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Dai K, Qu C, Li X, Lan Y, Fu H, Wang J. Cofactor engineering in Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27 for maximizing ethanol yield and revealing an enzyme complex with high ferredoxin-NAD + reductase activity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130784. [PMID: 38701976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27 is a prominent producer of biofuels from lignocellulosic materials. To provide sufficient NAD(P)H for ethanol production, redox-related genes, including lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), redox-sensing transcriptional repressor (rex), and hydrogenase (hfsB), were knocked out. However, the growth of strain PRH (Δldh/Δrex/ΔhfsB) was suppressed due to the intracellular redox state imbalance with the increased NADH concentration. Coincidentally, when the Bcd-EtfAB (BCD) complex was overexpressed, the resulting strain PRH-B3 (Δldh/Δrex/ΔhfsB::BCD) grew rapidly and produced ethanol with a high yield. With lignocellulosic hydrolysates, PRH-BA (Δldh/Δrex/ΔhfsB::BCD::adhE) demonstrated high ethanol productivity and yield, reaching levels of 0.45-0.51 g/L/h and 0.46-0.53 g/g sugars, respectively. The study results shed light on the cofactor balance for cell stability and the high ferredoxin-NAD+ reductase activity of the BCD complex under an intracellular low redox state. They also provide an essential reference for developing strains for improved biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqun Dai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyun Qu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Lingnan Special Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Lan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wang S, Jiang W, Jin X, Qi Q, Liang Q. Genetically encoded ATP and NAD(P)H biosensors: potential tools in metabolic engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1211-1225. [PMID: 36130803 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To date, many metabolic engineering tools and strategies have been developed, including tools for cofactor engineering, which is a common strategy for bioproduct synthesis. Cofactor engineering is used for the regulation of pyridine nucleotides, including NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+, and adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP), which is crucial for maintaining redox and energy balance. However, the intracellular levels of NADH/NAD+, NADPH/NADP+, and ATP/ADP cannot be monitored in real time using traditional methods. Recently, many biosensors for detecting, monitoring, and regulating the intracellular levels of NADH/NAD+, NADPH/NADP+, and ATP/ADP have been developed. Although cofactor biosensors have been mainly developed for use in mammalian cells, the potential application of cofactor biosensors in metabolic engineering in bacterial and yeast cells has received recent attention. Coupling cofactor biosensors with genetic circuits is a promising strategy in metabolic engineering for optimizing the production of biochemicals. In this review, we focus on the development of biosensors for NADH/NAD+, NADPH/NADP+, and ATP/ADP and the potential application of these biosensors in metabolic engineering. We also provide critical perspectives, identify current research challenges, and provide guidance for future research in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- CAS Key Lab of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Bortolucci J, Guazzaroni ME, Schoch T, Dürre P, Reginatto V. Enhancing 1,3-Propanediol Productivity in the Non-Model Chassis Clostridium beijerinckii through Genetic Manipulation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1855. [PMID: 37513028 PMCID: PMC10383064 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotechnological processes at biorefineries are considered one of the most attractive alternatives for valorizing biomasses by converting them into bioproducts, biofuels, and bioenergy. For example, biodiesel can be obtained from oils and grease but generates glycerol as a byproduct. Glycerol recycling has been studied in several bioprocesses, with one of them being its conversion to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) by Clostridium. Clostridium beijerinckii is particularly interesting because it can produce a range of industrially relevant chemicals, including solvents and organic acids, and it is non-pathogenic. However, while Clostridium species have many potential advantages as chassis for synthetic biology applications, there are significant limitations when considering their use, such as their limited genetic tools, slow growth rate, and oxygen sensitivity. In this work, we carried out the overexpression of the genes involved in the synthesis of 1,3-PDO in C. beijerinckii Br21, which allowed us to increase the 1,3-PDO productivity in this strain. Thus, this study contributed to a better understanding of the metabolic pathways of glycerol conversion to 1,3-PDO by a C. beijerinckii isolate. Also, it made it possible to establish a transformation method of a modular vector in this strain, therefore expanding the limited genetic tools available for this bacterium, which is highly relevant in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatã Bortolucci
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-030, SP, Brazil
| | - María-Eugenia Guazzaroni
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa Schoch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Dürre
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Valeria Reginatto
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-030, SP, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Wu Y, Li M, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Chen C, Wang M, Chen B, Tan T. Efficient production of chemicals from microorganism by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Butanediol production from glycerol and glucose by Serratia marcescens isolated from tropical peat soil. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Xu D, Jia Z, Zhang L, Fu S, Gong H. Analysis of the Growth and Metabolites of a Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex- Deficient Klebsiella pneumoniae Mutant in a Glycerol-Based Medium. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:753-761. [PMID: 32482942 PMCID: PMC9728353 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1801.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in Klebsiella pneumoniae, the growth and metabolism of PDHC-deficient mutant in glycerol-based medium were analyzed and compared with those of other strains. Under aerobic conditions, the PDHC activity was fourfold higher than that of pyruvate formate lyase (PFL), and blocking of PDHC caused severe growth defect and pyruvate accumulation, indicating that the carbon flux through pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A mainly depended on PDHC. Under anaerobic conditions, although the PDHC activity was only 50% of that of PFL, blocking of PDHC resulted in more growth defect than blocking of PFL. Subsequently, combined with the requirement of CO2 and intracellular redox status, it was presumed that the critical role of PDHC was to provide NADH for the anaerobic growth of K. pneumoniae. This presumption was confirmed in the PDHC-deficient mutant by further blocking one of the formate dehydrogenases, FdnGHI. Besides, based on our data, it can also be suggested that an improvement in the carbon flux in the PFL-deficient mutant could be an effective strategy to construct highyielding 1,3-propanediol-producing K. pneumoniae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Zongxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Shuilin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Heng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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Bharathiraja B, Selvakumari IAE, Jayamuthunagai J, Kumar RP, Varjani S, Pandey A, Gnansounou E. Biochemical conversion of biodiesel by-product into malic acid: A way towards sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136206. [PMID: 31905567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol, one of the ever-growing by-product of biodiesel industry and is receiving the closest review in recent times because direct disposal of crude glycerol may emerge ecological issues. The renewability, bioavailability and typical structure of glycerol, therefore, discover conceivable application in serving the role of carbon and energy source for microbial biosynthesis of high value products. This conceivable arrangement could find exploitation of crude glycerol as a renewable building block for bio-refineries as it is economically as well as environmentally profitable. In this review, we summarize the uptake and catabolism of crude glycerol by different wild and recombinant microorganism. The chemical and biochemical transformation of crude glycerol into high esteem malic acid by various microbial pathways is also additionally discussed. An extensive investigation in the synthesis of high-value malic acid production from various feed stock which finds applications in cosmeceutical and chemical industries, food and beverages, and to some extent in the field of medical science is also likewise studied. Finally, the open doors for unrefined crude glycerol in serving as a promising abundant energy source for malic acid production in near future have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600 062, India
| | | | - J Jayamuthunagai
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Arunai Engineering College, Thiruvannaamalai 606 603, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Westbrook AW, Miscevic D, Kilpatrick S, Bruder MR, Moo-Young M, Chou CP. Strain engineering for microbial production of value-added chemicals and fuels from glycerol. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:538-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Zhou S, Huang Y, Mao X, Li L, Guo C, Gao Y, Qin Q. Impact of acetolactate synthase inactivation on 1,3-propanediol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0200978. [PMID: 31017890 PMCID: PMC6481767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an important compound that is mainly used in industry for polymer production. Fermentation of 1,3-PDO from glycerol by Klebsiella pneumoniae is accompanied by formation of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) as one of the main byproduct. The first step in the formation of 2,3-BDO from pyruvate is catalyzed by acetolactate synthase (ALS), an enzyme that competes with 1,3-PDO oxidoreductase for the cofactor NADH. This study aimed to analyze the impact of engineering the 2,3-BDO formation pathway via inactivation of ALS on 1,3-PDO fermentation by K. pneumoniae HSL4. An ALS mutant was generated using Red recombinase assisted gene replacement. The ALS specific activities of K. pneumoniae ΔALS were notably lower than that of the wild-type strain. Fed-batch fermentation of the mutant strain resulted in a 1,3-PDO concentration, productivity and conversion of 72.04 g L–1, 2.25 g L–1 h–1, and 0.41 g g–1, increase by 4.71%, 4.65% and 1.99% compared with the parent strain. Moreover, inactivation of ALS decreased meso-2,3-BDO formation to trace amounts, significantly increased 2S,3S-BDO and lactate production, and a pronounced redistribution of intracellular metabolic flux was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (QQ)
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (QQ)
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11
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Kumar V, Park S. Potential and limitations of Klebsiella pneumoniae as a microbial cell factory utilizing glycerol as the carbon source. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:150-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Wang M, Chen B, Fang Y, Tan T. Cofactor engineering for more efficient production of chemicals and biofuels. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1032-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Vivek N, Sindhu R, Madhavan A, Anju AJ, Castro E, Faraco V, Pandey A, Binod P. Recent advances in the production of value added chemicals and lipids utilizing biodiesel industry generated crude glycerol as a substrate - Metabolic aspects, challenges and possibilities: An overview. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 239:507-517. [PMID: 28550990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the major ecological concerns associated with biodiesel production is the generation of waste/crude glycerol during the trans-esterification process. Purification of this crude glycerol is not economically viable. In this context, the development of an efficient and economically viable strategy would be biotransformation reactions converting the biodiesel derived crude glycerol into value added chemicals. Hence the process ensures the sustainability and waste management in biodiesel industry, paving a path to integrated biorefineries. This review addresses a waste to wealth approach for utilization of crude glycerol in the production of value added chemicals, current trends, challenges, future perspectives, metabolic approaches and the genetic tools developed for the improved synthesis over wild type microorganisms were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisetty Vivek
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India; Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Alphonsa Jose Anju
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India; Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali 160 071, Punjab, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India.
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Jiang L, Liu H, Mu Y, Sun Y, Xiu Z. High tolerance to glycerol and high production of 1,3-propanediol in batch fermentations by microbial consortium from marine sludge. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:635-644. [PMID: 32624809 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD) is a versatile bulk chemical and widely used as a monomer to synthesis polymers, such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. 1,3-PD can be produced by microbial fermentation with the advantages of the environmental protection and sustainable development. Low substrate tolerance and wide by-product profile limit microbial production of 1,3-PD by Klebsiella pneumonia on industrial scale. In this study, microbial consortia were investigated to overcome some disadvantages of pure fermentation by single strain. Microbial consortium named DL38 from marine sludge gave the best performance. Its bacterial community composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing and showed that Enterobacteriaceae was the most abundant family. Compared with three K. pneumonia strains isolated from DL38, the microbial consortium could grow well at an initial glycerol concentration of 200 g/L to produce 81.40 g/L of 1,3-PD with a yield of 0.63 mol/mol. This initial glycerol concentration is twice the highest concentration by single isolated strain and more than the critical value (188 g/L) extrapolated from the fermentation kinetics for K. pneumonia. On the other hand, a small amount of by-products were produced in batch fermentation of microbial consortium DL38, especially no 2,3-butanediol detected. The mixed culture of strain W3, Y5 and Y1 improved the tolerance to glycerol and changed the metabolite profile of single strain W3. The batch fermentation with the natural proportion (W3: Y5: Y1 = 208: 82: 17) was superior to that with other proportions and single strain. This study showed that microbial consortium DL38 possessed excellent substrate tolerance, narrow by-product profile and attractive potential for industrial production of 1,3-PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - HuiFang Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Ying Mu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - YaQin Sun
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - ZhiLong Xiu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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Multi-modular engineering of 1,3-propanediol biosynthesis system in Klebsiella pneumoniae from co-substrate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:647-657. [PMID: 27761634 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a monomer for the synthesis of various polyesters. It is widely used in industries including cosmetics, solvents, and lubricants. Here, the multi-modular engineering was used to improve the concentration and tolerance of 1,3-PDO in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Firstly, the concentration of 1,3-PDO was increased by 25 %, while the concentrations of by-products were reduced considerably through one-step evolution which focused on the glycerol pathway. In addition, the 1,3-PDO tolerance was improved to 150 g L-1. Secondly, co-substrate transport system was regulated, and the 1,3-PDO concentration, yield, and productivity of the mutant were improved to 76.4 g L-1, 0.53 mol mol-1, and 2.55 g L-1 h-1, respectively. Finally, NADH regeneration was introduced and the recombinant strain was successfully achieved with a high productivity of 2.69 g L-1 h-1. The concentration and yield of 1,3-PDO were also improved to 86 g L-1 and 0.59 mol mol-1. This strategy described here provides an approach of achieving a superior strain which is able to produce 1,3-PDO with high productivity and yield.
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16
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Kumar V, Durgapal M, Sankaranarayanan M, Somasundar A, Rathnasingh C, Song H, Seung D, Park S. Effects of mutation of 2,3-butanediol formation pathway on glycerol metabolism and 1,3-propanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae J2B. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:432-440. [PMID: 27160953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates the impact of mutation of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) formation pathway on glycerol metabolism and 1,3-propanediol (PDO) production by lactate dehydrogenase deficient mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae J2B. To this end, BDO pathway genes, budA, budB, budC and budO (whole-bud operon), were deleted from K. pneumoniae J2B ΔldhA and the mutants were studied for glycerol metabolism and alcohols (PDO, BDO) production. ΔbudO-mutant-only could completely abolish BDO production, but with reductions in cell growth and PDO production. By modifying the culture medium, the ΔbudO mutant could recover its performance on the flask scale. However, in bioreactor experiments, the ΔbudO mutant accumulated a significant amount of pyruvate (>73mM) in the late phase and PDO production stopped concomitantly. Glycolytic intermediates of glycerol, especially glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) was highly inhibitory to glycerol dehydratase (GDHt); its accumulation, followed by pyruvate accumulation, was assumed to be responsible for the ΔbudO mutant's low PDO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Nottingham BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Meetu Durgapal
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Mugesh Sankaranarayanan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Somasundar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Chelladurai Rathnasingh
- R&D Center, GS Caltex Corporation, 104-4 Munji-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoHak Song
- R&D Center, GS Caltex Corporation, 104-4 Munji-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Seung
- R&D Center, GS Caltex Corporation, 104-4 Munji-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zhu C, Fang B, Wang S. Effects of culture conditions on the kinetic behavior of 1,3-propanediol fermentation by Clostridium butyricum with a kinetic model. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:130-137. [PMID: 27089428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of culture conditions on the kinetic behavior of 1,3-propanediol (PD) fermentation were investigated with a kinetic model. First, with initial glycerol concentration (S0) increasing, μmax and PD inhibition increased. Glycerol assimilation was harder and a little glycerol was consumed on cell maintenance at high S0. Second, with yeast extract concentration increasing, PD inhibition decreased. However, μmax decreased and glycerol assimilation became harder. It seems that the stimulus effect of yeast extract resulted from decreased PD inhibition. Glycerol amount consumed on cell maintenance also decreased. Third, with temperature decreasing, μmax and PD inhibition decreased. Glycerol assimilation was harder and a little more glycerol was consumed on cell maintenance at low temperature. Fourth, with pH increasing, μmax and PD inhibition decreased. Glycerol assimilation was harder and much more glycerol was consumed on cell maintenance at pH 6.5 and 7.5 than 7.0. This work facilitates further fermentation process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Baishan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Ester, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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18
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Yang T, Rao Z, Hu G, Zhang X, Liu M, Dai Y, Xu M, Xu Z, Yang ST. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for redistributing the carbon flux to 2,3-butanediol by manipulating NADH levels. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:129. [PMID: 26312069 PMCID: PMC4549875 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetoin reductase (Acr) catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) with concomitant oxidation of NADH to NAD(+). Therefore, intracellular 2,3-BD production is likely governed by the quantities of rate-limiting factor(s) Acr and/or NADH. Previously, we showed that a high level of Acr was beneficial for 2,3-BD accumulation. RESULTS Metabolic engineering strategies were proposed to redistribute carbon flux to 2,3-BD by manipulating NADH levels. The disruption of NADH oxidase (YodC, encoded by yodC) by insertion of a formate dehydrogenase gene in Bacillus subtilis was more efficient for enhancing 2,3-BD production and decreasing acetoin formation than the disruption of YodC by the insertion of a Cat expression cassette. This was because the former resulted in the recombinant strain AFY in which an extra NADH regeneration system was introduced and NADH oxidase was disrupted simultaneously. On fermentation by strain AFY, the highest 2,3-BD concentration increased by 19.9 % while the acetoin titer decreased by 71.9 %, relative to the parental strain. However, the concentration of lactate, the main byproduct, increased by 47.2 %. To further improve carbon flux and NADH to 2,3-BD, the pathway to lactate was blocked using the insertional mutation technique to disrupt the lactate dehydrogenase gene ldhA. The resultant engineered strain B. subtilis AFYL could efficiently convert glucose into 2,3-BD with little acetoin and lactate accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Through increasing the availability of NADH and decreasing the concentration of unwanted byproducts, this work demonstrates an important strategy in the metabolic engineering of 2,3-BD production by integrative recombinant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
- />School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyuan Hu
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Dai
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- />The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- />Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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19
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Chen Y, Lou S, Fan L, Zhang X, Tan T. Control of ATP concentration in Escherichia coli using synthetic small regulatory RNAs for enhanced S-adenosylmethionine production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv115. [PMID: 26187745 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP is the limiting precursor and driving force for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. In contrast to traditional optimization of fermentation processes, the synthetic sRNA-based repression strategy, which was developed as a highly efficient gene knockdown approach, has been applied for the regulation of the intracellular ATP concentration in order to enhance SAM production. In this work, proB, glnA and argB, all involved in the synthesis of ATP-dependent by-products in the S-adenosylmethionine production were selected as candidates for repression. The results show that the S-adenosylmethionine titer and yield in the recombinant strain were doubled compared with the control. The best-performing strain, Anti-argB, produced the highest SAM titer (1.21 mg L(-1)), and strain Anti-glnA gave the highest yield (0.13 mg g(-1), 12 h). Both the concentration of ATP and the ratio of ATP to ADP were shown to have a positive effect on the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis. Overall, the synthetic sRNA-based downregulation strategy has a high potential for cofactor regulation and will be useful for industrial ATP-driven bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyan Lou
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihai Fan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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20
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Wang M, Fan L, Tan T. 1-Butanol production from glycerol by engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Gao L, Jiang X, Fu S, Gong H. In silico identification of potential virulence genes in 1,3-propanediol producer Klebsiella pneumonia. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Wu J, Ke X, Wang L, Li R, Zhang X, Jiao P, Zhuang W, Chen Y, Ying H. Recovery of Acetoin from the Ethanol–Acetoin–Acetic Acid Ternary Mixture Based on Adsorption Methodology Using a Hyper-Cross-Linked Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502105q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Wu
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Ke
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Renjie Li
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Xin mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China
- National
Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
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23
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Cui YL, Zhou JJ, Gao LR, Zhu CQ, Jiang X, Fu SL, Gong H. Utilization of excess NADH in 2,3-butanediol-deficient Klebsiella pneumoniae for 1,3-propanediol production. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:690-8. [PMID: 24961176 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To utilize excess NADH for 1,3-propanediol production by 2,3-butanediol-deficient mutants, the effect of dhaT overexpression in two distinct 2,3-butanediol-deficient mutants was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Two 2,3-butanediol-deficient mutants, KG1-3 (blocking of the 2,3-butanediol pathway only) and KG1-5 (blocking of both of 2,3-butanediol and lactate pathways) were constructed. Our results showed that although the intracellular redox balance (NADH/NAD(+)) was extremely high at the end of fermentation for both mutants, the status of intracellular redox in KG1-5 was maintained at a normal level following the first stage of fermentation. Analysis of cell growth and metabolite formation confirmed the inhibition of excess lactate in 2,3-butanediol pathway-deficient mutants. Furthermore, dhaT was overexpressed in two 2,3-butanediol-deficient mutants (KG1-3T and KG1-5T). In KG1-5T, the intracellular redox balance was restored to normal and 1,3-propanediol production increased. The yield of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol in KG1-5T was also restored to a normal level of 0·6. CONCLUSIONS The excess NADH in both the 2,3-butanediol- and lactate-deficient mutants can be used by overexpresstion of dhaT. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The metabolic flux tended to increase lactate production by the abolishment of the 2,3-butanediol pathway in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the high accumulation of lactate prevented the cell from using excess NADH, thereby inhibiting cell growth and 1,3-propanediol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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24
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Yen HW, Li FT, Chang JS. The effects of dissolved oxygen level on the distribution of 1,3-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol produced from glycerol by an isolated indigenous Klebsiella sp. Ana-WS5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 153:374-8. [PMID: 24369989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of glycerol during biodiesel synthesis has attracted much interest on the potential usage. One of the promising applications is the conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (PDO), as well 2,3-butanediol (BDO), by using Klebsiella pneumonia. The results of this study indicate that the dissolved oxygen level (DO) is a determining factor in the distribution of PDO and BDO. The batch with a low DO could achieve a much higher PDO/BDO ratio than the high DO batch, with results of 9.9 and 0.2, respectively. The enzyme activity of glycerol dehydratase (GDHt) in the low DO batch was about three times that of the high DO batch, and this might be the cause of the enhanced PDO production. In conclusion, the results of this work show that high DO was beneficial to the production of BDO when using glycerol as the carbon source, while low DO could enhance PDO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Yen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Tzu Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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25
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Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P. Glycerol dehydrogenase plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6080-90. [PMID: 24429283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) is an important polyol dehydrogenase for glycerol metabolism in diverse microorganisms and for value-added utilization of glycerol in the industry. Two GDHs from Klebsiella pneumoniae, DhaD and GldA, were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized for substrate specificity and kinetic parameters. Both DhaD and GldA could catalyze the interconversion of (3R)-acetoin/(2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol or (3S)-acetoin/meso-2,3-butanediol, in addition to glycerol oxidation. Although purified GldA appeared more active than DhaD, in vivo inactivation and quantitation of their respective mRNAs indicate that dhaD is highly induced by glycerol and plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation. Complementation in K. pneumoniae further confirmed the dual role of DhaD. Promiscuity of DhaD may have vital physiological consequences for K. pneumoniae growing on glycerol, which include balancing the intracellular NADH/NAD(+) ratio, preventing acidification, and storing carbon and energy. According to the kinetic response of DhaD to modified NADH concentrations, DhaD appears to show positive homotropic interaction with NADH, suggesting that the physiological role could be regulated by intracellular NADH levels. The co-existence of two functional GDH enzymes might be due to a gene duplication event. We propose that whereas DhaD is specialized for glycerol utilization, GldA plays a role in backup compensation and can turn into a more proficient catalyst to promote a survival advantage to the organism. Revelation of the dual role of DhaD could further the understanding of mechanisms responsible for enzyme evolution through promiscuity, and guide metabolic engineering methods of glycerol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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