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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Reynolds CJ, Dyer RB, Vizenor BA, Koszewski NJ, Singh RJ, Thacher TD. Analysis of vitamin D 3-sulfate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-sulfate in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123954. [PMID: 38101284 PMCID: PMC10872384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites of vitamin D have been suggested to be in breastmilk, although current methods to measure sulfated vitamin D compounds in breastmilk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have not adequately accounted for increased aqueous solubility of these sulfated metabolites. The purpose of this study was to generate a method of LC-MS/MS for measuring vitamin D3-3-sulfate (VitD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) specifically in human breastmilk. The resulting method uses methanol to precipitate protein and solid phase extraction to prepare the samples for LC-MS/MS. The limits of quantification for analytes in solvent were 0.23 ng/mL VitD3-S and 0.2 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Various experiments observed concentrations ranging 0.53 to 1.7 ng/mL VitD3-S and ≤ 0.29 ng/mL 25OHD3-S. Both analytes were present in aqueous skim milk, demonstrating the enhanced aqueous solubility of these vitamin D sulfates. In conclusion, we describe an effective method for measuring VitD3-S and 25OHD3-S in breastmilk by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Reynolds
- Mayo Clinic Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Brady A Vizenor
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | - Ravinder J Singh
- Mayo Clinic Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Tom D Thacher
- Mayo Clinic Department of Family Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Li L, Jiang Y. Analysis of the ability of vitamin D3-metabolizing cytochromes P450 to act on vitamin D3 sulfate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-sulfate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106229. [PMID: 36455719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is present in the human circulation esterified to sulfate with some studies showing that 25(OH)D3 3-sulfate levels are almost as high as unconjugated 25(OH)D3. Vitamin D3 is also present in human serum in the sulfated form as are other metabolites. Our aim was to determine whether sulfated forms of vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 metabolites can be acted on by vitamin D-metabolizing cytochromes P450 (CYPs), one of which (CYP11A1) is known to act on cholesterol sulfate. We used purified, bacterially expressed CYPs to test if they could act on the sulfated forms of their natural substrates. Purified CYP27A1 converted vitamin D3 sulfate to 25(OH)D3 3-sulfate with a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) approximately half that for the conversion of vitamin D3 to 25(OH)D3. Similarly, the rate of metabolism of vitamin D3 sulfate was half that of vitamin D3 for CYP27A1 in rat liver mitochondria. CYP2R1 which is also a vitamin D 25-hydroxylase did not act on vitamin D3 sulfate. CYP11A1 was able to convert vitamin D3 sulfate to 20(OH)D3 3-sulfate but at a considerably lower rate than for conversion of vitamin D3 to 20(OH)D3. 25(OH)D3 3-sulfate was not metabolized by the activating enzyme, CYP27B1, nor by the inactivating enzyme, CYP24A1. Thus, we conclude that 25(OH)D3 3-sulfate in the circulation may act as a pool of metabolically inactive vitamin D3 to be released by hydrolysis at times of need whereas vitamin D3 sulfate can be metabolized in a similar manner to free vitamin D3 by CYP27A1 and to a lesser degree by CYP11A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lei Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Šimková M, Kolátorová L, Drašar P, Vítků J. An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 32 steroids in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1201-1202:123294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jenkinson C, Desai R, McLeod MD, Wolf Mueller J, Hewison M, Handelsman DJ. Circulating Conjugated and Unconjugated Vitamin D Metabolite Measurements by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:435-449. [PMID: 34570174 PMCID: PMC9211013 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D status is conventionally defined by measurement of unconjugated circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), but it remains uncertain whether this isolated analysis gives sufficient weight to vitamin D's diverse metabolic pathways and bioactivity. Emerging evidence has shown that phase II endocrine metabolites are important excretory or storage forms; however, the clinical significance of circulating phase II vitamin D metabolites remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE In this study we analyzed the contribution of sulfate and glucuronide vitamin D metabolites relative to unconjugated levels in human serum. METHODS An optimized enzyme hydrolysis method using recombinant arylsulfatase (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and beta-glucuronidase (Escherichia coli) was combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to measure conjugated and unconjugated vitamin D metabolites 25OHD3, 25OHD2, 3-epi-25OHD3, and 24,25(OH)2D3. The method was applied to the analysis of 170 human serum samples from community-dwelling men aged over 70 years, categorized by vitamin D supplementation status, to evaluate the proportions of each conjugated and unconjugated fraction. RESULTS As a proportion of total circulating vitamin D metabolites, sulfate conjugates (ranging between 18% and 53%) were a higher proportion than glucuronide conjugates (ranging between 2.7% and 11%). The proportion of conjugated 25OHD3 (48 ± 9%) was higher than 25OHD2 conjugates (29.1 ± 10%) across all supplementation groups. Conjugated metabolites correlated with their unconjugated forms for all 4 vitamin D metabolites (r = 0.85 to 0.97). CONCLUSION Sulfated conjugates form a high proportion of circulating vitamin D metabolites, whereas glucuronide conjugates constitute a smaller fraction. Our findings principally in older men highlight the differences in abundance between metabolites and suggest a combination of both conjugated and unconjugated measurements may provide a more accurate assessment of vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2139, Australia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence: Dr Carl Jenkinson, ANZAC Research Institute, 3 Hospital Road, Concord, 2139, Australia.
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2139, Australia
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Alexandridou A, Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: Recent progress regarding the "gold standard" method and integration into clinical practice. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34967037 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is firmly established today as the gold standard technique for analysis of vitamin D, both for vitamin D status assessments as well as for measuring complex and intricate vitamin D metabolic fingerprints. While the actual mass spectrometry technology has seen only incremental performance increases in recent years, there have been major, very impactful changes in the front- and back-end of MS-based vitamin D assays; for example, the extension to new types of biological sample matrices analyzed for an increasing number of different vitamin D metabolites, novel sample preparation techniques, new powerful chemical derivatization reagents, as well the continued integration of high resolution mass spectrometers into clinical laboratories, replacing established triple-quadrupole instruments. At the same time, the sustainability of mass spectrometry operation in the vitamin D field is now firmly established through proven analytical harmonization and standardization programs. The present review summarizes the most important of these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Food and Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Simultaneous Determination of Vitamins D3 (Calcitriol, Cholecalciferol) and K2 (Menaquinone-4 and Menaquinone-7) in Dietary Supplements by UHPLC. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226982. [PMID: 34834074 PMCID: PMC8624398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The content and composition of dietary supplements is of great interest due to their increasing consumption and variety of available brand offered in the market. Accurate determination of vitamins is important for the improvement of dietary supplement quality and nutrition assessments. In this regard, the simultaneous determination of vitamin D3 (calcitriol-CT and cholecalciferol-CHL) and K2 (menaquinone-4-MK-4 and menaquinone-7-MK-7) in dietary supplements was developed by using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The overall runtime per sample was above 35 min, with the retention times of 2.40, 6.59, 7.06, and 32.6 min for vitamin D3 (CT and CHL) and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7), respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the target nutritional compounds ranged between 0.04-0.05 µg/mL, respectively. The validation results indicated that the method had reasonable linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9990), good recovery (>82%), satisfactory intra-day precision (≤1.9%) and inter-day precision (≤3.5%), and high selectivity and specificity. The validated UHPLC method was demonstrated to be precise, accurate, and robust for the simultaneous determination of vitamins D3 (CT and CHL) and K2 (MK-4 and MK-7) in dietary supplements.
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Huynh K, Kempegowda P, Tamblyn J, O' Reilly MW, Mueller JW, Hewison M, Jenkinson C. Development of a LC-MS/MS method to measure serum 3-sulfate and 3-glucuronide 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites; comparisons to unconjugated 25OHD in pregnancy and polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2021; 169:108812. [PMID: 33636208 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status is routinely assessed by measuring circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD2 or 25OHD3). However as deconjugation is not routinely incorporated into sample treatment prior to analysis, conjugated forms of 25OHD (particularly the more abundant 25OHD3) are often not considered in determining serum concentrations of total 25OHD. Two major circulating conjugated forms of 25OHD3 are 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25OHD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-glucuronide (25OHD3-G). Incorporating these two conjugated metabolites into the measurement of vitamin D status could improve our understanding of vitamin D status in health, particularly if there are changes in sulfation and glucuronidation activities. The aim of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeted method for measurement of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G in serum to enable comparisons with circulating levels of the free 25OHD3 form. We developed and validated a new LC-MS/MS method that measured both 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G following a solid phase extraction sample preparation method. Partial separation of analytes by LC, and the separation of analytes by the optimized multiple reaction monitoring transitions enabled the quantitation of both 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G in the single method. Serum concentrations of 25OHD3-S (24.7 ± 11.8 ng/mL) and 25OHD3-G (2.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL) were shown to be a significant proportion of circulating vitamin D metabolites in healthy donor serums. These levels of 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G closely associated with 25OHD3 concentrations, r = 0.728, p = 0.001 and r = 0.632, p = 0.006 respectively. However in serum from pregnant women and non-pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) significant differences in the ratios between conjugated and free 25OHD3 were observed between pregnancy groups (25OHD3/25OHD3-S and 25OHD3/25OHD3-G p < 0.001), and between healthy and PCOS subjects (25OHD3/25OHD3-G p < 0.050). Development of this novel high-throughput LC-MS/MS method indicates that 25OHD3-S and 25OHD3-G are substantial components of circulating vitamin D metabolites. The concentrations of these metabolites relative to conventional 25OHD3 may vary in different physiological and pathophysiological settings, and may therefore play an unrecognized but important role in the actions of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huynh
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M W O' Reilly
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J W Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Yoshimura Y, Togashi M, Ogawa S, Higashi T. 3-Epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 is a poor substrate for SULT2A1: Analysis of its 3-sulfate in cord plasma and recombinant human SULT2A1 incubate. Steroids 2020; 162:108695. [PMID: 32649998 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of metabolites derived from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], including its 3-epimer [Epi-25(OH)D3] and 3-O-sulfate [25(OH)D3-3S], is found in human plasma/serum. We hypothesized that the 3-O-sulfate of Epi-25(OH)D3 [Epi-25(OH)D3-3S] might be present in plasma/serum. Clarifying this point could improve our understanding of the metabolism of vitamin D3. In this study, we first carefully analyzed the cord plasma samples by derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and demonstrated the occurrence of Epi-25(OH)D3-3S in the plasma. However, the concentration ratio of Epi-25(OH)D3-3S to 25(OH)D3-3S (sulfated form) was infinitely lower than the ratio of Epi-25(OH)D3 to 25(OH)D3 (unconjugated form). To determine what caused this result, we next performed an in vitro experiment of the 3-O-sulfation for 25(OH)D3 and Epi-25(OH)D3 using the recombinant human sulfotransferase (SULT) 2A1. This in vitro experiment revealed that Epi-25(OH)D3 is a poor substrate for the 3-O-sulfation catalyzed by SULT2A1 as compared to 25(OH)D3. This substrate specificity of SULT2A1 would be the main cause for the result obtained from the analysis of the cord plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Moeka Togashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama-shi, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Jenkinson C. The vitamin D metabolome: An update on analysis and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:408-423. [PMID: 31328813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of vitamin D tends to be focussed on the measurement of the major circulating form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its conversion to the active hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2 D3) via the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, whilst these metabolites form the endocrine backbone of vitamin D physiology, it is important to recognise that there are other metabolic and catabolic pathways that are now recognised as being crucially important to vitamin D function. These pathways include C3-epimerization, CYP24A1 hydroxylase, CYP11A1 alternative metabolism of vitamin D3, and phase II metabolism. Endogenous metabolites beyond 25OHD3 are usually present at low endogenous levels and may only be functional in specific target tissues rather than in the general circulation. However, the technologies available to measure these metabolites have also improved, so that measurement of alternative vitamin D metabolic pathways may become more routine in the near future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various pathways of vitamin D metabolism, as well as describe the analytical techniques currently available to measure these vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Recent advances in sample preparation and analysis methods for vitamin D and its analogues in different matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hara K, Ikeda K, Koyama Y, Wada Y, Hasegawa T. Comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in infants and postpartum women. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:1105-1111. [PMID: 30231011 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the gold standard for the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels instead of the conventional method, radioimmunoassay (RIA). However, there was no study that compared RIA and LC-MS/MS for measuring serum 25(OH)D levels in infants and their mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement of RIA and LC-MS/MS for measuring the serum levels in infants and postpartum women. Methods This study enrolled 70 preterm infants, 113 term infants (134 samples), and 120 postpartum women. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D was measured by RIA and LC-MS/MS. We evaluated the correlation between RIA and LC-MS/MS. Also, we evaluated the bias between RIA and LC-MS/MS using Bland-Altman analysis. Results Sixty percent of preterm infants had serum 25(OH)D levels below the lower limit of quantification (LOQ) (4 ng/mL) and 90% of them were classified as vitamin D deficient. The serum 25(OH)D levels measured by RIA were significantly correlated with those measured by LC-MS/MS in all groups. According to the Bland-Altman plot, the serum 25(OH)D levels of infants measured by RIA had constant positive bias (mean±standard deviation [SD] [95% confidence interval, CI], preterm: +4.8± 2.4 ng/mL [4.2-5.4], term: +5.8±4.0 [5.1-6.5]) and proportional bias (preterm: r=0.44, p<0.01, term: r=0.50, p<0.01) compared with LC-MS/MS. The serum 25(OH)D levels of postpartum women measured by RIA had constant positive bias compared with LC-MS/MS, but no proportional bias was found. Conclusions RIA demonstrated falsely high 25(OH)D levels when used for infants and postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Saitama City Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Jones A, Nair-Shalliker V, Dennis GR, Andrew Shalliker R. The future of liquid chromatographic separations should include post column derivatisations: A discussion view point based on the perspective for the analysis of vitamin D. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Wong T, Wang Z, Chapron BD, Suzuki M, Claw KG, Gao C, Foti RS, Prasad B, Chapron A, Calamia J, Chaudhry A, Schuetz EG, Horst RL, Mao Q, de Boer IH, Thornton TA, Thummel KE. Polymorphic Human Sulfotransferase 2A1 Mediates the Formation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3-3- O-Sulfate, a Major Circulating Vitamin D Metabolite in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:367-379. [PMID: 29343609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) plays a central role in regulating the biologic effects of vitamin D in the body. Although cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylation of 25OHD3 has been extensively investigated, limited information is available on the conjugation of 25OHD3 In this study, we report that 25OHD3 is selectively conjugated to 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate by human sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) and that the liver is a primary site of metabolite formation. At a low (50 nM) concentration of 25OHD3, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate was the most abundant metabolite, with an intrinsic clearance approximately 8-fold higher than the next most efficient metabolic route. In addition, 25OHD3 sulfonation was not inducible by the potent human pregnane X receptor agonist, rifampicin. The 25OHD3 sulfonation rates in a bank of 258 different human liver cytosols were highly variable but correlated with the rates of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfonation. Further analysis revealed a significant association between a common single nucleotide variant within intron 1 of SULT2A1 (rs296361; minor allele frequency = 15% in whites) and liver cytosolic SULT2A1 content as well as 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate formation rate, suggesting that variation in the SULT2A1 gene contributes importantly to interindividual differences in vitamin D homeostasis. Finally, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate exhibited high affinity for the vitamin D binding protein and was detectable in human plasma and bile but not in urine samples. Thus, circulating concentrations of 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate appear to be protected from rapid renal elimination, raising the possibility that the sulfate metabolite may serve as a reservoir of 25OHD3 in vivo, and contribute indirectly to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Wong
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Zhican Wang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Brian D Chapron
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Mizuki Suzuki
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Katrina G Claw
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Chunying Gao
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Robert S Foti
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Justina Calamia
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Amarjit Chaudhry
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Ronald L Horst
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Timothy A Thornton
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (T.W., Z.W., B.D.C., M.S., K.G.C., C.G., B.P., Al.C., J.C., Q.M., K.E.T.), Medicine and Kidney Research Institute (I.H.d.B.), and Biostatistics (T.A.T.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (Z.W.); Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Am.C., E.G.S.); and Heartland Assays LLC, Ames, Iowa (R.L.H.)
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Simultaneous determination of 12 vitamin D compounds in human serum using online sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kolatorova Sosvorova L, Chlupacova T, Vitku J, Vlk M, Heracek J, Starka L, Saman D, Simkova M, Hampl R. Determination of selected bisphenols, parabens and estrogens in human plasma using LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2017; 174:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of vitamin D3-related compounds-identification and characterization of the responsible human cytosolic sulfotransferases. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2417-2425. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toledo Health Science Campus; OH USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences; University of Miyazaki; Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toledo Health Science Campus; OH USA
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Gao C, Bergagnini-Kolev MC, Liao MZ, Wang Z, Wong T, Calamia JC, Lin YS, Mao Q, Thummel KE. Simultaneous quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-3-sulfate and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3-3-glucuronide in human serum and plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with DAPTAD-derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017. [PMID: 28622619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-sulfate (25-OHD3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3-glucuronide (25-OHD3-G) are major conjugative metabolites of vitamin D3 found in the systemic circulation and potentially important reservoirs for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Simultaneous and accurate quantification of these metabolites could advance assessment of the impact of vitamin D3 on health and disease. In this study, a highly sensitive and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 25-OHD3-S and 25-OHD3-G in human serum or plasma. Following protein precipitation, the analytes of interest were partially purified by solid-phase extraction and subjected to derivatization with 4-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DAPTAD). Quantification of the analytes was based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) operated in the positive ion mode, and deuterated internal standards were used for each conjugative metabolite. Applying this method to the analysis of 25-OHD3-S and 25-OHD3-G concentrations in human serum or plasma samples achieved satisfactory reproducibility, accuracy and sensitivity. We subsequently used this method to simultaneously determine serum concentrations of the two metabolites in archived samples from a rifampin treatment study. Drug treatment had no effect on metabolite concentrations, but significantly increased the 25-OHD3-S/25-OHD3 concentration ratio (p=0.01). The availability of this new method should improve sample throughput and our ability to quantify and monitor circulating 25-OHD3-S and 25-OHD3-G concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Michael Z Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhican Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Justina C Calamia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Higashi T, Yokota M, Goto A, Komatsu K, Sugiura T, Ogawa S, Satoh M, Nomura F. A Method for Simultaneous Determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 3-Sulfate in Newborn Plasma by LC/ESI-MS/MS after Derivatization with a Proton-Affinitive Cookson-Type Reagent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:S0051. [PMID: 27656337 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and its 3-sulfate [25(OH)D3S] in newborn plasma, which is expected to be helpful in the assessment of the vitamin D status, using stable isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and validated. The plasma was pretreated based on the deproteinization and solid-phase extraction, then subjected to derivatization with 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DAPTAD). The derivatization enabled the accurate quantification of 25(OH)D3 without interference from 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and also facilitated the simultaneous determination of the two metabolites by LC/positive ESI-MS/MS. Quantification was based on the selected reaction monitoring with the characteristic fragmentation of the DAPTAD-derivatives during MS/MS. This method was reproducible (intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations of 7.8% or lower for both metabolites) and accurate (analytical recovery, 95.4-105.6%). The limits of quantification were 1.0 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL for 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3S, respectively, when using a 20-μL sample. The developed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of plasma 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3S in newborns; it was recognized that the plasma concentration of 25(OH)D3S is significantly higher than that of 25(OH)D3, and preterm newborns have lower plasma 25(OH)D3S concentrations than full-term newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mai Yokota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ayaka Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Divisions of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Chiba University Hospital
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Divisions of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Chiba University Hospital
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22
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Vitku J, Heracek J, Sosvorova L, Hampl R, Chlupacova T, Hill M, Sobotka V, Bicikova M, Starka L. Associations of bisphenol A and polychlorinated biphenyls with spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in two biological fluids from men attending an infertility clinic. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:166-173. [PMID: 26863184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the testis, steroid hormones play an important role in spermatogenesis, the production of semen, and the maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and libido. They may also play a role as a target for substances called endocrine disruptors (EDs). As yet, however, no complex study has been conducted evaluating the relationships between EDs and the steroid spectrum in the plasma and seminal plasma. OBJECTIVES To shed more light into mechanisms of EDs and the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on human spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. METHODS We determined BPA and 11 steroids in the plasma and seminal plasma of 191 men with different degrees of fertility, using a newly developed liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry method. Concurrently, plasma levels of 6 congeners of PCBs, gonadotropins, selenium, zinc and homocysteine were measured. Partial correlations adjusted for age, BMI and abstinence time were performed to evaluate relationships between these analytes. RESULTS Seminal BPA, but not plasma BPA, was negatively associated with sperm concentration (r=-0.198; p=0.009), sperm count (r=-0.178; p=0.018) and morphology (r=-0.160; p=0.044). Divergent and sometimes opposing associations of steroids and BPA were found in both body fluids. The sum of PCB congeners was negatively associated with testosterone, free testosterone, the free androgen index and dihydrotestosterone in plasma. CONCLUSION BPA may negatively contribute to the final state of sperm quality. Moreover, our data indicate that BPA influences human gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis at various steps. Environmental levels of PCBs negatively correlated with androgen levels, but surprisingly without negative effects on sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Heracek
- Department of Urology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Sosvorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Chlupacova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sobotka
- Department of Urology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bicikova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luboslav Starka
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine vitamin D compounds in human blood using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:397-411. [PMID: 26893268 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM It has been suggested that each member of the family of vitamin D compounds may have different function(s). Therefore, selective quantification of each compound is important in clinical research. MATERIALS & METHODS Development and validation attempts of a simultaneous determination method of 12 vitamin D compounds in human blood using precolumn derivatization followed by LC-MS/MS is described. Internal standard calibration with 12 stable isotope labeled analogs was used to correct for matrix effects in MS detector. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Nine vitamin D compounds were quantifiable in blood samples with detection limits within femtomole levels. Serum (compared with plasma) was found to be a more suitable sample type, and protein precipitation (compared with saponification) a more effective extraction method for vitamin D assay.
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A review of chromatographic methods for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.05310.1002/jssc.201501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Determination of four sulfated vitamin D compounds in human biological fluids by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1009-1010:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karaźniewicz-Łada M, Główka A. A review of chromatographic methods for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:132-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - Anna Główka
- Department of Bromatology; Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
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Simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight vitamin D analogues in milk using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:211-20. [PMID: 26388380 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an important source of nutrients for various risk populations, including infants. The accurate measurement of vitamin D in milk is necessary to provide adequate supplementation advice for risk groups and to monitor regulatory compliance. Currently used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are capable of measuring only four analogues of vitamin D in unfortified milk. We report here an accurate quantitative analytical method for eight analogues of vitamin D: Vitamin D2 and D3 (D2 and D3), 25-hydroxy D2 and D3, 24,25-dihydroxy D2 and D3, and 1,25-dihydroxyD2 and D3. In this study, we compared saponification and protein precipitation for the extraction of vitamin D from milk and found the latter to be more effective. We also optimised the pre-column derivatisation using 4-phenyl-l,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), to achieve the highest sensitivity and accuracy for all major vitamin D forms in milk. Chromatography was optimised to reduce matrix effects such as ion-suppression, and the matrix effects were eliminated using co-eluting stable isotope labelled internal standards for the calibration of each analogue. The analogues, 25-hydroxyD3 (25(OH)D3) and its epimer (3-epi-25(OH)D3) were chromatographically resolved, to prevent over-estimation of 25(OH)D3. The method was validated and subsequently applied for the measurement of total vitamin D levels in human, cow, mare, goat and sheep milk samples. The detection limits, repeatability standard deviations, and recovery ranges were from 0.2 to 0.4 femtomols, 6.30-13.5%, and 88.2-105%, respectively.
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Development and validation of LC–MS/MS method for quantification of bisphenol A and estrogens in human plasma and seminal fluid. Talanta 2015; 140:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Müller MJ, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometric profiling of vitamin D metabolites beyond 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clin Chem 2015; 61:1033-48. [PMID: 26130585 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of measurements of vitamin D in the human population has significantly increased over the last decade because vitamin D has now been linked to many diseases, in addition to its established role in bone health. Usually, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are measured to assess the vitamin D status of individuals. Unfortunately, many studies investigating links between vitamin D and disease also use only this single metabolite. Intricate correlations with other vitamin D metabolites or dynamic effects of downstream metabolites may therefore be overlooked. Fortunately, powerful LC-MS/MS approaches have recently become available that can simultaneously quantify the concentrations of multiple vitamin D metabolites. These approaches are challenging, however, because of inherent instrumental problems with detection of vitamin D compounds and the low concentrations of the metabolites in biological fluids. CONTENT This review summarizes recent mass spectrometry assays for the quantitative measurement of multiple vitamin D metabolites and their application in clinical research, with a particular focus on the low-abundance downstream metabolic species generated after the initial hydroxylation to 25-hydroxyvitamin D. SUMMARY To study the pathobiological effects and function of vitamin D metabolites in disease, in particular in low-abundance species beyond 25-hydroxyvitamin D, we need to know their concentrations. Although detection of these vitamin D species is challenging, a number of recent mass spectrometry assays have successfully demonstrated that LC-MS/MS methods can quantify multiple vitamin D compounds over a wide dynamic range individually or as part of multimetabolite assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Müller
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Olmos-Ortiz A, Avila E, Durand-Carbajal M, Díaz L. Regulation of calcitriol biosynthesis and activity: focus on gestational vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Nutrients 2015; 7:443-80. [PMID: 25584965 PMCID: PMC4303849 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has garnered a great deal of attention in recent years due to a global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency associated with an increased risk of a variety of human diseases. Specifically, hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women is highly common and has important implications for the mother and lifelong health of the child, since it has been linked to maternal and child infections, small-for-gestational age, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, as well as imprinting on the infant for life chronic diseases. Therefore, factors that regulate vitamin D metabolism are of main importance, especially during pregnancy. The hormonal form and most active metabolite of vitamin D is calcitriol. This hormone mediates its biological effects through a specific nuclear receptor, which is found in many tissues including the placenta. Calcitriol synthesis and degradation depend on the expression and activity of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 cytochromes, respectively, for which regulation is tissue specific. Among the factors that modify these cytochromes expression and/or activity are calcitriol itself, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, cytokines, calcium and phosphate. This review provides a current overview on the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, focusing on vitamin D deficiency during gestation and its impact on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Euclides Avila
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marta Durand-Carbajal
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
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