Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in systemic sclerosis

Pneumatosis intestinalis in systemic sclerosis: navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

BACKGROUND

Pneumatosis intestinalis, characterised by the presence of intramural bowel gas, is a radiological finding with varied clinical implications, ranging from incidental detection to severe underlying pathology, including bowel ischaemia or perforation. Its association with systemic sclerosis, a connective tissue disorder, remains rare and poorly understood, presenting unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analysing 34 documented cases of pneumatosis intestinalis associated with systemic sclerosis, examining demographic profiles, clinical features, diagnostic findings, and outcomes of various management strategies.

RESULTS

Pneumatosis intestinalis in systemic sclerosis predominantly occurs in older female patients and is associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility and microvascular damage. Symptoms range from asymptomatic presentations to severe abdominal pain with obstructive symptoms, with the latter increasing the likelihood of surgical intervention. Non-operative management, encompassing antibiotic therapy, oxygen supplementation, and dietary modifications, was associated with favourable outcomes and the lowest mortality. In contrast, surgical intervention, often necessitated by suspected ischemia or perforation, was associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality.

CONCLUSION

Pneumatosis intestinalis in systemic sclerosis is a complex clinical entity demanding a nuanced, multi-disciplinary approach to management. Non-operative management should remain the cornerstone of treatment for clinically stable presentations, with surgery reserved for those with clear indications. The absence of standardised guidelines underscores the need for further research to refine diagnostic criteria and therapeutic protocols, ultimately improving long-term outcomes in this complex intersection of gastrointestinal and systemic disease.

Neumatosis quística intestinal y peritoneal, causa de neumoperitoneo. Revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso

Introducción. La neumatosis intestinal es una condición rara que se caracteriza por la infiltración submucosa o subserosa de gas en el tubo digestivo. Se encuentra más frecuentemente en el intestino delgado y, pocas veces, en localización extraintestinal. Su prevalencia estimada es de 0,03 %. Métodos. Se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos biomédicas Medline Pubmed, Science Direct, Tripdatabase y Uptodate, usando como palabras clave ‘neumoperitoneo’ y ‘neumatosis cistoide intestinal’ Para la presentación del caso clínico, se tomaron datos de la historia clínica y, además, imágenes de radiografía, tomografías y material fotográfico del procedimiento quirúrgico. Presentación del caso. Se trata de una mujer de 63 años de edad con antecedentes de colagenopatía, que consultó por dolor y distensión abdominal. Aunque no tenía signos de irritación peritoneal, las imágenes diagnósticas revelaron neumoperitoneo y líquido libre en la cavidad peritoneal, por lo que se sospechó una perforación intestinal y se practicó una laparotomía exploratoria, en la cual se encontró neumatosis quística intestinal y peritoneal. Conclusiones. No todos los casos de neumoperitoneo requieren cirugía. Existen casos espontáneos y sin irritación peritoneal, secundarios a neumatosis quística intestinal. En los casos de neumoperitoneo en pacientes estables con un diagnostico etiológico no muy claro, y en quienes se desee descartar perforación intestinal o isquemia mediante exploración quirúrgica, la laparoscopia diagnóstica es una buena opción y menos agresiva que la laparotomía.

Benign pneumatosis intestinalis in a pediatric patient with multiple risk factors including granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

To describe the first reported case of pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) in a pediatric patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and multiple other risk factors and review the literature for PI in adult and pediatric rheumatologic conditions.

METHODS

A PubMed search was completed using the search phrase "pneumatosis intestinalis." Searches were limited to humans and the English language, and remaining articles involving patients with rheumatologic diagnoses were identified and included in our discussion.

RESULTS

This is the first reported of case of PI in a patient with underlying GPA or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides. Out of 90 previously reported cases of PI in patients with rheumatologic conditions, 79 cases were in adults and 11 in children. There were 30 patients with systemic sclerosis, 18 with MCTD/overlap syndrome, 18 with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, 16 with SLE, and 8 with other diagnoses. Overall, 81% of the patients were on corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants prior to development of PI. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain, and 51% of patients had associated pneumoperitoneum.

CONCLUSIONS

PI can be associated with a broad spectrum of rheumatic diseases, including GPA, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with rheumatologic conditions and nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms.

Unexpected post-mortem diagnosis of systemic sclerosis presenting as pneumatosis intestinalis: revised diagnostic criteria and medicolegal implications

Systemic sclerosis is a challenging diagnosis for clinicians and pathologists alike due to its protean manifestations and often insidious onset, particularly in cases without significant titres of auto-antibodies. Herein we present a case of a female in her sixties who died rapidly following a clinical diagnosis of pneumatosis intestinalis and respiratory failure of unclear etiology. Recently revised clinical diagnostic criteria were applied to the clinical history and postmortem findings to reach an unexpected diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. The diagnosis of systemic sclerosis at autopsy has important medicolegal implications largely related to premature death due to delayed treatment or poor post-operative outcome. Moreover, familial clustering of this disease underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion in the postmortem setting.

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in scleroderma-related conditions

AIMS

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare life-threatening gastrointestinal complication in the course of connective tissue disease (CTD). PCI is characterised by the appearance of intramural clusters of gas in the small and large bowel wall on X-ray or computed tomography and often is accompanied by free air in the peritoneal cavity.

METHODS

We present three cases of PCI in patients with scleroderma-related conditions. A review of the English language literature published on MEDLINE from 1973 to 2008 was conducted using the terms: 'systemic sclerosis', 'connective tissue disease' and 'pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis'. This review focused on clinical features, diagnostic and treatment strategies of PCI in the context of CTD.

RESULTS

Symptoms of PCI are non-specific: abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, bloating and weight loss. Coexistence of PCI with other manifestations of CTD, such as intestinal pseudo-obstruction and/or bacterial overgrowth, complicates the clinical diagnosis. Treatment approach to PCI is mostly conservative: intestinal 'rest', parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, fluids and electrolyte supplementation, and inhaled oxygen. Surgical intervention should be performed only in cases of bowel perforation, ischaemia or necrosis. Patients with PCI have high mortality rates due to PCI itself but also to the severity and variety of basic CTD complications.

CONCLUSION

Recognition of PCI, particularly in the context of underlying CTD, is necessary for proper therapeutic application. In patients with underlying CTD and symptoms of abdominal emergency, recruitment of multidisciplinary teams, including rheumatologist, gastroenterologist, imaging specialist and surgeons familiar with intestinal complications of CTD-related conditions, is warranted.