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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Fan T, Feng Z, Yang L. Structure-guided engineered urethanase from Candida parapsilosis with pH and ethanol tolerance to efficiently degrade ethyl carbamate in Chinese rice wine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116335. [PMID: 38626603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Urethane hydrolase can degrade the carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC) in fermented food, but its stability and activity limit its application. In this study, a mutant G246A and a double mutant N194V/G246A with improved cpUH activity and stability of Candida parapsilosis were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) of mutant G246A and double mutant N194V/G246A are 1.95 times and 1.88 times higher than that of WT, respectively. In addition, compared with WT, the thermal stability and pH stability of mutant G246A and double mutant N194V/G246A were enhanced. The ability of mutant G246A and double mutant N194V/G246A to degrade EC in rice wine was also stronger than that of WT. The mutation increased the stability of the enzyme, as evidenced by decreased root mean square deviation (RMSD) and increased hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and substrate by molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking analysis. The molecule modification of new cpUH promotes the industrial process of EC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yinbin, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yinbin, China.
| | - Tingting Fan
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yinbin, China.
| | - Zhiping Feng
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yinbin, China; Liquor Making Biological Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, China.
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yinbin, China; Liquor Making Biological Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, China.
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Zhao Y, Liu J, Wang H, Gou F, He Y, Yang L. Advancements in Fermented Beverage Safety: Isolation and Application of Clavispora lusitaniae Cl-p for Ethyl Carbamate Degradation and Enhanced Flavor Profile. Microorganisms 2024; 12:882. [PMID: 38792712 PMCID: PMC11124150 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a natural by-product in the production of fermented food and alcoholic beverages and is carcinogenic and genotoxic, posing a significant food safety concern. In this study, Clavispora lusitaniae Cl-p with a strong EC degradation ability was isolated from Daqu rich in microorganisms by using EC as the sole nitrogen source. When 2.5 g/L of EC was added to the fermentation medium, the strain decomposed 47.69% of ethyl carbamate after five days of fermentation. It was unexpectedly found that the strain had the ability to produce aroma and ester, and the esterification power reached 30.78 mg/(g·100 h). When the strain was added to rice wine fermentation, compared with the control group, the EC content decreased by 41.82%, and flavor substances such as ethyl acetate and β-phenylethanol were added. The EC degradation rate of the immobilized crude enzyme in the finished yellow rice wine reached 31.01%, and the flavor substances of yellow rice wine were not affected. The strain is expected to be used in the fermented food industry to reduce EC residue and improve the safety of fermented food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhao
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
- Liquor Making Bio-Technology & Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fayuan Gou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yiwei He
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (F.G.); (Y.H.)
- Liquor Making Bio-Technology & Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
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Xue S, Dong N, Xiong K, Guo H, Dai Y, Liang H, Chen Y, Lin X, Zhu B, Zhang S. The Screening and Isolation of Ethyl-Carbamate-Degrading Strains from Fermented Grains and Their Application in the Degradation of Ethyl Carbamate in Chinese Baijiu. Foods 2023; 12:2843. [PMID: 37569112 PMCID: PMC10416978 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a 2A carcinogen produced during the fermentation of foods and beverages, primarily occurs in distilled spirits. Currently, most studies focus on strategies for EC mitigation. In the present research, we aimed to screen strains that can degrade EC directly. Here, we report two Candida ethanolica strains (J1 and J116), isolated from fermented grains, which can reduce EC concentrations directly. These two yeasts were grown using EC as the sole carbon source, and they grew well on different carbon sources. Notably, after immobilization with chitosan, the two strains degraded EC in Chinese Baijiu by 42.27% and 27.91% in 24 h (from 253.03 ± 9.89 to 146.07 ± 1.67 and 182.42 ± 5.05 μg/L, respectively), which was better than the performance of the non-immobilized strains. Furthermore, the volatile organic compound content, investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, did not affect the main flavor substances in Chinese Baijiu. Thus, the yeasts J1 and J116 may be potentially used for the treatment and commercialization of Chinese Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sufang Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (S.X.); (N.D.); (K.X.); (H.G.); (Y.D.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (X.L.)
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Sun M, Xu W, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial elimination of carbamate pesticides: specific strains and promising enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5973-5986. [PMID: 36063179 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate pesticides are widely used in the environment, and compared with other pesticides in nature, they are easier to decompose and have less durability. However, due to the improper use of carbamate pesticides, some nontarget organisms still may be harmed. To this end, it is necessary to investigate effective removal or elimination methods for carbamate pesticides. Current effective elimination methods could be divided into four categories: physical removal, chemical reaction, biological degradation, and enzymatic degradation. Physical removal primarily includes elution, adsorption, and supercritical fluid extraction. The chemical reaction includes Fenton oxidation, photo-radiation, and net electron reduction. Biological degradation is an environmental-friendly manner, which achieves degradation by the metabolism of microorganisms. Enzymatic degradation is more promising due to its high substrate specificity and catalytic efficacy. All in all, this review primarily summarizes the property of carbamate pesticides and the traditional degradation methods as well as the promising biological elimination. KEY POINTS: • The occurrence and toxicity of carbamate pesticides were shown. • Biological degradation strains against carbamate pesticides were presented. • Promising enzymes responsible for the degradation of carbamates were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Features and application potential of microbial urethanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3431-3438. [PMID: 35536404 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Urethanase (EC 3.5.1.75) can reduce ethyl carbamate (EC), a group 2A carcinogen found in foods and liquor. However, it is not yet commercially available. Urethanase has been detected as an intracellular enzyme from yeast, filamentous fungi, and bacteria. Based on the most recent progress in the sequence analysis of this enzyme, it was observed that amidase-type enzyme can degrade EC. All five enzymes had highly conserved sequences of amidase signature family, and their molecular masses were in the range of 52-62 kDa. The enzymes of Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus oryzae formed a homotetramer, and that of Rhodococcus equi strain TB-60 existed as a monomer. Most urethanases exhibited amidase activity, and those of C. parapsilosis and A. oryzae also demonstrated high activity against acrylamide, which is a group 2A carcinogen. It was recently reported that urease and esterase also exhibited urethanase activity. Although research on the enzymatic degradation of EC has been very limited, recently some sequences of EC-degrading enzyme have been elucidated, and it is anticipated that new enzymes would be developed and applied into practical use. KEY POINTS: • Recently, some urethanase sequences have been elucidated • The amino acid residues that formed the catalytic triad were conserved • Urethanase shows amidase activity and can also degrade acrylamide.
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Dong N, Xue S, Guo H, Xiong K, Lin X, Liang H, Ji C, Huang Z, Zhang S. Genetic Engineering Production of Ethyl Carbamate Hydrolase and Its Application in Degrading Ethyl Carbamate in Chinese Liquor. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070937. [PMID: 35407026 PMCID: PMC8997832 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), classified as a Group 2A carcinogen, is most abundant in the fermented foods, such as Cachaca, Shaoxing wine, and Chinese liquor (baijiu). Although biodegradation can reduce its concentration, a high ethanol concentration and acidic environment often limit its degradation. In the present study, a novel ethyl carbamate hydrolase (ECH) with high specificity to EC was isolated from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and its enzymatic properties and EC degradability were investigated. ECH was immobilized to resist extreme environmental conditions, and the flavor substance changes were explored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The specific enzymatic activity of ECH was 68.31 U/mg. Notably, ECH exhibited excellent thermal stability and tolerance to sodium chloride and high ethanol concentration (remaining at 40% activity in 60% (v/v) ethanol, 1 h). The treatment of immobilized ECH for 12 h decreased the EC concentration in liquor by 71.6 μg/L. Furthermore, the immobilized ECH exerted less effect on its activity and on the flavor substances, which could be easily filtrated during industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihui Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Siyu Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Hui Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Kexin Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Xinping Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Huipeng Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Chaofan Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Zhiguo Huang
- Liquor-Making Biotechnology and Application Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644005, China;
| | - Sufang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (N.D.); (S.X.); (H.G.); (K.X.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0411-86318675
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Kang T, Lin J, Yang L, Wu M. Expression, isolation, and identification of an ethanol-resistant ethyl carbamate-degrading amidase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens d 3. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:220-225. [PMID: 34148792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), widely found in alcoholic beverages, has been revealed to be a probable carcinogen in humans. Urethanase (EC 3.5.1.75) is an effective enzyme for the degradation of EC; however, the previously identified urethanases exhibited insufficient acid and alcohol resistance. In this study, an enantioselective amidase (AmdA) screened from Agrobacterium tumefaciens d3 exhibited urethanase activity with excellent alcohol resistance. AmdA was first overexpressed in Escherichia coli; however, the recombinant protein was primarily located in inclusion bodies, and thus, co-expression of molecular chaperones was used. The activity of AmdA increased 3.1 fold to 307 U/L, and the specific activity of urethanase with C-terminal His-tags reached 0.62 U/mg after purification through a Ni-NTA column. Subsequently, the enzymatic properties and kinetic constants of AmdA were investigated. The optimum temperature for AmdA was 55 °C, it showed the highest activity at pH 7.5, and the Km was 0.964 mM. Moreover, after 1 h of heat treatment at 37 °C in a 5-20% (v/v) ethanol solution, the residual urethanase activity was higher than 91%, considerably more than that reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, PR China.
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