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Sheng Y, Hu W, Chen S, Zhu X. Efferocytosis by macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions: regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1275203. [PMID: 38779685 PMCID: PMC11109379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1275203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is defined as the highly effective phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells (ACs) by professional or non-professional phagocytes. Tissue-resident professional phagocytes ("efferocytes"), such as macrophages, have high phagocytic capacity and are crucial to resolve inflammation and aid in homeostasis. Recently, numerous exciting discoveries have revealed divergent (and even diametrically opposite) findings regarding metabolic immune reprogramming associated with efferocytosis by macrophages. In this review, we highlight the key metabolites involved in the three phases of efferocytosis and immune reprogramming of macrophages under physiological and pathological conditions. The next decade is expected to yield further breakthroughs in the regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms connecting immunological outcomes to metabolic cues as well as avenues for "personalized" therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan−Ran Sheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen−Ting Hu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siman Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao−Yong Zhu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ungefroren H, Reimann J, Konukiewitz B, Braun R, Wellner UF, Lehnert H, Marquardt JU. RAC1b Collaborates with TAp73α-SMAD4 Signaling to Induce Biglycan Expression and Inhibit Basal and TGF-β-Driven Cell Motility in Human Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2024; 12:199. [PMID: 38255305 PMCID: PMC10813112 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer type characterized by a marked desmoplastic tumor stroma that is formed under the influence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Data from mouse models of pancreatic cancer have revealed that transcriptionally active p73 (TAp73) impacts the TGF-β pathway through activation of Smad4 and secretion of biglycan (Bgn). However, whether this pathway also functions in human PDAC cells has not yet been studied. Here, we show that RNA interference-mediated silencing of TAp73 in PANC-1 cells strongly reduced the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on BGN. TAp73-mediated regulation of BGN, and inhibition of TGF-β signaling through a (Smad-independent) ERK pathway, are reminiscent of what we previously observed for the small GTPase, RAC1b, prompting us to hypothesize that in human PDAC cells TAp73 and RAC1b are part of the same tumor-suppressive pathway. Like TAp73, RAC1b induced SMAD4 protein and mRNA expression. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RAC1b reduced TAp73 mRNA levels, while ectopic expression of RAC1b increased them. Inhibition of BGN synthesis or depletion of secreted BGN from the culture medium reproduced the promigratory effect of RAC1b or TAp73 silencing and was associated with increased basal and TGF-β1-dependent ERK activation. BGN also phenocopied the effects of RAC1b or TAp73 on the expression of downstream effectors, like the EMT markers E-cadherin, Vimentin and SNAIL, as well as on negative regulation of the ALK2-SMAD1/5 arm of TGF-β signaling. Collectively, we showed that tumor-suppressive TAp73-Smad4-Bgn signaling also operates in human cells and that RAC1b likely acts as an upstream activator of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julissa Reimann
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Braun
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich F. Wellner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Jens-Uwe Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Justyna K, Das R, Lorimer EL, Hu J, Pedersen JS, Sprague-Getsy AM, Schey GL, Sieburg MA, Koehn OJ, Wang YC, Chen YX, Hougland JL, Williams CL, Distefano MD. Synthesis, Enzymatic Peptide Incorporation, and Applications of Diazirine-Containing Isoprenoid Diphosphate Analogues. Org Lett 2023; 25:6767-6772. [PMID: 37669435 PMCID: PMC10755972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated proteins contain C15 or C20 isoprenoids linked to cysteine residues positioned near their C-termini. Here we describe the preparation of isoprenoid diphosphate analogues incorporating diazirine groups that can be used to probe interactions between prenylated proteins and other proteins that interact with them. Studies using synthetic peptides and whole proteins demonstrate that these diazirine analogues are efficient substrates for prenyltransferases. Photo-cross-linking experiments using peptides incorporating the diazirine-functionalized isoprenoids selectively cross-link to several different proteins. These new isoprenoid analogues should be broadly useful in the studies of protein prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Justyna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Riki Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ellen L. Lorimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jiayue Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jodi S. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Garrett L. Schey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Olivia J. Koehn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yen-Chih Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Department Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - James L. Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Carol L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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