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Duhan J, Kumar H, Obrai S. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Optical Sensors for the Detection of Melatonin and Serotonin. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03647-3. [PMID: 38436821 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review paper we discussed the detection of melatonin and serotonin by using various optical methods. Melatonin and serotonin are very necessary body hormones these are also called neuroregulatory hormones secreted by pineal gland in brain by pinealocytes and shape of pineal gland is cone like. Sensitive detection of melatonin and serotonin in pharmacological samples and human serum is crucial for human beings, lots of research publications available in literature for melatonin and serotonin and we overviewed these papers. We have deeply reviewed many research papers where sensitively sensing of melatonin and serotonin occurs, by using of various interfering agents and nanomaterials. This review aims presenting colorimetry, fluorometry and spectrophotometric detection of melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER) by using different metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials (nanosheets, nanorods, nanofibers) and many other agents. Nanomaterials typically possess favourable optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics, they provide up new avenues for enhancing the efficacy of sensors. It is crucial to provide an optical sensors platform that is dependable, sensitive and low price. The development of sensors and biosensors to use nanomaterials for neurotransmitters has advanced significantly in recent years. There are currently many developing biomarkers in biological fluids, and bionanomaterial-based biosensor systems, as well as clinical and pharmacological settings, have garnered significant interest. Biomarkers have been found using optical devices in a quick, selective and sensitive manner. Our aim is to compile all the data that already published on MEL, SER sensing and comparison of each method, we mainly focused on principle, observations, sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, mechanism behind the reaction, effect of temperature, pH and concentration. In the last of this paper, we discuss some challenges of these methods and future projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Duhan
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Sangeeta Obrai
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Rybal’chenko IV, Baigil’diev TM, Rodin IA. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis for the Determination of the Markers and Biomarkers of Chemical Warfare Agents. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jiao Y, Peng J, Ye X, Hu H, Gan L, Yang J, Peng Y. Study on pharmacological properties and cell absorption metabolism of novel daidzein napsylates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201475. [PMID: 33614082 PMCID: PMC7890489 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel daidzein napsylates (DD4 and DD5) were synthesized by microwave irradiation, according to structural modification of daidzein (DAI) using the principle of pharmacokinetic transformation. The pharmacological properties of DD4 and DD5 were evaluated via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and calculated based on the drug design software ChemAxon 16.1.18. The cell uptake changes of DD4 and DD5 were investigated to analyse the structure-property relationship. The metabolisms of DD4 and DD5 were analysed by HPLC-mass spectrometry in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs) and their possible metabolic pathways were inferred in vivo. The results showed that the solubility of DD4 and DD5 was increased by 2.79 × 105 and 2.16 × 105 times compared to that of DAI, separately, in ethyl acetate. The maximum absorption rates of DD4 and DD5 were enhanced by 4.3-4.5 times relative to DAI. Preliminary studies on metabolites of DD4 and DD5 in HAVSMCs showed that DD4 and DD5 were hydrolysed into DAI under the action of intracellular hydrolase in two ways, ester hydrolysis or ether hydrolysis. Then, DAI was combined with glucuronic acid to form daidzein monoglucuronate under the action of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronidase. Meanwhile, it was also found that metabolite M5 of DD5 could undergo glucuronidation under the action of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and competitive sulphation under the action of sulphotransferase to produce its sulfate conjugate M7. Analysis of structure-property relationships indicated that the absorption and utilization of drugs is closely relative to the physical properties and could be improved by adjusting the liposolubility. The pharmaceutical properties were optimized comprehensively after DAI was modified by naphthalene sulphonate esterification. This indicates that this kind of derivatives may have relatively good absorption and transport characteristics and biological activities in vivo. The research on biological activities of the new derivatives (DD4 and DD5) is ongoing in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Jiao
- Jangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Peng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Gan
- School of Nursing, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - You Peng
- Jangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
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Orlova OI, Karakashev GV, Savel’eva EI. Simultaneous Determination of Sulfur Mustard Adducts with Guanine and Acetylcysteine in Urine by High-Resolution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Liu B, You Y, Lin D, Chen Z, Qiu P. Simple Colorimetric and Fluorometric Assay Based on 2,3-Naphthalenedialdehyde for Melatonin in Human Saliva. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zeng L, Zhang Y. Development, optimization and in vitro evaluation of norcantharidin loadedself-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (NCTD-SNEDDS). Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:399-408. [PMID: 27487261 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1219915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on developing a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing bioactive surfactants under an efficient screening approach for overcoming problems associated with the delivery of norcantharidin (NCTD), a high dose chemotherapy agent having pH dependent solubility. Preliminary screening was implemented to select proper components combination. Besides the solubility of NCTD in the oil phase, emulsifying efficiency, droplet size and size distribution were also employed to select components of the SNEDDS. Moreover, the influence of surfactant and co-surfactant on the interfacial tension and droplets of nanoemulsions were investigated to further understand the mechanism of spontaneous emulsification. Co-surfactant addition promoted the emulsification via reducing the water/oil interfacial tension and viscosity. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to investigate the phase behavior and designate the optimum systems. The alternative formulations were characterized for cloud point, dilution robustness, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro dissolution study showed that the dissolution rate of optimized formulation (NCTD 10 mg/g, EO 50 wt.%, Cremophor EL 35 wt.%, ethylene glycol 15 wt.%) was slower than drug suspension under the same conditions, confirming that the developed SNEDDS formulation would exhibit sustained release potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zeng
- a Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education , College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education , College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
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Liu MC, Liu L, Wang XR, Shuai WP, Hu Y, Han M, Gao JQ. Folate receptor-targeted liposomes loaded with a diacid metabolite of norcantharidin enhance antitumor potency for H22 hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1395-412. [PMID: 27110110 PMCID: PMC4831591 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s96862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diacid metabolite of norcantharidin (DM-NCTD) is clinically effective against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is limited by its short half-life and high incidence of adverse effects at high doses. We developed a DM-NCTD-loaded, folic acid (FA)-modified, polyethylene glycolated (DM-NCTD/FA-PEG) liposome system to enhance the targeting effect and antitumor potency for HCC at a moderate dose based on our previous study. The DM-NCTD/FA-PEG liposome system produced liposomes with regular spherical morphology, with mean particle size approximately 200 nm, and an encapsulation efficiency >80%. MTT cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the DM-NCTD/FA-PEG liposomes showed significantly stronger cytotoxicity effects on the H22 hepatoma cell line than did PEG liposomes without the FA modification (P<0.01). We used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of DM-NCTD in tissues and tumors, and found it to be sensitive, rapid, and reliable. In addition, the biodistribution study showed that DM-NCTD liposomes improved tumor-targeting efficiency, and DM-NCTD/FA-PEG liposomes exhibited the highest efficiency of the treatments (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the results indicated that although the active liposome group had an apparently increased tumor-targeting efficiency of DM-NCTD, the risk to the kidney was higher than in the normal liposome group. With regard to in vivo antitumor activity, DM-NCTD/FA-PEG liposomes inhibited tumors in H22 tumor-bearing mice better than either free DM-NCTD or DM-NCTD/PEG liposomes (P<0.01), and induced considerably more significant cellular apoptosis in the tumors, with no obvious toxicity to the tissues of model mice or the liver tissue of normal mice, as shown by histopathological examination. All these results demonstrate that DM-NCTD-loaded FA-modified liposomes might have potential application for HCC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia-Rong Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Ping Shuai
- First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Long L, Li W, Chen W, Li FF, Li H, Wang LL. Dynamic cytotoxic profiles of sulfur mustard in human dermal cells determined by multiparametric high-content analysis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:583-593. [PMID: 30090372 PMCID: PMC6062398 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a well known chemical warfare agent that poses a major threat to military personnel and also populace. It targets multiple macromolecules, and its toxic effects are mediated by complex mechanisms. However, the sequence and manner of SM-induced cellular and molecular events underpinning the pathological processes are not fully elucidated. Effective therapeutic agents against SM poisoning are also lacking. The present study aimed to determine the dynamic cytotoxic profiles of SM in primary cultured human epidermal keratinocytes-fetal (HEK-f) and human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) by establishing a high content analysis (HCA)-based multiparametric toxicity assay panel. SM was found to produce multiple, concentration-dependent cellular responses, including abnormal cellular morphology, cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis, mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance, increased membrane permeability, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and lysosome impairment. Time-course analysis indicated that the cellular and molecular responses related to the highly reactive targets of SM, such as glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species release, DNA and lysosomal damage, and actin microfilament architecture modification, were congenerous initial events for SM injury. Moreover, this study demonstrated a novel finding that SM induced autophagy, and it was closely related to lysosome alterations in both cell types. Higher susceptibility of HEK-f cells to SM was associated with early lysosomal damage and decreased autophagy activity. Multiparametric HCA also revealed the concentration-dependent cytoprotective effect of hydroxychloroquine in HDF-a cells. The above results provided overall and objective evidence for elucidating the cytotoxic mechanism of SM, and also a good scientific base for further research on countermeasures against SM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Li-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
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Liu MC, Ma XQ, Xu Y, Peng LH, Han M, Gao JQ. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of a diacid metabolite of norcantharidin loaded in folic acid-targeted liposomes in mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 119:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Zhou Y, Yan H, Xie Q, Yao S. Determination of guanine and adenine by high-performance liquid chromatography with a self-fabricated wall-jet/thin-layer electrochemical detector at a glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2015; 134:354-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of four sulfur mustard–DNA adducts in rabbit urine after dermal exposure by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 961:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu M, Ma X, Jin Z, Li W, Guo M, Li F. Determination and pharmacokinetic study of the diacid metabolite of norcantharidin in beagle plasma by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9273-83. [PMID: 24096565 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Because norcantharidin (NCTD) is unstable and subject to ring opening and hydrolysis, the diacid metabolite of norcantharidin (DM-NCTD) is the stable form of NCTD found in normal saline solution. Conversion of NCTD to DM-NCTD is almost 100%, making it possible to determine and investigate the pharmacokinetics of DM-NCTD converted from NCTD. In this paper, a sensitive, simple and selective liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for determination of DM-NCTD in beagle plasma. DM-NCTD was detected in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by using the dehydrated ion 169.3 as precursor ion and its product ion 123.1 as the detected ion. Ribavirin was used as internal standard and detected in MRM mode by use of precursor ions, resulting in a product ion transition of m/z 267.1 → 135.1. This method was successfully used for a pharmacokinetic study of DM-NCTD in beagles after intravenous administration of DM-NCTD in normal saline solution at doses of 0.39, 0.78, and 1.6 mg kg(-1). DM-NCTD had dose-dependent kinetics across the dosage range investigated, with enhanced T(1/2α) and AUC(0-12) and apparently decreasing V(d) and CL with increasing dosage. After single-dose administration, T(1/2α) ranged from 0.20 to 0.55 h, AUC(0-12) from 1.81 to 43.6 μg mL(-1) h(-1), V(d) from 228 to 55.9 mL kg(-1), and CL from 220 to 36.5 mL kg(-1) h(-1) (P < 0.01). The results indicated nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior of DM-NCTD in beagles, suggesting that the risk of DM-NCTD in normal saline solution intoxication may be non-proportionally increased at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchen Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, 310053, Hangzhou, China
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Puerto Galvis CE, Vargas Méndez LY, Kouznetsov VV. Cantharidin-Based Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:477-99. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Puerto Galvis
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular; Escuela de Química; Universidad Industrial de Santander; A.A. 678; Bucaramanga; Colombia
| | - Leonor Y. Vargas Méndez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Ambientales; Facultad de Química Ambiental; Universidad Santo Tomás; A. A. 1076; Bucaramanga; Colombia
| | - Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular; Escuela de Química; Universidad Industrial de Santander; A.A. 678; Bucaramanga; Colombia
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Lin X, Zhang B, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Wang J, Qi N, Yang S, He H, Tang X. Preclinical evaluations of norcantharidin-loaded intravenous lipid microspheres with low toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1449-62. [PMID: 22971185 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.724675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform a systematic preclinical evaluation of norcantharidin (NCTD)-loaded intravenous lipid microspheres (NLM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and drug safety assessment (including acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, hemolysis testing, intravenous stimulation and injection anaphylaxis) of NLM were carried out in comparison with the commercial product disodium norcantharidate injection (NI). RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of NLM in rats was similar to that of NI, and a non-linear correlation was observed between AUC and dose. A comparable antitumor efficacy of NLM and NI was observed in mice inoculated with A549, BEL7402 and BCAP-37 cell lines. It was worth noting that the NLM produced a lower drug concentration in heart compared with NI, and significantly reduced the cardiac and renal toxicity. The LD(50) of NLM was twice higher than that of NI. In NLM, over 80% of NCTD was loaded in the lipid phase or bound with phospholipids. Thus, NCTD was sequestered by direct contacting with body fluids and largely avoided distribution into tissues, consequently leading to significantly reduced cardiac and renal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical results suggested that NLM could be a useful potential carrier for parenteral administration of NCTD, while providing a superior safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Wenhua Road 103 Shenyang 110016 Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Ding XY, Hong CJ, Liu Y, Gu ZL, Xing KL, Zhu AJ, Chen WL, Shi LS, Zhang XN, Zhang Q. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolites of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated norcantharidin chitosan nanoparticle formulation in rats and mice, using LC-MS/MS. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1723-35. [PMID: 22619523 PMCID: PMC3356170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel formulation containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30-coated norcantharidin (NCTD) chitosan nanoparticles (PVP–NCTD–NPs) was prepared by ionic gelation between chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. The average particle size of the PVP–NCTD–NPs produced was 140.03 ± 6.23 nm; entrapment efficiency was 56.33% ± 1.41%; and drug-loading efficiency was 8.38% ± 0.56%. The surface morphology of NCTD nanoparticles (NPs) coated with PVP K30 was characterized using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. NCTD and its metabolites were analyzed using a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with samples from mice and rats. The results indicated the importance of the PVP coating in controlling the shape and improving the entrapment efficiency of the NPs. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the NCTD group and PVP–NCTD–NP group, after oral and intravenous administration in rats, revealed that relative bioavailabilities were 173.3% and 325.5%, respectively. The elimination half-life increased, and there was an obvious decrease in clearance. The tissue distribution of NCTD in mice after the intravenous administration of both formulations was investigated. The drug was not quantifiable at 6 hours in all tissues except for the liver and kidneys. The distribution of the drug in the liver and bile was notably improved in the PVP–NCTD–NP group. The metabolites and excretion properties of NCTD were investigated by analyzing rat feces and urine samples, collected after oral administration. A prototype drug and two metabolites were found in the feces, and seven metabolites in the urine. The primary elimination route of NCTD was via the urine. The quantity of the parent drug eliminated in the feces of the PVP–NCTD–NP group, was 32 times greater than that of the NCTD group, indicating that the NPs dramatically increased the reduction quantity from liver to bile. We conclude that PVP–NCTD–NPs are an adequate formulation for enhancing the absorption of NCTD, and significantly improving therapeutic effects targeting the hepatic system. Decarboxylation and hydroxylation were the dominant metabolic pathways for NCTD. Metabolites were mainly excreted into rat kidney and finally into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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