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Lukovac T, Hil OA, Popović M, Jovanović V, Savić T, Pavlović AM, Pavlović D. Serum Biomarker Analysis in Pediatric ADHD: Implications of Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Ferritin, and Iron Levels. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:497. [PMID: 38671715 PMCID: PMC11048887 DOI: 10.3390/children11040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The current diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on history, clinical observation, and behavioral tests. There is a high demand to find biomarkers for the diagnosis of ADHD. The aim of this study is to analyze the serum profiles of several biomarkers, including homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12, vitamin D, ferritin, and iron, in a cohort of 133 male subjects (6.5-12.5 years), including 67 individuals with an ADHD diagnosis based on DSM-V criteria and 66 age-matched healthy boys (healthy controls, HC). Assessments for ADHD included the Iowa Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CPRS) and the ADHDT test, as well as cognitive assessments using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the TROG-2 language comprehension test. Hcy and iron were quantified using spectrophotometry, while vitamin B12 and total 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and ferritin was measured using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. The results showed significantly increased Hcy levels and decreased vitamin B12 levels in ADHD patients compared to HCs. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that Hcy is a potential prognostic indicator for ADHD. These results suggest that elevated homocysteine and decreased vitamin B12 may serve as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lukovac
- Center for Speech and Language Pathology Higia Logos, Mirijevski Bulevar 17 b, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milka Popović
- Beo-Lab Laboratories, Resavska 58-60, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vitomir Jovanović
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Čika-Ljubina 18-20, 11102 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tatjana Savić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Boulevard, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra M. Pavlović
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Visokog Stevana 2, 11102 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Dragan Pavlović
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Visokog Stevana 2, 11102 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.P.); (D.P.)
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Flynn LT, Bouras NN, Migovich VM, Clarin JD, Gao WJ. The "psychiatric" neuron: the psychic neuron of the cerebral cortex, revisited. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1356674. [PMID: 38562227 PMCID: PMC10982399 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1356674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nearly 25 years ago, Dr. Patricia Goldman-Rakic published her review paper, "The 'Psychic' Neuron of the Cerebral Cortex," outlining the circuit-level dynamics, neurotransmitter systems, and behavioral correlates of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, particularly as they relate to working memory. In the decades since the release of this paper, the existing literature and our understanding of the pyramidal neuron have increased tremendously, and research is still underway to better characterize the role of the pyramidal neuron in both healthy and psychiatric disease states. In this review, we revisit Dr. Goldman-Rakic's characterization of the pyramidal neuron, focusing on the pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and their role in working memory. Specifically, we examine the role of PFC pyramidal neurons in the intersection of working memory and social function and describe how deficits in working memory may actually underlie the pathophysiology of social dysfunction in psychiatric disease states. We briefly describe the cortico-cortical and corticothalamic connections between the PFC and non-PFC brain regions, as well the microcircuit dynamics of the pyramidal neuron and interneurons, and the role of both these macro- and microcircuits in the maintenance of the excitatory/inhibitory balance of the cerebral cortex for working memory function. Finally, we discuss the consequences to working memory when pyramidal neurons and their circuits are dysfunctional, emphasizing the resulting social deficits in psychiatric disease states with known working memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Taylor Flynn
- Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nadia N. Bouras
- Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Volodar M. Migovich
- Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jacob D. Clarin
- Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Xie Y, Zhao J, Li X, Sun J, Yang H. Effects of Cyfluthrin Exposure on Neurobehaviour, Hippocampal Tissue and Synaptic Plasticity in Wistar Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:999. [PMID: 38133400 PMCID: PMC10748044 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cyfluthrin (Cy) exposure on neurobehaviour, hippocampal tissue and synaptic plasticity in Wistar rats. First, it was found that high-dose Cy exposure could cause nerve injury, resulting in symptoms such as deficits in learning and memory ability, spatial exploration and autonomic motor function. Moreover, it was found that medium- and high-dose Cy exposure could cause an abnormal release of the neurotransmitter Glu. Second, brain tissue pathology showed that the middle and high doses of Cy caused tissue deformation, reduced the number of hippocampal puramidal cells, caused a disorder of these cells, decreased the number of Nissl bodies, and caused pyknosis of the hippocampal cell nuclear membrane and serious damage to organelles, indicating that exposure to these doses of Cy may cause hippocampal tissue damage in rats. Third, as the exposure dose increased, morphological changes in hippocampal synapses, including blurred synaptic spaces, a decreased number of synaptic vesicles and a decreased number of synapses, became more obvious. Moreover, the expression levels of the key synaptic proteins PSD-95 and SYP also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating obvious synaptic damage. Finally, the study found that medium and high doses of Cy could upregulate the expression of A2AR in the hippocampus and that the expression levels of inflammatory factors and apoptosis-related proteins increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression of A2AR mRNA was correlated with neurobehavioural indicators and the levels of inflammatory factors, synaptic plasticity-related factors and apoptosis-related factors, suggesting that Cy may cause nerve damage in rats and that this effect is closely related to A2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Maternal Hyperhomocysteinemia Disturbs the Mechanisms of Embryonic Brain Development and Its Maturation in Early Postnatal Ontogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010189. [PMID: 36611982 PMCID: PMC9818313 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperhomocysteinemia causes the disruption of placental blood flow and can lead to serious disturbances in the formation of the offspring's brain. In the present study, the effects of prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia (PHHC) on the neuronal migration, neural tissue maturation, and the expression of signaling molecules in the rat fetal brain were described. Maternal hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in female rats by per os administration of 0.15% aqueous methionine solution in the period of days 4-21 of pregnancy. Behavioral tests revealed a delay in PHHC male pups maturing. Ultrastructure of both cortical and hippocampus tissue demonstrated the features of the developmental delay. PHHC was shown to disturb both generation and radial migration of neuroblasts into the cortical plate. Elevated Bdnf expression, together with changes in proBDNF/mBDNF balance, might affect neuronal cell viability, positioning, and maturation in PHHC pups. Reduced Kdr gene expression and the content of SEMA3E might lead to impaired brain development. In the brain tissue of E20 PHHC fetuses, the content of the procaspase-8 was decreased, and the activity level of the caspase-3 was increased; this may indicate the development of apoptosis. PHHC disturbs the mechanisms of early brain development leading to a delay in brain tissue maturation and formation of the motor reaction of pups.
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Apam-Castillejos DJ, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Vázquez-Roque RA, Vázquez-Hernández AJ, Fuentes-Medel E, García-Dolores F, Díaz A, Flores G. Second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine attenuates behavioral and prefrontal cortex synaptic plasticity deficits in a neurodevelopmental schizophrenia-related rat model. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102166. [PMID: 36156295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics are the drugs of choice for the treatment of neurodevelopmental-related mental diseases such as schizophrenia. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs to ameliorate some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, specifically the positive ones, the mechanisms beyond their antipsychotic effect are still poorly understood. Specifically, second-generation antipsychotics are reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroplastic properties. Using the neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (nVHL) in the rat, an accepted schizophrenia-related model, we evaluated the effect of the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine (OLZ) in the behavioral, neuroplastic, and neuroinflammatory alterations exhibited in the nVHL animals. OLZ corrected the hyperlocomotion and impaired working memory of the nVHL animals but failed to enhance social disturbances of these animals. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), OLZ restored the pyramidal cell structural plasticity in the nVHL rats, enhancing the dendritic arbor length, the spinogenesis and the proportion of mature spines. Moreover, OLZ attenuated astrogliosis as well as some pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related molecules in the PFC. These findings reinforce the evidence of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neurotrophic mechanisms of second-generation antipsychotics in the nVHL schizophrenia-related model, which allows for the possibility of developing more specific drugs for this disorder and thus avoiding the side effects of current schizophrenia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Estefania Fuentes-Medel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Dolores
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Ciudad de México (TSJCDMX), Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico.
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Neurogenic Interventions for Fear Memory via Modulation of the Hippocampal Function and Neural Circuits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073582. [PMID: 35408943 PMCID: PMC8998417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear memory helps animals and humans avoid harm from certain stimuli and coordinate adaptive behavior. However, excessive consolidation of fear memory, caused by the dysfunction of cellular mechanisms and neural circuits in the brain, is responsible for post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety-related disorders. Dysregulation of specific brain regions and neural circuits, particularly the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex, have been demonstrated in patients with these disorders. These regions are involved in learning, memory, consolidation, and extinction. These are also the brain regions where new neurons are generated and are crucial for memory formation and integration. Therefore, these three brain regions and neural circuits have contributed greatly to studies on neural plasticity and structural remodeling in patients with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we provide an understanding of fear memory and its underlying cellular mechanisms and describe how neural circuits are involved in fear memory. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic interventions for these disorders based on their proneurogenic efficacy and the neural circuits involved in fear memory.
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Zhao M, Liu T, Qi S, Li W, Liu X, Li X, Xun G. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder Have a Higher Level of Homocysteine Than Major Depressive Disorder: A Retrospective Chart Review and Observational Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2671-2682. [PMID: 36411779 PMCID: PMC9675348 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s387063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that homocysteine (Hcy) may be involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) by influencing glutamatergic transmission, inflammation, and other mechanisms. There are no established biomarkers to distinguish BD from MDD. This study aims to compare Hcy levels between BD and MDD. PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected medical records of patients aged 14-75 admitted to the hospital from January 1 to July 1, 2022 with a discharge diagnosis of MDD or BD, including all examinations of patients at admission (acute phase) and discharge (non-acute phase). We measured Hcy levels in healthy controls (HC). RESULTS The analysis included 104 patients with MDD, 103 patients with BD, and 80 HC. Hcy levels were higher in the MDD and BD group than in the HC group and higher in the BD group than in the MDD group, both in the acute and non-acute phases (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in Hcy levels between the psychotropic medication users and non-users in the BD or MDD group (all P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis only for the MDD and BD group indicated that the likelihood of BD diagnosis was significantly associated with Hcy levels (in the acute phase: OR = 1.052, P = 0.016; in the non-acute phase: OR = 1.101, P < 0.001) after controlling for gender, age, and metabolic indicators. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that Hcy levels were elevated in MDD and BD patients and were higher in BD patients than in MDD patients, which provides evidence for a possible relationship between one-carbon metabolism and the pathogenesis of BD. Besides, Hcy may be one of the potential biomarkers to distinguish BD from MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengteng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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