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Kim KJ, Baughman A, Estep P, Rivas E, Young M, Marshall-Goebel K, Abercromby A, Somers J. Uneven terrain affects metabolic cost and gait in simulated complex lunar surfaces. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:104001. [PMID: 37703896 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/acf993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Upcoming missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the Moon will include extensive human exploration of the lunar surface. Walking will be essential for many exploration tasks, and metabolic cost during ambulation on simulated complex lunar surfaces requires further characterization. In this study, ten healthy subjects (6 male and 4 female) participated in three simulated lunar terrain walking conditions at the NASA Johnson Space Center's planetary 'Rock Yard': (1) flat terrain, (2) flat terrain with obstacles, and (3) mixed terrain.Approach.Energy expenditure and gait were quantified with a wearable metabolic energy expenditure monitoring system and body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs), respectively.Main results.It was found that participants walking on the mixed terrain, representing the highest workload condition, required significantly higher metabolic costs than in other terrain conditions (p< 0.001). Additionally, our novel IMU-based gait variables discriminated different terrains and identified changes in gait in simulated lunar terrain environments.Significance.Our results showed that the various surface irregularities and inconsistencies could cause additional physical effort while walking on the complex terrain. These findings provide insight into the effects of terrain on metabolic energy expenditure during simulated lunar extravehicular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jae Kim
- KBR, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
| | - Alexander Baughman
- GeoControl Systems, 3003 S Loop W, Suite 100, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Patrick Estep
- GeoControl Systems, 3003 S Loop W, Suite 100, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Eric Rivas
- KBR, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
| | - Millennia Young
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
| | - Karina Marshall-Goebel
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
| | - Andrew Abercromby
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Somers
- NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, United States of America
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Rodrigues LA, Santos EGR, Santos PSA, Igarashi Y, Oliveira LKR, Pinto GHL, Santos Lobato BL, Cabral AS, Belgamo A, Costa e Silva AA, Callegari B, Souza GS. Wearable Devices and Smartphone Inertial Sensors for Static Balance Assessment: A Concurrent Validity Study in Young Adult Population. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071019. [PMID: 35887516 PMCID: PMC9316197 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls represent a public health issue around the world and prevention is an important part of the politics of many countries. The standard method of evaluating balance is posturography using a force platform, which has high financial costs. Other instruments, such as portable devices and smartphones, have been evaluated as low-cost alternatives to the screening of balance control. Although smartphones and wearables have different sizes, shapes, and weights, they have been systematically validated for static balance control tasks. Different studies have applied different experimental configurations to validate the inertial measurements obtained by these devices. We aim to evaluate the concurrent validity of a smartphone and a portable device for the evaluation of static balance control in the same group of participants. Twenty-six healthy and young subjects comprised the sample. The validity for static balance control evaluation of built-in accelerometers inside portable smartphone and wearable devices was tested considering force platform recordings as a gold standard for comparisons. A linear correlation (r) between the quantitative variables obtained from the inertial sensors and the force platform was used as an indicator of the concurrent validity. Reliability of the measures was calculated using Intraclass correlation in a subsample (n = 14). Smartphones had 11 out of 12 variables with significant moderate to very high correlation (r > 0.5, p < 0.05) with force platform variables in open eyes, closed eyes, and unipedal conditions, while wearable devices had 8 out of 12 variables with moderate to very high correlation (r > 0.5, p < 0.05) with force platform variables under the same task conditions. Significant reliabilities were found in closed eye conditions for smartphones and wearables. The smartphone and wearable devices had concurrent validity for the static balance evaluation and the smartphone had better validity results than the wearables for the static balance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enzo Gabriel Rocha Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (E.G.R.S.); (G.H.L.P.)
| | | | - Yuzo Igarashi
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.A.R.); (Y.I.)
| | - Luana Karine Resende Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.K.R.O.); (B.L.S.L.); (A.A.C.e.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Gustavo Henrique Lima Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (E.G.R.S.); (G.H.L.P.)
| | - Bruno Lopes Santos Lobato
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.K.R.O.); (B.L.S.L.); (A.A.C.e.S.); (B.C.)
| | - André Santos Cabral
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66087-670, Brazil;
| | - Anderson Belgamo
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Piracicaba 08021-090, Brazil;
| | - Anselmo Athayde Costa e Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.K.R.O.); (B.L.S.L.); (A.A.C.e.S.); (B.C.)
- Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil
| | - Bianca Callegari
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.K.R.O.); (B.L.S.L.); (A.A.C.e.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Givago Silva Souza
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil; (L.A.R.); (Y.I.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-982653131
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Marques JB, Auliffe SM, Thompson A, Sideris V, Santiago P, Read PJ. The use of wearable technology as an assessment tool to identify between-limb differences during functional tasks following ACL reconstruction. A scoping review. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 55:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Determination of the Centre of Mass. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the human body and its movements is still a matter of great interest today. Most of these issues have as their fulcrum the study of the balance characteristics of the human body and the determination of its Centre of Mass. In sports, a lot of attention is paid to improving and analysing the athlete’s performance. Almost all the techniques for determining the Centre of Mass make use of special sensors, which allow determining the physical magnitudes related to the different movements made by athletes. In this paper, a markerless method for determining the Centre of Mass of a subject has been studied, comparing it with a direct widely validated equipment such as the Wii Balance Board, which allows determining the coordinates of the Centre of Pressure. The Motion Capture technique was applied with the OpenPose software, a Computer Vision method boosted with the use of Convolution Neural Networks. Ten quasi-static analyses have been carried out. The results have shown an error of the Centre of Mass position, compared to that obtained from the Wii Balance Board, which has been considered acceptable given the complexity of the analysis. Furthermore, this method, despite the traditional methods based on the use of balances, can be used also for prediction of the vertical position of the Centre of Mass.
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Feigenbaum LA, Gaunaurd IA, Kim KJ, Raya MA, Ruiz JT, Rapicavoli J, Best TM, Kaplan L, Gailey RS. Accuracy of the Region of Limb Stability in Predicting Risk for Lower Limb Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2483-2488. [PMID: 33064416 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether a measure of lower limb segment stability derived from body-worn inertial measurement units can predict risk for lower limb musculoskeletal injury in Division I Collegiate Football Players (D1CFP). METHODS The region of limb stability (ROLS) values were collected in a cohort of D1CFP during preseason. ROLS is a measure of knee joint stability, defined by thigh and shank excursion (cm) in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral direction during single limb stance. The ROLS symmetry index (SI) (%) is the ratio between lower limb ROLS values where 100% suggests absolute symmetry. RESULTS One-hundred and four D1CFP participated in this study and were divided into two groups: 1) no previous lower limb injury or no in-season injury (n = 70, "noninjured group") and 2) no previous lower limb injury, but in-season injury requiring surgery (n = 34, "injured group" group). The mean ± SD ROLS SI was 82.86% ± 14.75% and 65.58% ± 16.46% for the noninjured and injured group, respectively. Significant differences in ROLS SI were found between groups (P < 0.001). The ROLS SI demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.8 (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.88) with an SE of 0.04, indicating that the ROLS SI has good predictive accuracy in detecting those healthy D1CFP at risk for lower limb injury resulting in surgery. CONCLUSION The ROLS SI was found to have good predictive accuracy in detecting individuals at risk for injury that were healthy and asymptomatic during preseason testing. Increase in thigh and shank excursions and/or decrease in SI between lower limbs may be a predictor of risk for future injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoung Jae Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Michele A Raya
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert S Gailey
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL
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Reliability, Validity and Utility of Inertial Sensor Systems for Postural Control Assessment in Sport Science and Medicine Applications: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:783-818. [PMID: 30903440 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in mobile sensing and computing technology have provided a means to objectively and unobtrusively quantify postural control. This has resulted in the rapid development and evaluation of a series of wearable inertial sensor-based assessments. However, the validity, reliability and clinical utility of such systems is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to synthesise and evaluate studies that have investigated the ability of wearable inertial sensor systems to validly and reliably quantify postural control performance in sports science and medicine applications. METHODS A systematic search strategy utilising the PRISMA guidelines was employed to identify eligible articles through ScienceDirect, Embase and PubMed databases. In total, 47 articles met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated and qualitatively synthesised under two main headings: measurement validity and measurement reliability. Furthermore, studies that investigated the utility of these systems in clinical populations were summarised and discussed. RESULTS After duplicate removal, 4374 articles were identified with the search strategy, with 47 papers included in the final review. In total, 28 studies investigated validity in healthy populations, and 15 studies investigated validity in clinical populations; 13 investigated the measurement reliability of these sensor-based systems. CONCLUSIONS The application of wearable inertial sensors for sports science and medicine postural control applications is an evolving field. To date, research has primarily focused on evaluating the validity and reliability of a heterogeneous set of assessment protocols, in a laboratory environment. While researchers have begun to investigate their utility in clinical use cases such as concussion and musculoskeletal injury, most studies have leveraged small sample sizes, are of low quality and use a variety of descriptive variables, assessment protocols and sensor-mounting locations. Future research should evaluate the clinical utility of these systems in large high-quality prospective cohort studies to establish the role they may play in injury risk identification, diagnosis and management. This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews on 10 August 2018 (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018106363): https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=106363 .
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Kim KJ, Gailey R, Agrawal V, Gaunaurd I, Feigenbaum L, Bennett C, Felt V, Best TM. Quantification of Agility Testing with Inertial Sensors after a Knee Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:244-251. [PMID: 31318714 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A common criterion in decision making regarding return to sport (RTS) after knee ligament injury is that athletes should achieve symmetrical bilateral movement between the injured limb and the noninjured limb. Body-worn wireless inertial measurement units (IMU) can provide clinicians with valuable information about lower-limb kinematics and athletic performance. METHODS The IMU-based novel kinematic metrics were developed. The Transitional Angular Displacement of Segment (TADS) and Symmetry Index (SI) measures that quantify lower-limb motions and interlimb symmetry during the 4-m side step test (FmSST) were developed. Test-retest reliability was measured in 20 healthy adults. Experimental application of the metrics was also determined in 15 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes who completed rehabilitation after a knee ligament injury. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability for FmSST, TADS right lower limb, TADS left lower limb, and TADS SI was 0.90 (95% confidence interval, [0.61-0.95]); 0.87 [0.63-0.96]; 0.89 [0.64-0.96], and 0.81 [0.58-0.92], respectively. The differences between TADS SI at baseline (preinjury) and RTS were also compared with those between the total times for performing the FmSST at baseline and RTS. There was no significant difference in the FmSST times between baseline and RTS (P = 0.32); however, TADS SI at the time of RTS was significantly lower than at baseline (P = 0.046). A large effect size (d = -1.04) was observed for the change in TADS SI from baseline to RTS. CONCLUSIONS Using IMU sensor technology can provide quantitative and discrete analysis to detect kinematic differences during agility after a knee ligament injury in the field or nonlaboratory setting. This approach has the potential to help clinicians improve decisions about rehabilitation at a time when an athlete is reintegrating back into sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Violet Felt
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Gaunaurd I, Kim KJ, Feigenbaum L, Raya M, Baraga M, Fontela N, Gailey R. Construct validation of lower limb segmental excursion as a measure of potential risk for lower limb injury in Division I women's basketball players. J Biomech 2019; 84:252-256. [PMID: 30638719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The region of limb stability (ROLS) is an inertial sensor-based measure of static knee joint stability, defined by thigh and shank movements of the supporting limb during single limb stance. Changes in thigh and shank movements and/or symmetry differences between limbs may predict risk of injury to the less stable limb or the need for rehabilitation. In this study, construct validity of the ROLS metrics was examined in twelve Division I women's basketball players during pre-season in preparation for their exercise training program. The subjects were categorized based on their injury history during the season: (Group 1) No reported injuries throughout the season, (Group 2) lower limb injury that did not result in missing any games, and (Group 3) lower limb injury that resulted in missing both practice and the remainder of their season. Significant differences were found in ROLS metrics at pre-season between Group 3 and other groups in a prospective cohort study (p < 0.05). Study findings provided pilot data for supporting ROLS as a measure of postural stability impairment and potential risk for lower limb injury in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gaunaurd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States; Neil Spielholz Functional Outcomes Research & Evaluation Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Kyoung Jae Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States; Neil Spielholz Functional Outcomes Research & Evaluation Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Luis Feigenbaum
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States; Athletic Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Michele Raya
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Michael Baraga
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; University of Miami UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Natalie Fontela
- Athletic Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Robert Gailey
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States; Neil Spielholz Functional Outcomes Research & Evaluation Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.
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Kim KJ, Gimmon Y, Millar J, Schubert MC. Using Inertial Sensors to Quantify Postural Sway and Gait Performance during the Tandem Walking Test. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19040751. [PMID: 30781740 PMCID: PMC6413099 DOI: 10.3390/s19040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular dysfunction typically manifests as postural instability and gait irregularities, in part due to inaccuracies in processing spatial afference. In this study, we have instrumented the tandem walking test with multiple inertial sensors to easily and precisely investigate novel variables that can distinguish abnormal postural and gait control in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Ten healthy adults and five patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction were assessed with the tandem walking test during eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Each subject donned five inertial sensors on the upper body (head, trunk, and pelvis) and lower body (each lateral malleolus). Our results indicate that measuring the degree of balance and gait regularity using five body-worn inertial sensors during the tandem walking test provides a novel quantification of movement that identifies abnormalities in patients with vestibular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jae Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
- Neil Spielholz Functional Outcomes Research & Evaluation Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Yoav Gimmon
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Laboratory of Vestibular Neuroadaptation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Jennifer Millar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Michael C Schubert
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Laboratory of Vestibular Neuroadaptation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Kim KJ, Gimmon Y, Sorathia S, Beaton KH, Schubert MC. Exposure to an extreme environment comes at a sensorimotor cost. NPJ Microgravity 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 30211311 PMCID: PMC6125588 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Long duration space flight is known to induce severe modifications in the sensorimotor and musculoskeletal systems. While in-flight strategies including physical fitness have been used to prevent the loss of bone and muscle mass using appropriate rehabilitative countermeasures, less attention has been put forth in the design of technologies that can quickly and effectively assess sensorimotor function during missions in space. The aims of the present study were therefore (1) to develop a Portable Sensorimotor Assessment Platform (PSAP) to enable a crewmember to independently and quickly assess his/her sensorimotor function during the NASA's Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) and (2) to investigate changes in performance of static posture, tandem gait, and lower limb ataxia due to exposure in an extreme environment. Our data reveal that measuring the degree of upper body balance and gait regularity during tandem walking using PSAP provided a sensitive and objective quantification of body movement abnormalities due to changes in sensorimotor performance over the duration of mission exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jae Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL USA
- Neil Spielholz Functional Outcomes Research & Evaluation Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Yoav Gimmon
- Laboratory of Vestibular NeuroAdaptation, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sharmeen Sorathia
- Laboratory of Vestibular NeuroAdaptation, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kara H. Beaton
- Laboratory of Vestibular NeuroAdaptation, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael C. Schubert
- Laboratory of Vestibular NeuroAdaptation, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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