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Ni R, Niu M, Fu J, Tan H, Zhu TT, Zhang J, Lou HX, Zhang P, Li JX, Cheng AX. Molecular and structural characterization of a promiscuous chalcone synthase from the fern species Stenoloma chusanum. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1935-1951. [PMID: 35920566 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The key enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway have been extensively studied in seed plants, but relatively less in ferns. In this study, two 4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligases (Sc4CL1 and Sc4CL2) and one novel chalcone synthase (ScCHS1) were functionally characterized by mining the Stenoloma chusanum transcriptome database. Recombinant Sc4CLs were able to esterify various hydroxycinnamic acids to corresponding acyl-coenzyme A (CoA). ScCHS1 could catalyze p-coumaroyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA, and feruloyl-CoA to form naringenin, pinocembrin, eriodictyol, and homoeriodictyol, respectively. Moreover, enzymatic kinetics studies revealed that the optimal substrates of ScCHS1 were feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA, rather than p-coumaroyl-CoA, which was substantially different from the common CHSs. Crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the amino acid residues, Leu87, Leu97, Met165, and Ile200, located in the substrate-binding pocket near the B-ring of products, could exert a significant impact on the unique catalytic activity of ScCHS1. Furthermore, overexpression of ScCHS1 in tt4 mutants could partially rescue the mutant phenotypes. Finally, ScCHS1 and Sc4CL1 were used to synthesize flavanones and flavones with multi-substituted hydroxyl and methoxyl B-ring in Escherichia coli, which can effectively eliminate the need for the cytochrome P450 hydroxylation/O-methyltransferase from simple phenylpropanoid acids. In summary, the identification of these important Stenoloma enzymes provides a springboard for the future production of various flavonoids in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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2
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Heterologous biosynthesis as a platform for producing new generation natural products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:123-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Khalil MNA, Farghal HH, Farag MA. Outgoing and potential trends of composition, health benefits, juice production and waste management of the multi-faceted Grapefruit Citrus Χ paradisi: A comprehensive review for maximizing its value. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:935-956. [PMID: 33054326 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Grapefruit (GF) Citrus Χ paradisi Macfad (F. Rutaceae) is one of the major citrus fruits that encompass a myriad of bioactive chemicals and most unique among citrus fruits. Nevertheless, no study has yet to assess comprehensively its multitudinous constituents, health benefits, and valuable waste products. Hereto, the present review provides an updated comprehensive review on the different aspects of GF, its juice production, waste valorization, enhancement of its byproducts quality, and compared to other citrus fruits. Grapefruit uniqueness among other citrus fruits stands from its unique taste, flavor, and underlying complex chemical composition. Despite limonene abundance in peel oil and grapefruit juice (GFJ) aroma, nootkatone and sulfur compounds are the key determinants of its flavor, whereas flavanones contribute to its bitter taste and in conjunction with limonoids. Different postharvest treatments and juice processing are reviewed and in context to its influence on final product quality and or biological effects. Flavanones, furanocoumarins, and limonoids appear as the most prominent in GF drug interactions affecting its metabolism and or excretion. Valorization of GF peel is overviewed for its utilization as biosrobent, its oil in aromatherapy, limonene as antimicrobial or in cosmetics, fruit pectin for bioethanol production, or as biosorbent, and peel phenolics biotransformation. The present review capitalizes on all of the aforementioned aspects in GF and further explore novel aspects of its juice quality presenting the full potential of this valued multi-faceted citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed N A Khalil
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatullah H Farghal
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Biochemical Characterization of a Flavonoid O-methyltransferase from Perilla Leaves and Its Application in 7-Methoxyflavonoid Production. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194455. [PMID: 32998370 PMCID: PMC7583084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is a common structural modification that can alter and improve the biological activities of natural compounds. O-Methyltransferases (OMTs) catalyze the methylation of a wide array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, and are potentially useful tools for the biotechnological production of valuable natural products. An OMT gene (PfOMT3) was isolated from perilla leaves as a putative flavonoid OMT (FOMT). Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons showed that PfOMT3 is a class II OMT. Recombinant PfOMT3 catalyzed the methylation of flavonoid substrates, whereas no methylated product was detected in PfOMT3 reactions with phenylpropanoid substrates. Structural analyses of the methylation products revealed that PfOMT3 regiospecifically transfers a methyl group to the 7-OH of flavonoids. These results indicate that PfOMT3 is an FOMT that catalyzes the 7-O-methylation of flavonoids. PfOMT3 methylated diverse flavonoids regardless of their backbone structure. Chrysin, naringenin and apigenin were found to be the preferred substrates of PfOMT3. Recombinant PfOMT3 showed moderate OMT activity toward eriodictyol, luteolin and kaempferol. To assess the biotechnological potential of PfOMT3, the biotransformation of flavonoids was performed using PfOMT3-transformed Escherichia coli. Naringenin and kaempferol were successfully bioconverted to the 7-methylated products sakuranetin and rhamnocitrin, respectively, by E. coli harboring PfOMT3.
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Dunstan MS, Robinson CJ, Jervis AJ, Yan C, Carbonell P, Hollywood KA, Currin A, Swainston N, Feuvre RL, Micklefield J, Faulon JL, Breitling R, Turner N, Takano E, Scrutton NS. Engineering Escherichia coli towards de novo production of gatekeeper (2 S)-flavanones: naringenin, pinocembrin, eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa012. [PMID: 33195815 PMCID: PMC7644443 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural plant-based flavonoids have drawn significant attention as dietary supplements due to their potential health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-asthmatic activities. Naringenin, pinocembrin, eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol are classified as (2S)-flavanones, an important sub-group of naturally occurring flavonoids, with wide-reaching applications in human health and nutrition. These four compounds occupy a central position as branch point intermediates towards a broad spectrum of naturally occurring flavonoids. Here, we report the development of Escherichia coli production chassis for each of these key gatekeeper flavonoids. Selection of key enzymes, genetic construct design and the optimization of process conditions resulted in the highest reported titers for naringenin (484 mg/l), improved production of pinocembrin (198 mg/l) and eriodictyol (55 mg/l from caffeic acid), and provided the first example of in vivo production of homoeriodictyol directly from glycerol (17 mg/l). This work provides a springboard for future production of diverse downstream natural and non-natural flavonoid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dunstan
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher J Robinson
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Adrian J Jervis
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Cunyu Yan
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Katherine A Hollywood
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andrew Currin
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Neil Swainston
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rosalind Le Feuvre
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jean-Loup Faulon
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- MICALIS, INRA-AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas Turner
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester aaSynthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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Marsafari M, Samizadeh H, Rabiei B, Mehrabi A, Koffas M, Xu P. Biotechnological Production of Flavonoids: An Update on Plant Metabolic Engineering, Microbial Host Selection, and Genetically Encoded Biosensors. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900432. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Marsafari
- Department of ChemicalBiochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore MD 21250 USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of Guilan Rasht 44052 Iran
| | - Habibollah Samizadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of Guilan Rasht 44052 Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of Guilan Rasht 44052 Iran
| | | | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY 12180 USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of ChemicalBiochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore MD 21250 USA
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Maher P, Fischer W, Liang Z, Soriano-Castell D, Pinto AFM, Rebman J, Currais A. The Value of Herbarium Collections to the Discovery of Novel Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease, a Case Made With the Genus Eriodictyon. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:208. [PMID: 32210808 PMCID: PMC7076189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, in particular those with a history in traditional medicine, hold enormous potential as sources of new therapies for dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The largest collections of plants can be found in herbaria all over the world, but the value of these collections to AD drug discovery has been significantly neglected. As a proof of principle, we investigated the neuroprotective activity of herbarium specimens of Eriodictyon (yerba santa), a genus with a long history of usage by the indigenous tribes in California to treat respiratory and age-related complications. Dichloromethane extracts were prepared from leaves of 14 Eriodictyon taxa preserved in the SD Herbarium located at the San Diego Natural History Museum. The extracts were tested for neuroprotection in nerve cells against oxytosis and ferroptosis and for anti-inflammatory activity in brain microglial cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In parallel, the levels of the flavanones sterubin, eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol were measured by mass spectrometry. Several Eriodictyon species presented strong neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. The protective properties of the extracts correlated with the amount of sterubin, but not with eriodictyol or homoeriodictyol, indicating that sterubin is the major active compound in these species. The occurrence of eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol may be predictive of the phylogenetic relationship between members in the genus Eriodictyon. The data offer insight into the traditional use of yerba santa across indigenous tribes in California, while demonstrating the value of herbarium collections for the discovery of novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhibin Liang
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Soriano-Castell
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jon Rebman
- Department of Botany, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Marsafari M, Xu P. Debottlenecking mevalonate pathway for antimalarial drug precursor amorphadiene biosynthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 10:e00121. [PMID: 31956504 PMCID: PMC6957783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization reports that half of the population in developing countries are at risk of malaria infection. Artemisinin, the most potent anti-malaria drug, is a sesquiterpene endoperoxide extracted from the plant Artemisia annua. Due to scalability and economics issues, plant extraction or chemical synthesis could not provide a sustainable route for large-scale manufacturing of artemisinin. The price of artemisinin has been fluctuating from 200$/Kg to 1100$/Kg, due to geopolitical and climate factors. Microbial fermentation was considered as a promising method to stabilize the artemisinin supply chain. Yarrowia lipolytica, is an oleaginous yeast with proven capacity to produce large quantity of lipids and oleochemicals. In this report, the lipogenic acetyl-CoA pathways and the endogenous mevalonate pathway of Y. lipolytica were harnessed for amorphadiene production. Gene overexpression indicate that HMG-CoA and acetyl-CoA supply are two limiting bottlenecks for amorphadiene production. We have identified the optimal HMG-CoA reductase and determined the optimal gene copy number for the precursor pathways. Amorphadiene production was improved further by either inhibiting fatty acids synthase or activating the fatty acid degradation pathway. With co-expression of mevalonate kinase (encoded by Erg12), a push-and-pull strategy enabled the engineered strain to produce 171.5 mg/L of amorphadiene in shake flasks. These results demonstrate that balancing carbon flux and manipulation of precursor competing pathways are key factors to improve amorphadiene biosynthesis in oleaginous yeast; and Y. lipolytica is a promising microbial host to expand nature’s biosynthetic capacity, allowing us to quickly access antimalarial drug precursors. Endogenous acetyl-CoA and mevalonate pathway were harnessed for amorphadiene synthesis. Expression of native untruncated HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1) removes rate-limiting steps. Balancing ADS, HMG1 and MVK activity effectively pull FPP flux toward amorphadiene. Activation of fatty acid degradation pushes carbon flux toward HMG-CoA pathways. A push-and-pull strategy boosts amorphadiene production to 171.5 mg/L in shake flasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Marsafari
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
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Microbial production of O-methylated flavanones from methylated phenylpropanoic acids in engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1707-1713. [PMID: 31595455 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylated flavonoids possess improved bioactivities compared to their unmethylated counterparts. In this study, for the efficient production of O-methylated flavonoids from simple methylated phenylpropanoic acids, a recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) from Oryza sativa and chalcone synthase (CHS) from Hordeum vulgare was constructed; this strain produced significant amount of homoeriodictyol (~ 52 mg/L) as well as a few amount of hesperetin (0.4 mg/L), respectively, from ferulic acid and 4-methylcaffeic acid. This demonstrates, for the first time, that the scarce but valuable methylated flavanones can be successfully produced from methylated phenylpropanoic acids in a microbial host via an artificial biosynthetic pathway consisting of 4CL and CHS that can accept O-methylated precursors.
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Ren X, Zhang X, Zhai X, Deng R, Meng J, Li X, Kong Q. Regulation of resveratrol O-methyltransferase gene in pterostilbene defensing the sour rot of wine grape. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13016. [PMID: 31452220 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sour rot, caused by Geotrichum citriaurantii (G. citri-aurantii.), is one of the most serious grapevine secondary infection diseases in China. We have determined that pterostilbene, the most important phytoalexin, effectively inhibits the activity of G. citri-aurantii. To study the synthesis mechanism of pterostilbene against G. citri-aurantii in grape, we initially detected the content of pterostilbene present in grapes infected by G. citri-aurantii with the use of UHPLC-QQQ-MS2 . Pterostilbene levels are controlled by the resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) gene, and within grape samples is positively related to the accumulation of resveratrol. The pPIC9k-ROMT vector and plasmid pCAMBIA2300-GFP-ROMT were constructed for expression purposes. The pPIC9k-ROMT vector was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and plasmid pCAMBIA2300-GFP-ROMT was expressed in onion. Analysis of qRT-PCR amplification samples revealed that gene expression was induced rapidly in grape as a defense against G. citri-aurantii. Western blot analysis verified that the recombinant protein was successfully expressed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Pterostilbene is a trace and efficient phytoalexins produced by plant' secondary metabolism, which exhibits good pharmacological activity. As an important protective agent in plants, it can improve the antioxidant capacity and resistance to adversity of plants. However, the method which could be used for mass production of pterostilbene has not been reported currently. The key gene of pterostilbene biosynthesis was investigated and verified in this paper, which provides the theoretical basis for the industrial production of pterostilbene. The study of pterostilbene is significant for the prevention and treatment of G. citri-aurantii disease, and has important practical applications for the development and production of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Ren
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Meng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingyan Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Lee D, Park HL, Lee SW, Bhoo SH, Cho MH. Biotechnological Production of Dimethoxyflavonoids Using a Fusion Flavonoid O-Methyltransferase Possessing Both 3'- and 7-O-Methyltransferase Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1467-1474. [PMID: 28429944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although they are less abundant in nature, methoxyflavonoids have distinct physicochemical and pharmacological properties compared to common nonmethylated flavonoids. Thus, enzymatic conversion and biotransformation using genetically engineered microorganisms of flavonoids have been attempted for the efficient production of methoxyflavonoids. Because of their regiospecificity, more than two flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs) and enzyme reactions are required to biosynthesize di(or poly)-methoxyflavonoids. For the one-step biotechnological production of bioactive di-O-methylflavonoids, we generated a multifunctional FOMT fusing a 3'-OMT (SlOMT3) and a 7-OMT (OsNOMT). The SlOMT3/OsNOMT fusion enzyme possessed both 3'- and 7-OMT activities to diverse flavonoid substrates, which were comparable to those of individual SlOMT3 and OsNOMT. The SlOMT3/OsNOMT enzyme also showed 3'- and 7-OMT activity for 7- or 3'-O-methylflavonoids, respectively, suggesting that the fusion enzyme can sequentially methylate flavonoids into di-O-methylflavonoids. The biotransformation of the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, eriodictyol, and taxifolin using SlOMT3/OsNOMT-transformed Escherichia coli generated corresponding di-O-methylflavonoids, rhamnazin, velutin, 3',7-di-O-methyleriodictyol, and 3',7-di-O-methyltaxifolin, respectively. These results indicate that dimethoxyflavonoids may be efficiently produced from nonmethylated flavonoid precursors through a one-step biotransformation using the engineered E. coli harboring the SlOMT3/OsNOMT fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lin Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and ‡Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Liu HH, Ji XJ, Huang H. Biotechnological applications of Yarrowia lipolytica: Past, present and future. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1522-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Guo H, Madzak C, Du G, Zhou J. Mutagenesis of conserved active site residues of dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase enhances the accumulation of α-ketoglutarate in Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:649-59. [PMID: 26428234 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG) is an important intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and has broad applications. The mitochondrial ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) complex catalyzes the oxidation of α-KG to succinyl-CoA. Disruption of KGDH, which may enhance the accumulation of α-KG theoretically, was found to be lethal to obligate aerobic cells. In this study, individual overexpression of dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (DLST), which serves as the inner core of KGDH, decreased overall activity of the enzyme complex. Furthermore, two conserved active site residues of DLST, His419, and Asp423 were identified. In order to determine whether these residues are engaged in enzyme reaction or not, these two conserved residues were individually mutated. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of the enzyme variants provided evidence that the catalytic reaction of DLST depended on residues His419 and Asp423. Overexpression of mutated DLST not only impaired balanced assembly of KGDH, but also disrupted the catalytic integrity of the enzyme complex. Replacement of the Asp423 residue by glutamate increased extracellular α-KG by 40 % to 50 g L(-1) in mutant strain. These observations uncovered catalytic roles of two conserved active site residues of DLST and provided clues for effective metabolic strategies for rational carbon flux control for the enhanced production of α-KG and related bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Catherine Madzak
- UMR1238 Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, INRA/CNRS/AgroPan's Tech, CBAI, BP 01, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Pan YG, Li YX, Yuan MQ. Isolation, purification and identification of etiolation substrate from fresh-cut Chinese water-chestnut (Eleocharis tuberosa). Food Chem 2015; 186:119-22. [PMID: 25976800 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fresh cut Chinese water-chestnut is a popular ready-to-eat fresh-cut fruit in China. However, it is prone to etiolation and the chemicals responsible for this process are not known yet. To address this problem, we extracted phytochemicals from etiolated Chinese water-chestnut and separated them using MPLC and column chromatography. Four compounds were obtained and their structures were determined by interpretation of UV, TLC, HPLC and NMR spectral data and by comparison with reported data. We identified these compounds as eriodictyol, naringenin, sucrose and ethyl D-glucoside. Among those, eriodictyol and naringenin were both isolated for the first time in fresh-cut Chinese water-chestnut and are responsible for the yellowing of this fruit cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gui Pan
- College of Food Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Yi-Xiao Li
- College of Food Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Yuan
- College of Food Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
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