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Ma Q, Srinivasan L, Gabelli SB, Raben DM. Elusive structure of mammalian DGKs. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 83:100847. [PMID: 34922895 PMCID: PMC8858910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). In doing so, they modulate the levels of these two important signaling lipids. Currently, ten mammalian DGKs are organized into five classes that vary with respect to domain organization, regulation, and cellular/subcellular distribution. As lipids play critical roles in cells, it is not surprising that there is increasing interest in understanding the mechanism underlying the catalysis and regulation of lipid modulating enzymes such as DGKs. However, there are no solved 3D structures for any of the eukaryotic DGKs. In this review, we summarize what is known and the current challenges in determining the structures of these important enzymes. In addition to gain critical insights into their mechanisms of catalysis and regulation, DGK structures will provide a platform for the design of isoform specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Sandra B. Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland,Corresponding author: Sandra B. Gabelli (), Daniel M. Raben ()
| | - Daniel M. Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland,Corresponding author: Sandra B. Gabelli (), Daniel M. Raben ()
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Liu L, Yudin Y, Rohacs T. Diacylglycerol kinases regulate TRPV1 channel activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8174-8185. [PMID: 32345612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is activated by heat and by capsaicin, the pungent compound in chili peppers. Calcium influx through TRPV1 has been shown to activate a calcium-sensitive phospholipase C (PLC) enzyme and to lead to a robust decrease in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] levels, which is a major contributor to channel desensitization. Diacylglycerol (DAG), the product of the PLC-catalyzed PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, activates protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is known to potentiate TRPV1 activity during activation of G protein-coupled receptors, but it is not known whether DAG modulates TRPV1 during desensitization. We found here that inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) enzymes reduces desensitization of native TRPV1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as of recombinant TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells. The effect of DAGK inhibition was eliminated by mutating two PKC-targeted phosphorylation sites, Ser-502 and Ser-800, indicating involvement of PKC. TRPV1 activation induced only a small and transient increase in DAG levels, unlike the robust and more sustained increase induced by muscarinic receptor activation. DAGK inhibition substantially increased the DAG signal evoked by TRPV1 activation but not that evoked by M1 muscarinic receptor activation. Our results show that Ca2+ influx through TRPV1 activates PLC and DAGK enzymes and that the latter limits formation of DAG and negatively regulates TRPV1 channel activity. Our findings uncover a role of DAGK in ion channel regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yevgen Yudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Barber CN, Raben DM. Roles of DGKs in neurons: Postsynaptic functions? Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100688. [PMID: 31836314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) contribute to an important part of intracellular signaling because, in addition to reducing diacylglycerol levels, they generate phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) Recent research has led to the discovery of ten mammalian DGK isoforms, all of which are found in the mammalian brain. Many of these isoforms have studied functions within the brain, while others lack such understanding in regards to neuronal roles, regulation, and structural dynamics. However, while previously a neuronal function for DGKθ was unknown, it was recently found that DGKθ is required for the regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and work is currently being conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind this regulation. Here we will review some of the roles of all mammalian DGKs and hypothesize additional roles. We will address the topic of redundancy among the ten DGK isoforms and discuss the possibility that DGKθ, among other DGKs, may have unstudied postsynaptic functions. We also hypothesize that in addition to DGKθ's presynaptic endocytic role, DGKθ might also regulate the endocytosis of AMPA receptors and other postsynaptic membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey N Barber
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Ma Q, Gabelli SB, Raben DM. Diacylglycerol kinases: Relationship to other lipid kinases. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 71:104-110. [PMID: 30348515 PMCID: PMC6347529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid kinases regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and have emerged as one the most promising targets for drug design. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Despite the critical role in lipid biosynthesis, both DAG and PtdOH have been shown as bioactive lipids mediating a number of signaling pathways. Although there is increasing recognition of their role in signaling systems, our understanding of the key enzyme which regulate the balance of these two lipid messages remain limited. Solved structures provide a wealth of information for understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes. Solving the structures of mammalian DGKs by traditional NMR and X-ray crystallography approaches have been challenging and so far, there are still no three-dimensional structures of these DGKs. Despite this, some insights may be gained by examining the similarities and differences between prokaryotic DGKs and other mammalian lipid kinases. This review focuses on summarizing and comparing the structure of prokaryotic and mammalian DGKs as well as two other lipid kinases: sphingosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. How these known lipid kinases structures relate to mammalian DGKs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ma
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- The Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Lin L, Zhao J, Zhang L, Huang Y, Ye F, Zhao S. Real-time tracing the changes in the intracellular pH value during apoptosis by near-infrared ratiometric fluorescence imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9071-9074. [PMID: 30058647 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05385e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe with single-excitation dual-emission. The proposed nanoprobe was applied for real-time monitoring the changes in the pH value during hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by ratio imaging. The pH value of HeLa cells changed from 6.6 to 5.6 after H2O2 (100 μM) stimulation for 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Fanggui Ye
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Boroda S, Niccum M, Raje V, Purow BW, Harris TE. Dual activities of ritanserin and R59022 as DGKα inhibitors and serotonin receptor antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 123:29-39. [PMID: 27974147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). Recently, DGKα was identified as a therapeutic target in various cancers, as well as in immunotherapy. Application of small-molecule DGK inhibitors, R59022 and R59949, induces cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds in mice, however, are poor. Thus, there is a need to discover additional DGK inhibitors not only to validate these enzymes as targets in oncology, but also to achieve a better understanding of their biology. In the present study, we investigate the activity of ritanserin, a compound structurally similar to R59022, against DGKα. Ritanserin, originally characterized as a serotonin (5-HT) receptor (5-HTR) antagonist, underwent clinical trials as a potential medicine for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance dependence. We document herein that ritanserin attenuates DGKα kinase activity while increasing the enzyme's affinity for ATP in vitro. In addition, R59022 and ritanserin function as DGKα inhibitors in cultured cells and activate protein kinase C (PKC). While recognizing that ritanserin attenuates DGK activity, we also find that R59022 and R59949 are 5-HTR antagonists. In conclusion, ritanserin, R59022 and R59949 are combined pharmacological inhibitors of DGKα and 5-HTRs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Boroda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Maria Niccum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Vidisha Raje
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Benjamin W Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Tu-Sekine B, Goldschmidt HL, Raben DM. DGK-θ: Structure, Enzymology, and Physiological Roles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:101. [PMID: 27683659 PMCID: PMC5021689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). The recognition of the importance of these enzymes has been increasing ever since it was determined that they played a role in the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) cycle and a number of excellent reviews have already been written [(see van Blitterswijk and Houssa, 2000; Kanoh et al., 2002; Mérida et al., 2008; Tu-Sekine and Raben, 2009, 2011; Shulga et al., 2011; Tu-Sekine et al., 2013) among others]. We now know there are ten mammalian DGKs that are organized into five classes. DGK-θ is the lone member of the Type V class of DGKs and remains as one of the least studied. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure, enzymology, regulation, and physiological roles of this DGK and suggests some future areas of research to understand this DGK isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hana L Goldschmidt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Southey BR, Zhu P, Carr-Markell MK, Liang ZS, Zayed A, Li R, Robinson GE, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Characterization of Genomic Variants Associated with Scout and Recruit Behavioral Castes in Honey Bees Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146430. [PMID: 26784945 PMCID: PMC4718678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Among forager honey bees, scouts seek new resources and return to the colony, enlisting recruits to collect these resources. Differentially expressed genes between these behaviors and genetic variability in scouting phenotypes have been reported. Whole-genome sequencing of 44 Apis mellifera scouts and recruits was undertaken to detect variants and further understand the genetic architecture underlying the behavioral differences between scouts and recruits. The median coverage depth in recruits and scouts was 10.01 and 10.7 X, respectively. Representation of bacterial species among the unmapped reads reflected a more diverse microbiome in scouts than recruits. Overall, 1,412,705 polymorphic positions were analyzed for associations with scouting behavior, and 212 significant (p-value < 0.0001) associations with scouting corresponding to 137 positions were detected. Most frequent putative transcription factor binding sites proximal to significant variants included Broad-complex 4, Broad-complex 1, Hunchback, and CF2-II. Three variants associated with scouting were located within coding regions of ncRNAs including one codon change (LOC102653644) and 2 frameshift indels (LOC102654879 and LOC102655256). Significant variants were also identified on the 5’UTR of membrin, and 3’UTRs of laccase 2 and diacylglycerol kinase theta. The 60 significant variants located within introns corresponded to 39 genes and most of these positions were > 1000 bp apart from each other. A number of these variants were mapped to ncRNA LOC100578102, solute carrier family 12 member 6-like gene, and LOC100576965 (meprin and TRAF-C homology domain containing gene). Functional categories represented among the genes corresponding to significant variants included: neuronal function, exoskeleton, immune response, salivary gland development, and enzymatic food processing. These categories offer a glimpse into the molecular support to the behaviors of scouts and recruits. The level of association between genomic variants and scouting behavior observed in this study may be linked to the honey bee’s genomic plasticity and fluidity of transition between castes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Morgan K. Carr-Markell
- School of Integrative Biology, Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhengzheng S. Liang
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amro Zayed
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruiqiang Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Carle Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Entomology, and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Statistics, Neuroscience Program, and Carle Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Influence of DGKH variants on amygdala volume in patients with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:127-36. [PMID: 24958494 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) gene, first identified in a genome-wide association study, is one of the few replicated risk genes of bipolar affective disorder (BD). Following initial positive studies, it not only was found to be associated with BD but also implicated in the etiology of other psychiatric disorders featuring affective symptoms, rendering DGKH a cross-disorder risk gene. However, the (patho-)physiological role of the encoded enzyme is still elusive. In the present study, we investigated primarily the influence of a risk haplotype on amygdala volume in patients suffering from schizophrenia or BD as well as healthy controls and four single nucleotide polymorphisms conveying risk. There was a significant association of the DGKH risk haplotype with increased amygdala volume in BD, but not in schizophrenia or healthy controls. These findings add to the notion of a role of DGKH in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Baldanzi G. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinases as a physiological way to promote diacylglycerol signaling. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 55:39-49. [PMID: 24582387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol is a key regulator of cell physiology, controlling the membrane recruitment and activation of signaling molecules. Accordingly, diacylglycerol generation and metabolism are strictly controlled, allowing for localized regulation of its concentration. While the increased production of diacylglycerol upon receptor triggering is well recognized, the modulation of diacylglycerol metabolism by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) is less characterized. Some agonists induce DGK activation and recruitment to the plasma membrane, promoting diacylglycerol metabolism to phosphatidic acid. Conversely, several reports indicate that signaling pathways that selectively inhibits DGK isoforms can enhance cellular diacylglycerol levels and signal transduction. For example, the impairment of DGKθ activity by RhoA binding to the catalytic domain represents a conserved mechanism controlling diacylglycerol signaling from Caenorhabditis elegans motoneurons to mammalian hepatocytes. Similarly, DGKα activity is inhibited in lymphocytes by TCR signaling, thus contributing to a rise in diacylglycerol concentration for downstream signaling. Finally, DGKμ activity is inhibited by ischemia-reperfusion-generated reactive oxygen species in airway endothelial cells, promoting diacylglycerol-mediated ion channel opening and edema. In those systems, DGKs provide a gatekeeper function by blunting diacylglycerol levels or possibly establishing permissive domains for diacylglycerol signaling. In this review, I discuss the possible general relevance of DGK inhibition to enhanced diacylglycerol signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- University "A. Avogadro" del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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11
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McCubrey JA, Davis NM, Abrams SL, Montalto G, Cervello M, Basecke J, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Steelman LS. Diverse roles of GSK-3: tumor promoter-tumor suppressor, target in cancer therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 54:176-96. [PMID: 24169510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Jorg Basecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Sanct-Josef-Hospital Cloppenburg, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council-IOR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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12
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Ueda S, Tu-Sekine B, Yamanoue M, Raben DM, Shirai Y. The expression of diacylglycerol kinase theta during the organogenesis of mouse embryos. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:35. [PMID: 24079595 PMCID: PMC3850696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-13-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is a key enzyme that regulates diacylglycerol (DG) turnover and is involved in a variety of physiological functions. The isoform DGKθ has a unique domain structure and is the sole member of type V DGK. To reveal the spatial and temporal expression of DGKθ we performed immunohistochemical staining on paraffin sections of mouse embryos. Results At an early stage of development (E10.5 and 11.5), the expression of DGKθ was prominently detected in the brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, and limb bud, and was also moderately detected in the bulbus cordis and the primordium of the liver and gut. At later stages (E12.5 and 14.5), DGKθ expression persisted or increased in the neocortex, epithalamus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and pons. DGKθ was also evident in the epidermis, and nearly all epithelia of the oropharyngeal membrane, digestive tract, and bronchea. At prenatal developmental stages (E16.5 and E18.5), the expression pattern of DGKθ was maintained in the central nervous system, intestine, and kidney, but was attenuated in the differentiated epidermis. Conclusion These results suggest that DGKθ may play important physiological roles not only in the brain, but also in diverse organs and tissues during the embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ueda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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Faenza I, Fiume R, Piazzi M, Colantoni A, Cocco L. Nuclear inositide specific phospholipase C signalling - interactions and activity. FEBS J 2013; 280:6311-21. [PMID: 23890371 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated over the past 20 years has highlighted the presence of an autonomous nuclear inositol lipid metabolism, and suggests that lipid signalling molecules are important components of signalling pathways operating within the nucleus. Nuclear polyphosphoinositide (PI) signalling relies on the synthesis and metabolism of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which can modulate the activity of effector proteins and is a substrate of signalling enzymes. The regulation of the nuclear PI pool is totally independent from the plasma membrane counterpart, suggesting that the nucleus constitutes a functionally distinct compartment of inositol lipids metabolism. Among the nuclear enzymes involved in PI metabolism, inositide specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been one of the most extensively studied. Several isoforms of PI-PLCs have been identified in the nucleus, namely PI-PLC-β1, γ1, δ1 and ζ; however, the β1 isozyme is the best characterized. In the present review, we focus on the signal transduction-related metabolism of nuclear PI-PLC and review the most convincing evidence for PI-PLC expression and activity being involved in differentiation and proliferation programmes in several cell systems. Moreover, nuclear PI-PLC is an intermediate effector and interactor for nuclear inositide signalling. The inositide cycle exists and shows a biological role inside the nucleus. It is an autonomous lipid-dependent signalling system, independently regulated with respect to the one at the plasma membrane counterpart, and is involved in cell cycle progression and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Faenza
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
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