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de Freitas PB, Freitas SMSF, Dias MS. Synergic control of the minimum toe clearance in young and older adults during foot swing on treadmill walking in different speeds. Gait Posture 2024; 111:150-155. [PMID: 38703443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertical toe position at minimum toe clearance (MTC) in the swing phase is critical for walking safety. Consequently, the joints involved should be strictly controlled and coordinated to stabilize the foot at MTC. The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis framework has been used to determine the existence of synergies that stabilize relevant performance variables during walking. However, no study investigated the presence of a multi-joint synergy stabilizing the foot position at MTC and the effects of age and walking speed on this synergy. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Is there a multi-joint synergy stabilizing MTC during treadmill walking? Does it depend on the persons' age and walking speed? METHODS Kinematic data from 23 young and 15 older adults were analyzed using the UCM approach. The participants walked on a treadmill at three speeds: slow, self-selected, and fast. The sagittal and frontal joint angles from the swing and stance legs and pelvis obliquity were used as motor elements and the vertical toe position at MTC was the performance variable. The variances in the joint space that affected (VORT, 'bad' variance) and did not affect (VUCM, 'good' variance) the toe position at MTC and the synergy index (ΔV) were computed. RESULTS The ΔV>0 was revealed for all subjects. Walking speed did not affect ΔV in older adults, whereas ΔV reduced with speed in young adults. ΔV was higher for older than for young adults at self-selected and fast speeds, owing to a lower VORT in the older group. SIGNIFICANCE The vertical toe position at MTC was stabilized by a strong multi-joint synergy. In older adults, this synergy was stronger, as they were better at limiting VORT than young adults. Reduced VORT in older adults could be caused by more constrained walking, which may be associated with anxiety due to walking on a treadmill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo B de Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M S F Freitas
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy. Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000, Brazil.
| | - Mateus S Dias
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil.
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Caderby T, Lesport A, Turpin NA, Dalleau G, Watier B, Robert T, Peyrot N, Begue J. Influence of aging on the control of the whole-body angular momentum during volitional stepping: An UCM-based analysis. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112217. [PMID: 37224932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) is a highly controlled mechanical variable for performing our daily motor activities safely and efficiently. Recent findings have revealed that, compared to young adults, older adults exhibit larger range of WBAM during various motor tasks, such as walking and stepping. However, it remains unclear whether these age-related changes are ascribed to a poorer control of WBAM with age or not. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of normal aging on WBAM control during stepping. Twelve young adults and 14 healthy older adults performed a series of volitional stepping at their preferred selected speed. An Uncontrolled Manifold (UCM) analysis was conducted to explore the presence of synergies among the angular momenta of the body segments (elemental variables) to control WBAM (performance variable); i.e., to stabilize or destabilize it. Results revealed the existence of a stronger synergy destabilizing the WBAM in the sagittal-plane older adults compared to young adults during stepping, while there was no difference between the two groups in the frontal and transversal planes. Although older participants also had a larger range of WBAM in the sagittal plane compared to young adults, we found no significant correlation between synergy index and the range of WBAM in the sagittal plane. We concluded that the age-related changes in WBAM during stepping are not ascribed to alterations in the ability to control this variable with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Caderby
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France.
| | - Angélique Lesport
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Nicolas A Turpin
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Bruno Watier
- LAAS-CNRS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs, LBMC UMR_T9406, Univ Lyon - Univ Gustave Eiffel, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France; Mouvement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Le Mans Université, EA 4334, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Jérémie Begue
- Laboratoire IRISSE, EA4075, UFR des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, France
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Hirata K, Hanawa H, Miyazawa T, Masugi Y. Movement-synchronized cerebellum rhythm coordinates multi-joint movements in young and elderly adults. Biol Open 2023; 12:286723. [PMID: 36688850 PMCID: PMC10003071 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic limb multi-joint movement like locomotion is controlled by intralimb coordination. Intralimb coordination changes entail immediate alterations in movement patterns and be related with cerebellum function. Synchronized cerebellum activity has known to modulate the frequency of walking, but not known the effect of only intralimb coordination. The purpose of this study was to reveal the effect of synchronized and unsynchronized cerebellum activity on the coordination of multi-joint movements of the unilateral leg in young and elderly people. To achieve our purpose, we applied synchronized and unsynchronized cerebellum transcranial alternating current stimulation during cyclic unilateral multi-joint movement by visual tracking task. The results showed that the reduction in comprehensive synchrony between targets and movements through trials had no significant differences under all stimulus conditions in young and elderly people. However, the reduction in variation of synchronization through trials was significantly smaller under the synchronized transcranial alternating current stimulation condition in both young and elderly groups. Variation of synchronization was remarkably reduced under the synchronized transcranial alternating current stimulation condition for the elderly group. This study showed that movement-synchronized cerebellum activity contributes to reducing fluctuations in movement synchrony by coordinating unilateral multi-joint movements. Moreover, this reduction was remarkable in the elderly group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, 350-1398, Japan.,Graduate Course of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, 343-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hanawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, 339-8555, Japan
| | - Taku Miyazawa
- Graduate Course of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, 343-8540, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, 339-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Saitama, 350-1197, Japan
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Yamagata M, Tateuchi H, Shimizu I, Ichihashi N. Changes in kinematic synergy in older adults during walking: A two-year follow-up study. Gait Posture 2022; 96:244-250. [PMID: 35700642 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-controlled center of mass (CoM) in a coordinated segmental manner is required during gait. A synergy index that quantifies the strength of the synergistic control of the body segments that control the CoM can be evaluated using uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis. Several studies have compared the synergy index between older and younger adults; however, contradictory results have been found regarding age-related changes in the synergy index. Moreover, no study has investigated these changes longitudinally. RESEARCH QUESTION To evaluate age-related changes in the synergy index to control the CoM during gait in a longitudinal study. METHODS Twenty-five older adults participated at a baseline visit. The gait task at the two-year follow-up was completed by 16 older adults. Participants walked on a 6-m walkway at baseline and the two-year follow-up, and kinematic data were collected. Using UCM analysis, the synergy indices controlling CoM in the mediolateral and vertical directions were evaluated at baseline and follow-up. We also evaluated the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the strength of the knee extensor at both periods. RESULTS We found that TUG was significantly slower at follow-up; however, no difference was found in muscle strength. The synergy index in the mediolateral direction increased significantly after two years; such increases were found in individuals with decreased gait speed. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that changes in gait patterns, including decreasing gait speed and increasing segmental coordination, may be important for gait with appropriate postural control relative to the environment and dynamic stability of the body in individuals with low functional mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yamagata
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 18-89 Uyama Higashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1136, Japan; Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Itsuroh Shimizu
- Fukui General Clinic, 1-42-1 Nittazuka, Fukui-shi,Fukui 910-0067, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Möhler F, Stetter B, Müller H, Stein T. Stride-to-Stride Variability of the Center of Mass in Male Trained Runners After an Exhaustive Run: A Three Dimensional Movement Variability Analysis With a Subject-Specific Anthropometric Model. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:665500. [PMID: 34109313 PMCID: PMC8181123 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.665500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of the human body can be described by the motion of its center of mass (CoM). Since the trajectory of the CoM is a crucial variable during running, one can assume that trained runners would try to keep their CoM trajectory constant from stride to stride. However, when exposed to fatigue, runners might have to adapt certain biomechanical parameters. The Uncontrolled Manifold approach (UCM) and the Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation (TNC) approach are used to analyze changes in movement variability while considering the overall task of keeping a certain task relevant variable constant. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how runners adjust their CoM trajectory during a run to fatigue at a constant speed on a treadmill and how fatigue affects the variability of the CoM trajectory. Additionally, the results obtained with the TNC approach were compared to the results obtained with the UCM analysis in an earlier study on the same dataset. Therefore, two TNC analyses were conducted to assess effects of fatigue on the CoM trajectory from two viewpoints: one analyzing the CoM with respect to a lab coordinate system (PVlab) and another one analyzing the CoM with respect to the right foot (PVfoot). Full body kinematics of 13 healthy young athletes were captured in a rested and in a fatigued state and an anthropometric model was used to calculate the CoM based on the joint angles. Variability was quantified by the coefficient of variation of the length of the position vector of the CoM and by the components Tolerance, Noise, and Covariation which were analyzed both in 3D and the projections in the vertical, anterior-posterior and medio-lateral coordinate axes. Concerning PVlab we found that runners increased their stride-to-stride variability in medio-lateral direction (1%). Concerning PVfoot we found that runners lowered their CoM (4 mm) and increased their stride-to-stride variability in the absorption phase in both 3D and in the vertical direction. Although we identified statistically relevant differences between the two running states, we have to point out that the effects were small (CV ≤ 1%) and must be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernd Stetter
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sports Orthopaedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Training Science, Department of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Yamagata M, Tateuchi H, Shimizu I, Saeki J, Ichihashi N. The relation between kinematic synergy to stabilize the center of mass during walking and future fall risks: a 1-year longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:240. [PMID: 33849478 PMCID: PMC8045323 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incorrect body weight shifting is a frequent cause of falls, and the control of the whole-body center of mass (CoM) by segmental coordination is essential during walking. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis is a method of examining the relation between variance in segmental coordination and CoM stability. However, no prospective cohort study has thoroughly investigated how variance in segmental configurations to stabilize the CoM relates to future falls. This study explored whether variance to stabilize the CoM was related to future falls. METHODS At the baseline visit, 30 community-dwelling older adults walked 20 times on a 6-m walkway. Using kinematic data collected during walking by a three-dimensional motion capture system, UCM analysis was performed to investigate how segmental configuration contributes to CoM stability in the frontal plane. One year after the baseline visit, we evaluated whether the subjects experienced falls. Twelve subjects had experienced falls, and 16 had not. Comparisons of variance between older adults with and without falls were conducted by covariate analysis. RESULTS No significant differences in variance were found in the mediolateral direction, whereas in the vertical direction, older adults with fall experiences had a greater variance, reflecting an unstable CoM, than those with no fall experiences. CONCLUSIONS We verified that the high variance in segmental configurations that destabilize the CoM in the vertical direction was related to future falls. The variables of UCM analysis can be useful for evaluating fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yamagata
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-0011, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Itsuroh Shimizu
- Fukui General Clinic, 1-42-1 Nittazuka, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-0067, Japan
| | - Junya Saeki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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