Aerobic exercise training reduces deep-frying oil-induced apoptosis of hippocampal tissue by reducing oxidative stress in male rats

The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin C on some apoptotic markers in the hippocampus tissue of rats with Alzheimer's disease; an experimental study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training (AT) and vitamin C supplementation (VC) on apoptotic markers in hippocampus tissue of AD rats treated with trimethyltin (TMT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study, 32 Sprague- Dawley rats (mean age: 14-18 months and mean weight 270-320 g) were treated with (10 mg/kg) TMT and divided into 4 groups including: 1) ADcontrol, 2) VC, 3) AT and 4) AT+VC groups. In order to investigate the effects of AD induction on research variables, 8 healthy rats selected as healthy control group (HC). Groups 3 and 4 trained for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session lasted 15-48 minutes with an intensity of 10-24 m/min. Groups 2 and 4 received 4 mg/kg VC orally. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post- hoc tests were used for statistical analysis of data (p ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS

The gene expression levels of Caspase 3, FasL, Cyt-C and AP-1 in the AT, VC and AT+VC groups were significantly lower than TMT group (p ≤ 0.05); Caspase 3, FasL and Cyt-C levels were significantly lower in the AT+VC group compare to VC and ET groups (p ≤ 0.05). CytC levels in AT group were significantly lower than VC group (p = 0.002). Also, AP-1 levels in AT+VC group were significantly lower than AT group (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

It seems that AT and VC, both alone and interactively, can probably induce their anti-apoptotic effects in the hippocampus tissue of rats with AD via a common signaling pathway.

Glutamate rescues heat stress-induced apoptosis of Sertoli cells by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and activating the Trx1-Akt pathway in vitro

Heat stress reduces the number of Sertoli cells, which is closely related to an imbalanced redox status. Glutamate functions to maintain the equilibrium of redox homeostasis. However, the role of glutamate in heat treated Sertoli cells remains unclear. Herein, Sertoli cells from 3-week-old piglets were treated at 44 °C for 30 min (heat stress). Glutamate levels increased significantly following heat stress treatment, followed by a gradual decrease during recovery, while glutathione (GSH) showed a gradual increase. The addition of exogenous glutamate (700 μM) to Sertoli cells before heat stress significantly reduced the heat stress-induced apoptosis rate, mediated by enhanced levels of antioxidant substances (superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and GSH) and reduced levels of oxidative substances (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA)). Glutamate addition to Sertoli cells before heat stress upregulated the levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit (Gclm), glutathione synthetase (Gss), thioredoxin (Trx1) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and the ratio of phosphorylated Akt (protein kinase B)/total Akt. However, it decreased the levels of Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase 3. Addition of the inhibitor of glutaminase (Gls1), Bptes (Bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide, 30 μM)to Sertoli cells before heat stress reversed these effects. These results inferred that glutamate rescued heat stress-induced apoptosis in Sertoli cells by enhancing activity of antioxidant enzymes and activating the Trx1-Akt pathway. Thus, glutamate supplementation might represent a novel strategy to alleviate the negative effect of heat stress.