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Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Suzuki M, Suzuki O. The standard addition method and its validation in forensic toxicology. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In the quantitative forensic toxicological analyses using instruments, major methods to be employed are conventional matrix-matched calibration method (MMCM). However, nowadays, the needs for using the standard addition methods (SAM) are increasing. In spite of this situation, there are no reports of the guidelines for the validations of SAM. In this review, the principle, how to perform it, advantages, disadvantages, reported application data, and the details of validation procedures for the SAM are described.
Methods
Various databases such as SciFinder, Google and Google Scholar were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to the SAM. The long experiences of our research group on the SAM were also included in this review.
Results
Although the experimental procedures for the SAM are much more laborious than those of the MMCM, the SAM is essential to quantify target xenobiotic(s) in special matrices such as human solid tissues or biles, which remarkably interfere with the usual quantitative analyses. The validation methods for the SAM have been also proposed for the cases in the absence of the blank matrices.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first presentation of detailed SAM procedure and its validation, which will facilitate the use of the SAM in forensic toxicology. Especially for its validation, new simple methods have been proposed.
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Han L, Lin Q, Liu G, Han D, Niu L. Review of the formation and influencing factors of food-derived glycated lipids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3490-3498. [PMID: 33372540 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1867052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycated lipids are formed by a Maillard reaction between the aldehyde group of a reducing sugar with the free amino group of an amino-lipid. The formation and accumulation of glycated lipids are closely related to the prognosis of diabetes, vascular disease, and cancer. However, it is not clear whether food-derived glycated lipids pose a direct threat to the human body. In this review, potentially harmful effect, distribution, formation environment and mechanism, and determination and inhibitory methods of glycated lipids are presented. Future research directions for the study of food-derived glycated lipids include: (1) understanding their digestion, absorption, and metabolism in the human body; (2) expanding the available database for associated risk assessment; (3) relating their formation mechanism to food production processes; (4) revealing the formation mechanism of food-derived glycated lipids; (5) developing rapid, reliable, and inexpensive determination methods for the compounds in different foods; and (6) seeking effective inhibitors. This review will contribute to the final control of food-derived glycated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingna Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Formation of advanced glycation endproducts in foods during cooking process and underlying mechanisms: a comprehensive review of experimental studies. Nutr Res Rev 2019; 33:77-89. [PMID: 31699165 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) are a group of complex and heterogeneous molecules, sharing some common characteristics such as covalent cross-link formation among proteins, the effect of transforming the colour of food products into yellow-brown colours and fluorescence formation. AGE are linked to many diseases including diabetes, renal diseases, CVD, liver diseases, neuro-degenerative and eye disorders, female reproductive dysfunction, and even cancer. AGE are formed endogenously but are also provided from exogenous sources including diet and tobacco. Western diet, rich in processed and/or heat-treated foods, fat and sugar, increases the exposure to AGE. The foods that contain high levels of fat and protein are generally rich in terms of AGE, and are also prone to AGE formation during cooking compared with carbohydrate-rich foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains. The present article aimed to review the literature about the effects of different cooking methods and conditions on the AGE content of food and AGE formation mechanisms using a comprehensive approach.
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Dong X, Li L, Ye Y, Zhang D, Zheng L, Jiang Y, Shen M. Surrogate analyte-based quantification of main endocannabinoids in whole blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4439. [PMID: 30444951 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous ligands of the endocannabinoid system that are known to regulate several physiological and behavioral processes. Previous studies have developed methods for the detection of main eCBs including arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), mostly in serum or plasma. Whole blood is a superior biomaterial for eCBs analysis owing to the nature of the shortened isolation procedure and decreased risk of 2-AG isomerization during preparation. In this study, a surrogate analyte-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the measurement of AEA, 2-AG and its isomer 1-arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG) using a maximum of 100 μL whole blood. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a reverse-phase column and a gradient elution. Detection was performed in selected reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ionization source. The limits of detection of three eCBs were 0.05-0.1 ng/mL. Good linearity was observed over the concentration range. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were ≤10.9 and ≤8.7% at four quality control levels. The response factor and parallelism experiment illustrated that the surrogate analytes were suitable for accurate quantification of the main eCBs in whole blood. This surrogate analyte approach was successfully applied to authentic blood samples obtained from alcohol negative drivers and those under the influence of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dingang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lixing Zheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Hess C, Sydow K, Kueting T, Kraemer M, Maas A. Considerations regarding the validation of chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of endogenous substances in forensics. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 283:150-155. [PMID: 29301115 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for correct evaluation of forensic toxicological results in daily routine work and scientific studies is reliable analytical data based on validated methods. Validation of a method gives the analyst tools to estimate the efficacy and reliability of the analytical method. Without validation, data might be contested in court and lead to unjustified legal consequences for a defendant. Therefore, new analytical methods to be used in forensic toxicology require careful method development and validation of the final method. Until now, there are no publications on the validation of chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the detection of endogenous substances although endogenous analytes can be important in Forensic Toxicology (alcohol consumption marker, congener alcohols, gamma hydroxy butyric acid, human insulin and C-peptide, creatinine, postmortal clinical parameters). For these analytes, conventional validation instructions cannot be followed completely. In this paper, important practical considerations in analytical method validation for endogenous substances will be discussed which may be used as guidance for scientists wishing to develop and validate analytical methods for analytes produced naturally in the human body. Especially the validation parameters calibration model, analytical limits, accuracy (bias and precision) and matrix effects and recovery have to be approached differently. Highest attention should be paid to selectivity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Konrad Sydow
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresa Kueting
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Kraemer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Maas
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Probing Protein Glycation by Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: Analysis of Glycation Adducts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122557. [PMID: 29182540 PMCID: PMC5751160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification of proteins, formed by the reaction of reducing sugars and α-dicarbonyl products of their degradation with amino and guanidino groups of proteins. Resulted early glycation products are readily involved in further transformation, yielding a heterogeneous group of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Their formation is associated with ageing, metabolic diseases, and thermal processing of foods. Therefore, individual glycation adducts are often considered as the markers of related pathologies and food quality. In this context, their quantification in biological and food matrices is required for diagnostics and establishment of food preparation technologies. For this, exhaustive protein hydrolysis with subsequent amino acid analysis is the strategy of choice. Thereby, multi-step enzymatic digestion procedures ensure good recoveries for the most of AGEs, whereas tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with stable isotope dilution or standard addition represents “a gold standard” for their quantification. Although the spectrum of quantitatively assessed AGE structures is continuously increases, application of untargeted profiling techniques for identification of new products is desired, especially for in vivo characterization of anti-glycative systems. Thereby, due to a high glycative potential of plant metabolites, more attention needs to be paid on plant-derived AGEs.
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7
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Quantitative analysis of endogenous compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:426-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Jing Z, Kuang L, Wang Y, He J, Sun Z, Liu N, Yang J. ADMA: a specific biomarker for pathologic progress in diabetic microvascular complications? Biomark Med 2016; 10:385-95. [PMID: 26974509 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study highlights the role of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), asymmetric demethylargine (ADMA) and N-ϵ-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML) in different periods of progress in Type 2 diabetes, and identifies a pathomechanism-based biomarker that is linked not only to the metabolic progresses but also to the underlying angiopathic progresses. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 100 healthy volunteers, 227 subjects with prediabetes, 173 subjects with Type 2 diabetes and 92 subjects with early diabetic microvascular complications were collected and analyzed for HbA1c, ADMA and CML. RESULTS Compared to HbA1c and CML, ADMA is the strongest independent predictor and a significantly discriminative receiver operating characteristics profile, clearly distinguishing those with early diabetic microvascular complications. CONCLUSIONS ADMA maybe serve as a pathomechanism-based biomarker, predicting the progression of microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Jing
- Department of Physical Health, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liqing Kuang
- Center of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department & Institute of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiajia He
- Department & Institute of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department & Institute of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Naifeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department & Institute of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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9
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LC–MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of polar endogenous ADMA and CML in plasma and urine from diabetics. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1261-71. [PMID: 26045005 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and ε-N-carboxymethyl-l-lysine (CML) are microvascular risk factors and potential biomarkers of diabetic microvascular complication. Results: Sample preparation was achieved using acetonitrile for protein precipitation step. ADMA, CML and IS CML-d2 were separated with gradient on a Welch Ultimate® XB- NH2 column. The assays were validated according to current bioanalytical guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity (20–1000 ng/ml for ADMA in human plasma, 50–2000 ng/ml in urine, 10–500 ng/ml for CML in human plasma and urine), accuracy and precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability. Conclusion: The LC–MS/MS method was successfully applied to quantification of ADMA and CML in plasma and urine samples from healthy individuals and patients with diabetic nephropathy.
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Zhou Y, Lin Q, Jin C, Cheng L, Zheng X, Dai M, Zhang Y. Simultaneous Analysis of Nε-(Carboxymethyl)Lysine and Nε-(Carboxyethyl)Lysine in Foods by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Derivatization by 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate. J Food Sci 2015; 80:C207-17. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Zhou
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hangzhou 310058 PR China
| | - Qin Lin
- with Fujian Inspection and Research Inst. for Product Quality; Fuzhou 350002 PR China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hangzhou 310058 PR China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hangzhou 310058 PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- with Fujian Inspection and Research Inst. for Product Quality; Fuzhou 350002 PR China
| | - Ming Dai
- with Fujian Inspection and Research Inst. for Product Quality; Fuzhou 350002 PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science; Zhejiang Univ; Hangzhou 310058 PR China
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11
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Han L, Li L, Li B, Zhao D, Li Y, Xu Z, Liu G. Review of the characteristics of food-derived and endogenous ne-carboxymethyllysine. J Food Prot 2013; 76:912-8. [PMID: 23643138 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ne-Carboxymethyllysine (CML), a representative of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is commonly found in food and is considered a potential hazard to human health. Food scientists have begun to investigate the formation of CML in food processes. As the understanding of CML is mainly based on that of endogenous CML from the fields of biology and medicine, this review summarizes the different characteristics of food-derived CML and endogenous CML with respect to food safety, detection methods, formation environment, formation mechanism, and methods for inhibiting the formation of CML. Additionally, future research directions for the study of food-derived CML are proposed, including understanding its digestion, absorption, and metabolism in human health, developing rapid, reliable, and inexpensive detection methods, revealing its relationship with food components and production processes, and controlling the formation of CML through the addition of inhibitors and/or modification of food processing conditions, so as to contribute to the methods for controlling food-derived AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Han
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China 510640
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12
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Zhang G, Huang G, Xiao L, Mitchell AE. Determination of advanced glycation endproducts by LC-MS/MS in raw and roasted almonds (Prunus dulcis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12037-12046. [PMID: 21980977 DOI: 10.1021/jf202515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable LC-(ESI)MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of five common advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) after enzymatic digestion in raw and roasted almonds. AGEs included carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), pyralline (Pyr), argpyrimidine (Arg-p), and pentosidine (Pento-s). This method allows accurate quantitation of free and AGE-protein adducts of target AGEs. Results indicate that CML and CEL are found in both raw and roasted almonds. Pyr was identified for the first time in roasted almonds and accounted for 64.4% of free plus bound measured AGEs. Arg-p and Pento-s were below the limit of detection in all almond samples tested. Free AGEs accounted for 1.3-26.8% of free plus bound measured AGEs, indicating that protein-bound forms predominate. The roasting process significantly increased CML, CEL, and Pyr formation, but no significant correlation was observed between these AGEs and roasting temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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13
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Jin H, Hu R, Cheng Y, Yang F, Zhou X, Li X, Yang PY. Differential protein expression level identification by knockout of 14-3-3τ with siRNA technique and 2DE followed MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS. Analyst 2011; 136:401-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton E, Monnier V, Burner T. Advanced glycation end products increase transglutaminase activity in primary porcine tenocytes. J Investig Med 2009; 57:460-6. [PMID: 19127169 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e3181954ac6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tendon abnormalities, such as increased stiffness, thickness, and excess calcification, occur commonly in patients with diabetes mellitus and cause considerable disability. These changes are frequently attributed to increased cross-linking of extracellular matrix components by advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). However, cellular effects of AGEs, such as increased activity of the cross-linking transglutaminase (Tgase) enzymes, could also contribute to altered tissue biomechanics and calcification in diabetic tendons. We determined the effect of AGE-modified protein on tenocyte Tgase activity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Primary porcine tenocytes were exposed to N- carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)-modified type I collagen in high or normal glucose media. Protein and mRNA levels of the Tgase enzymes and Tgase activity levels were measured, as were markers of apoptosis. We also determined the effect of antioxidants on CML-collagen mediated Tgase activity. RESULTS Carboxymethyl-lysine-collagen increased Tgase activity in tenocytes 2.3- to 5.6-fold over unmodified collagen controls in both normal and high glucose media, without altering enzyme protein levels. Anti-oxidant treatment reduced the effect of CML-collagen on Tgase activity. Deoxyribonucleic acid laddering and annexin V protein levels were not altered by CML-collagen exposure. CONCLUSIONS Carboxymethyl-lysine-collagen increased Tgase activity in tenocytes, likely posttranslationally. Increased levels of Tgase-mediated cross-links may contribute to the excess calcification and biomechanical pathology seen in diabetic tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Schettgen T, Tings A, Brodowsky C, Müller-Lux A, Musiol A, Kraus T. Simultaneous determination of the advanced glycation end product N ɛ-carboxymethyllysine and its precursor, lysine, in exhaled breath condensate using isotope-dilution–hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2783-91. [PMID: 17318517 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for investigating the effects of different diseases or exposures, on the lungs and airways. N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is an important biomarker of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). A method has been developed for simultaneous determination of CML and its precursor, the amino acid lysine, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). After addition of labelled internal standards (d-4-CML; d-4-lysine), the EBC was concentrated by freeze-drying. Separation and detection of the analytes were performed by hydrophilic-ion liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometric detection (HILIC-MS-MS). The limits of quantification were 10 pg mL(-1) EBC and 0.5 ng mL(-1) EBC for CML and lysine, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the within-series precision was between 2.8 and 7.8% at spiked concentrations between 40 and 200 pg mL(-1) for CML and between 6 and 20 ng mL(-1) for lysine. Accuracy for the analytes ranged between 89.5 and 133%. The method was used for the analysis of EBC samples from ten healthy persons from the general population and ten persons receiving dialysis. CML and lysine were detected in all EBC samples with median values of 19 pg mL(-1) CML and 11.9 ng mL(-1) lysine in EBC of healthy persons and 25 pg mL(-1) CML and 9.5 ng mL(-1) lysine in EBC of dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schettgen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Gonzalez-Reche LM, Kucharczyk A, Musiol AK, Kraus T. Determination of N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine in exhaled breath condensate using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2747-52. [PMID: 16921564 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify new biomarkers for pulmonary diseases in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) it was the aim of this study to develop an analytical method for the identification and quantification of N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) in EBC. As detection by liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) offers the advantage of structurally related detection with the necessary specificity required for the identification of a substance, it was the method chosen for the determination of the non-volatile compound. Specific mass transitions and comparison of retention times with standards under given conditions were used for the unequivocal identification of CML in EBC of healthy subjects. Synthesis of isotopically labelled CML was performed and used as an internal standard for an accurate determination. It was possible to identify the advanced glycation end-product CML in 8 out of 10 healthy subjects. The concentration range determined in the quantifiable examined samples ranged between 35 and 110 pg/mL. EBC samples from 11 patients with different diseases such as diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were also measured. In one patient with pneumonia a concentration of 1509 pg CML/mL EBC could be detected. This is the first time that CML has been identified and determined in EBC. The developed LC/ESI-MS/MS method could be used to address the utility of CML as a biomarker in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Gonzalez-Reche
- Institute and Outpatient-Clinic for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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17
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Delatour T, Fenaille F, Parisod V, Vera FA, Buetler T. Synthesis, tandem MS- and NMR-based characterization, and quantification of the carbon 13-labeled advanced glycation endproduct, 6-N-carboxymethyllysine. Amino Acids 2005; 30:25-34. [PMID: 16193227 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
6-N-carboxymethyllysine (CML), generated by the glycation and/or oxidation of lysine residues, has been measured in biological materials and food products using techniques such as ELISA, HPLC with fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry methods. Only limited information has been reported regarding the preparation of standards labeled with either deuterium, (13)C or (15)N atoms to be used as internal standards. In the present paper, a synthesis of carbon-13 labeled CML is described using l,2-(13)C(2)-glyoxylic acid and 2-N-acetyllysine as starting materials. The resulting labeled 2-N-acetyl-CML was purified by HPLC-UV as a dibutyl ester. After a deprotection step, the yield was evaluated to be 53% when the reaction was conducted 17 h at 37 degrees C. CML was extensively studied by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR and the fragments observed in the collision induced dissociation (CID) spectrum were also assigned. Finally, the standards of CML and carbon-13 labeled CML were accurately quantified based on (1)H-NMR and tandem MS using lysine as an internal reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Delatour
- Department of Quality and Safety, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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