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Kharkova A, Kuznetsova L, Perchikov R, Gertsen M, Melnikov P, Zaitsev N, Zhang J, Arlyapov V. Bionanocomposite Four-Channel Biosensor for Rapid and Convenient Monitoring of Glucose, Lactate, Ethanol and Starch. Gels 2025; 11:355. [PMID: 40422375 DOI: 10.3390/gels11050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2025] [Revised: 05/02/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
A biosensor for the determination of glucose, lactate, ethanol and starch in beverages has been developed using enzymes immobilized by a redox-active gel on a screen-printed electrode. A significant improvement proposed for multichannel biosensors, overcoming stability and sensitivity issues by covalently binding phenazine mediators to a biocompatible protein hydrogel, enhancing the packaging of the enzyme. Glucose oxidase (GOx), alcohol oxidase (AOx) and lactate oxidase (LOx) were used as biological materials, as well as a mixture of GOx with γ-amylase (Am). Redox gels were synthesized from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and phenazine derivatives. It was shown that a neutral red-based redox gel combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes is more promising than other substrates for enzyme immobilization. The lower limit of quantification for glucose, ethanol, lactate and starch using these systems is 0.035 mM, 2.3 mM, 15 mM and 2 mg/L, respectively. Biosensors were used to analyze the content of these substances in alcoholic, kvass and fermentation mass. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the values of glucose, ethanol, lactic acid and starch determined using biosensors and obtained by reference methods differ insignificantly. A set of biosensors developed on the basis of specifically selected enzymes is effective for controlling biotechnological processes and can be used as an alternative to classical analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kharkova
- The Research Center «BioChemTech», Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Lyubov Kuznetsova
- The Research Center «BioChemTech», Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Roman Perchikov
- The Research Center «BioChemTech», Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Maria Gertsen
- Laboratory of Soil Chemistry and Ecology, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 300026 Tula, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Zaitsev
- Econics-Expert Ltd., Akademika Bakuleva St., 6, 117513 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Urban and Rural Water Resources and Water Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Vyacheslav Arlyapov
- The Research Center «BioChemTech», Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia
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Datta B, Manasur B, Sreelekha G, Verma P, Adak C, Shukla RP, Dutta G. Quantification of L-lactic acid in human plasma samples using Ni-based electrodes and machine learning approach. Talanta 2025; 286:127493. [PMID: 39755080 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
This work presents a robust strategy for quantifying overlapping electrochemical signatures originating from complex mixtures and real human plasma samples using nickel-based electrochemical sensors and machine learning (ML). This strategy enables the detection of a panel of analytes without being limited by the selectivity of the transducer material and leaving accommodation of interference analysis to ML models. Here, we fabricated a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for L-lactic acid detection in complex mixtures and human plasma samples using nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). This paper presents a data-driven approach for developing transducers that reduce interference effects using ML with a sufficiently large dataset. The interference trends of uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glucose were measured in the presence of L-lactic acid and the complex data set was analyzed using various ML models. Limit of detections of 2.61 μM, 15.99 μM, 11.34 μM, and 3.27 μM for L-lactic acid, uric acid, glucose, and ascorbic acid were obtained, respectively, in a complex mixture using an artificial neural network-based-regression model. Further, the electrochemical signature was recorded for 10 different human plasma samples and analyzed using developed ML models to validate the sensor performance in real samples. The random forest model performance was tested against the L-lactic acid levels in human plasma samples obtained through conventional colorimetric assays which showed a good prediction performance with coefficient of determination (R2), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.99, 1.3 μM, and 4.4 μM respectively. By further miniaturization and integration of such sensors into point-of-care testing devices, metabolic profiles of different redox-active species related to the measurement of the predictive value of sepsis can be managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brateen Datta
- NanoBiosensors and Biodevices Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Basavaprabhu Manasur
- NanoBiosensors and Biodevices Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gajje Sreelekha
- Dept. of CSE, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801106, India
| | - Poornima Verma
- Dept. of CSE, Indian Institute of Information Technology Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Chandranath Adak
- Dept. of CSE, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801106, India.
| | - Rajendra P Shukla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- NanoBiosensors and Biodevices Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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Wu D, Wei Q, Yu Z, Gao Y, Knopp D, Tang D. Miniature dual-channel electrochemical 3D-printed sensing platform for enzyme-free screening of L-lactic acid in foodstuffs accompanying pH recognition. Food Chem 2025; 465:142188. [PMID: 39586200 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid identification of expired and spoiled food is crucial for food conservation, reducing resource wastage, and preventing food poisoning. This paper presents a portable electrochemical sensing platform supported by a miniature electrochemical workstation and an intelligent pH recognition system, enabling detection of L-lactic acid (L-LA) in food products without enzyme involvement. The system was based on a Cu2O@CuO multifaceted extended spatial hexapod structure. The synthesized Cu2O@CuO was characterized by a well-defined multifaceted structure. Significant enzyme-free catalysis was exhibited, and pH responses dominated by anthocyanins were identified through an intelligent image acquisition system. Additionally, we developed an electrochemical detection device for pH assistance during target testing, addressing the limitations of current electrochemical sensors' complex signal acquisition components using 3D-printed fabrication techniques and smartphones. The proposed multifunctional electrochemical workbench based on Cu2O@CuO was found to offer a preferable linear detection range of 0.1-1000 μM for L-LA, with a low detection limit of 0.027 μM. The visualization of pH determination was introduced as a novel approach for developing advanced electrochemical workbenches. In conclusion, pH-assisted portable electrochemical detection systems hold great potential for immediate food safety identification, particularly in resource-limited areas, facilitating prompt diagnosis and ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiaohua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Technical University Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Anal. Chem. and Water Chemistry, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Ding Y, Yang L, Wen J, Ma Y, Dai G, Mo F, Wang J. A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Lactate Biosensor Materials, Methods, and Applications in Modern Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1045. [PMID: 40006275 PMCID: PMC11858931 DOI: 10.3390/s25041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Lactate is a key metabolite in cellular respiration, and elevated levels usually indicate tissue hypoxia or metabolic dysregulation. The real-time detection of lactate levels is particularly important in situations such as exercise, shock, severe trauma, and tissue injury. Conventional lactate assays are insufficient to address today's complex and variable testing environments, and thus, there is an urgent need for highly sensitive biosensors. This review article provides an overview of the concept and composition of electrochemical lactate biosensors, as well as their recent advances. Comparisons of popular studies on enzymatic and non-enzymatic lactate sensors, the surface-related materials used for modifications to electrochemical lactate biosensors, and the detection methods commonly used for sensors are discussed separately. In addition, advances in implantable and non-implantable miniaturized lactate sensors are discussed, emphasizing their application for continuous real-time monitoring. Despite their potential, challenges such as non-specific binding, biomaterial interference, and biorecognition element stability issues remain during practical applications. Future research should aim to improve sensor design, biocompatibility, and integration with advanced signal processing techniques. With continued innovation, lactate sensors are expected to revolutionize personalized medicine, helping clinicians to increase treatment efficiency and improve the experience of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Ding
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liuhong Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuhang Ma
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ge Dai
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Naval Medical University, Ministry of Education, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Naval Medical University, Ministry of Education, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Gil B, Hall TAG, Freeman DME, Ming D, Kechagias S, Nabilla S, Cegla F, van Arkel RJ. Wireless implantable bioelectronics with a direct electron transfer lactate enzyme for detection of surgical site infection in orthopaedics. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116571. [PMID: 39047650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Periprosthetic infection is one of the most devastating complications following orthopaedic surgery. Rapid detection of an infection can change the treatment pathway and improve outcomes for the patient. In here, we propose a miniaturized lactate biosensor developed on a flexible substrate and integrated on a small-form bone implant to detect infection. The methods for lactate biosensor fabrication and integration on a bone implant are fully described within this study. The system performance was comprehensively electrochemically characterised, including with L-lactate solutions prepared in phosphate-buffered saline and culture medium, and interferents such as acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. A proof-of-concept demonstration was then conducted with ex vivo ovine femoral heads incubated with and without exposure to Staphylococcus epidermidis. The sensitivity, current density and limit-of-detection levels achieved by the biosensor were 1.25 μA mM-1, 1.51 μA.M-1.mm-2 and 66 μM, respectively. The system was insensitive to acetaminophen, while sensitivity to ascorbic acid was half that of the sensitivity to L-lactate. In the ex vivo bone model, S. epidermidis infection was detected within 5 h of implantation, while the control sample led to no change in the sensor readings. This pioneering work demonstrates a pathway to improving orthopaedic outcomes by enabling early infection diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gil
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Thomas A G Hall
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David M E Freeman
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Room 7S5, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Damien Ming
- Centre for Antimicrobial Optimisation, Imperial College London, Room 7S5, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Stylianos Kechagias
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sasza Nabilla
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Frederic Cegla
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard J van Arkel
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Tamborelli A, Mujica ML, Amaranto M, Barra JL, Rivas G, Godino A, Dalmasso P. L-Lactate Electrochemical Biosensor Based on an Integrated Supramolecular Architecture of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with Avidin and a Recombinant Biotinylated Lactate Oxidase. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:196. [PMID: 38667189 PMCID: PMC11048174 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
L-Lactate is an important bioanalyte in the food industry, biotechnology, and human healthcare. In this work, we report the development of a new L-lactate electrochemical biosensor based on the use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes non-covalently functionalized with avidin (MWCNT-Av) deposited at glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) as anchoring sites for the bioaffinity-based immobilization of a new recombinant biotinylated lactate oxidase (bLOx) produced in Escherichia coli through in vivo biotinylation. The specific binding of MWCNT-Av to bLOx was characterized by amperometry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The amperometric detection of L-lactate was performed at -0.100 V, with a linear range between 100 and 700 µM, a detection limit of 33 µM, and a quantification limit of 100 µM. The proposed biosensor (GCE/MWCNT-Av/bLOx) showed a reproducibility of 6.0% and it was successfully used for determining L-lactate in food and enriched serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tamborelli
- CIQA, CONICET, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Maestro López esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
- INFIQC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Michael López Mujica
- INFIQC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Marilla Amaranto
- CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (M.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - José Luis Barra
- CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (M.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Gustavo Rivas
- INFIQC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Agustina Godino
- CIQUIBIC, CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (M.A.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Pablo Dalmasso
- CIQA, CONICET, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Maestro López esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
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7
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Sun G, Wei X, Zhang D, Huang L, Liu H, Fang H. Immobilization of Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Application to Food Bioprocess Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:886. [PMID: 37754120 PMCID: PMC10526424 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors based on immobilized enzymes are among the most popular and commercially successful biosensors. The literature in this field suggests that modification of electrodes with nanomaterials is an excellent method for enzyme immobilization, which can greatly improve the stability and sensitivity of the sensor. However, the poor stability, weak reproducibility, and limited lifetime of the enzyme itself still limit the requirements for the development of enzyme electrochemical biosensors for food production process monitoring. Therefore, constructing sensing technologies based on enzyme electrochemical biosensors remains a great challenge. This article outlines the construction principles of four generations of enzyme electrochemical biosensors and discusses the applications of single-enzyme systems, multi-enzyme systems, and nano-enzyme systems developed based on these principles. The article further describes methods to improve enzyme immobilization by combining different types of nanomaterials such as metals and their oxides, graphene-related materials, metal-organic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, and conducting polymers. In addition, the article highlights the challenges and future trends of enzyme electrochemical biosensors, providing theoretical support and future perspectives for further research and development of high-performance enzyme chemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganchao Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (G.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (G.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Dianping Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Liben Huang
- Huichuan Technology (Zhuhai) Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, China;
| | - Huiyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (G.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Haitian Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (G.S.); (X.W.)
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Wijayanti SD, Tsvik L, Haltrich D. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Food and Beverage Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3355. [PMID: 37761066 PMCID: PMC10529900 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food analysis and control are crucial aspects in food research and production in order to ensure quality and safety of food products. Electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes as the bioreceptors are emerging as promising tools for food analysis because of their high selectivity and sensitivity, short analysis time, and high-cost effectiveness in comparison to conventional methods. This review provides the readers with an overview of various electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors in food analysis, focusing on enzymes used for different applications in the analysis of sugars, alcohols, amino acids and amines, and organic acids, as well as mycotoxins and chemical contaminants. In addition, strategies to improve the performance of enzyme-based biosensors that have been reported over the last five years will be discussed. The challenges and future outlooks for the food sector are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarma Dita Wijayanti
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; (S.D.W.)
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Lidiia Tsvik
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; (S.D.W.)
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; (S.D.W.)
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9
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Kilic NM, Singh S, Keles G, Cinti S, Kurbanoglu S, Odaci D. Novel Approaches to Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:622. [PMID: 37366987 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is a genuinely interdisciplinary science that may be used in various physical, chemical, and biological domains. Moreover, using biosensors to quantify biological or biochemical processes is critical in medical, biological, and biotechnological applications. Nowadays, there are several electrochemical biosensors for various healthcare applications, such as for the determination of glucose, lactate, catecholamines, nucleic acid, uric acid, and so on. Enzyme-based analytical techniques rely on detecting the co-substrate or, more precisely, the products of a catalyzed reaction. The glucose oxidase enzyme is generally used in enzyme-based biosensors to measure glucose in tears, blood, etc. Moreover, among all nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials have generally been utilized thanks to the unique properties of carbon. The sensitivity can be up to pM levels using enzyme-based nanobiosensor, and these sensors are very selective, as all enzymes are specific for their substrates. Furthermore, enzyme-based biosensors frequently have fast reaction times, allowing for real-time monitoring and analyses. These biosensors, however, have several drawbacks. Changes in temperature, pH, and other environmental factors can influence the stability and activity of the enzymes, affecting the reliability and repeatability of the readings. Additionally, the cost of the enzymes and their immobilization onto appropriate transducer surfaces might be prohibitively expensive, impeding the large-scale commercialization and widespread use of biosensors. This review discusses the design, detection, and immobilization techniques for enzyme-based electrochemical nanobiosensors, and recent applications in enzyme-based electrochemical studies are evaluated and tabulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Melis Kilic
- Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Turkey
| | - Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gulsu Keles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Odaci
- Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Turkey
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