mint leaves by a hot water recirculating solar dryer. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moradi
- Department of Biosystems EngineeringCollege of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food EngineeringUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Improved Agricultural Products Drying Through a Novel Double Collector Solar Device. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Backyard agricultural systems are frequently used for food production in rural tropical regions all over the world. The implementation of these systems has been used as a strategy to increase food security, to preserve the phyto and zoo diversity and to provide an alternative income for poorer rural families. Nevertheless, the absence of appropriate preservation mechanisms and nonrenewable energies can lead to significant production losses that could be prevented by the implementation of solar drying devices. The objective of this project was to design, build and validate a double collector solar device for improved drying performance. To evaluate the double collector solar device, four backyard products frequently used in the Mexico Southwest regional diet were used: carrots, chayote squash, tomatoes, and oyster mushrooms. The results showed that the solar device achieved drying efficiencies between 22.8 and 37.9% by reaching moisture values below the 12.30% threshold, which according to the international standards is considered as “Low Moisture Food”. The evaluation of the double collector solar drier is demonstrated to be an easy-to-apply and environmentally friendly method for food preservation in tropical rural regions by taking advantage of domestic renewable energy resources.
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14
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Experience of Solar Drying in Africa: Presentation of Designs, Operations, and Models. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-018-9181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Evaluation of Mass Transfer Properties in Convective Drying of Kiwi and Eggplant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work aimed at studying the mass transfer properties of two plant foods, kiwi (a fruit) and eggplant (a vegetable). For this convective drying experiments were conducted at different temperatures (from 50 to 80 ºC) and an air flow rate of 0.5 m/s, using slices with 6 mm thickness for both products. For the mathematical modelling two different methods were used, one based on the thin layer model and the other based on the Fick’s second law of diffusion. The results obtained allowed concluding that different methodologies allowed to obtain different values of the mass transfer properties, so care must be taken when choosing an appropriate calculation method. Regarding the values of diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient, in all cases they were found to increase with increasing operating temperature. Both the activation energy and the activation energy for convective mass transfer were similar for kiwi and for eggplant, indicating that both foods behave in a very similar way when exposed to the drying conditions tested.
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Mathematical Modeling of Thin-Layer Solar Drying for Yarrow, Coriander and Hollyhock. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the drying kinetics of Yarrow, Coriander and Hollyhock flowers. These three medicinal products were dried using a solar hybrid photovoltaic-thermal dryer. The drying process was examined at the air temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C and air velocities of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s. The experimental drying data were fitted to different theoretical models to predict the drying kinetics. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed to relate the parameters of the model with the drying conditions. The performance of these models was evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficient ($${R^2}$$), root mean square error (RMSE) and the chi-square ($${\chi ^2}$$) between the observed and the predicted moisture ratios. Among all the models, the exponential two-term was found to have the best fit in this study. Also the influence of plant type, air temperature and velocity was investigated.
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