LC–MS/MS bioassay of four proton pump inhibitors

Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Acid-Suppressing Drugs by UPLC-MS/MS Method and Application for Pharmacokinetics Study

Background

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and potassium competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) are widely used to treat acid-related diseases (ARDs). Precisely quantifying their plasma levels is crucial for clinical pharmacokinetic assessments and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Aim

This study aimed to establish a generic and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the determination of five PPIs (esomeprazole, rabeprazole, ilaprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole) and the P-CAB (vonoprazan) in human plasma.

Methods

The six analytes were extracted from human plasma via protein precipitation and a single dilution step. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization. Chromatographic separation was achieved on the ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm) using gradient elution. The mobile elution was composed of 0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase A), 0.1% ammonium hydroxide and 10 mmol/L ammonium formate in deionized water (mobile phase B). The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min, the run time was 4.5 minutes, and the injection volume was 20 µL.

Results & Conclusions

The method exhibited excellent linearity across the ranges of 0.2-200 ng/mL for PPIs and 0.5-500 ng/mL for the P-CAB. Both intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were within the acceptance criteria, with precision ranging from 1.1% to 14.6% and accuracy ranging from 0.0% to 14.7%. Extraction recoveries were consistent, ranging from 88.1% to 96.7%, with no significant matrix effects observed. The stability of the six analytes under diverse storage and processing conditions was also confirmed, with both precision and accuracy falling within the acceptable range of 15%. The UPLC-MS/MS assay provided an efficient and reliable approach for the simultaneous determination of six acid-suppressing medications in a single analytical run. It has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of PPIs and P-CABs, offering a valuable tool for clinical research and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Greenness-sustainability metrics for assessment smart-chemometric spectrophotometric strategy for evaluation of the combination of six gastric proton-pump inhibitors with two selected impurities

Green analytical approaches are employed for the determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients, in conjunction with their impurities. Smart chemometric spectrophotometric techniques, including orthogonal partial least square (OPLS), variable selection such as genetic algorithm (GA-OPLS), and interval selection (i-OPLS), were utilized. These chemometric models were implemented for assessing six proton-pump inhibitors Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, and Dexlansoprazole along with two selected official impurities, namely 4-Desmethoxy omeprazole impurity and Rabeprazole-impurity B. Experimental design was implemented to separate impurities, in the process of multivariate calibration, a five-level eight-factor calibration design consisting of 25 samples was selected. This design was deliberately selected to guarantee that the components were mutually orthogonal to assess the model's performance and reliability, a separate validation set of 15 samples was constructed. The best-performing of the proposed techniques were identified by considering the least favorable values of the Correlation Coefficient (R ≥ 0.9995), the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) values between (0.0102-0.5622), and the Relative Error of Prediction (REP) values between (0.2961-1.1917). The proposed and reported methods' greenness-sustainability was quantitatively evaluated, and a comparative study of the greenness profile was established through a spider chart, the National Environmental Method Index tool, advanced and modified NEMI along with the Hexagon tool, and the whiteness qualities of the presented approaches were assessed by implementing the recently adopted Red-Green-Blue paradigm and White Analytical Chemistry tool. These approaches are well-suited for use in quality control laboratories due to their observed acceptance, long-term sustainability, simplicity, and affordability.

Progress of Pretreatment and Analytical Methods of Proton Pump Inhibitors: An Update since 2010

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly used medication for stomach secretion disorders. However, when it comes to safe, discreet pharmaceutical practice, widely recognized preparational and analytical method(s) for PPIs with sensitivity, selectivity, speed and high accuracy still remains underdeveloped. For this reason, this paper sets out to make a comprehensive review of the preparation and determination methods for PPIs based on multiple matrices since 2010. We have integrated newly-developed techniques (such as solid phase extraction, liquid phase micro-extraction, and solid phase micro-extraction) into conventional sample preparational methods. On the other hand, our analytical techniques include liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and employment of sensors. In addition, we have identified the pros and cons of each technique and have forecast their future developmental trends.

Determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals using flow injection with rhodamine 6G-diperiodatoargentate (III)-chemiluminescence detection

A chemiluminescence (CL) method based on rhodamine 6G (R6G)-diperiodatoargentate (III) (silver (III) complex) reaction in acid solution is reported for the determination of lansoprazole (LNP) combined with flow injection (FI) technique. The most likely mechanism for CL reaction was elucidated considering reported data, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric studies. The weak CL reaction between R6G and silver (III) complex could be magnanimously increased in the presence of LNP with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 mg L^-1 (S/N = 3), the linear range of 0.01-10 mg L^-1 (R² = 0.9997, n = 7), relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.2-3.2% (n = 4) and injection throughput of 140 h^-1 . No interference activity of commonly found excipients in LNP was detected. After LNP extraction from pharmaceutical samples, the recovery rate ranged from 93-110% (RSD, 1.4-3.3%, n = 4) was calculated. The results of proposed flow CL method were assessed with a spectrophotometric approach applying paired Student's t-test and the calculated value (0.178) was lower than the distributed value (2.20) at a 95% confidence limit.

Synchronous LC-MS/MS determination of pantoprazole and amitriptyline in rabbit plasma: application to comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of novel formulated effervescent granules with its marketed tablet dosage form

In the present study the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics properties of pantoprazole (proton pump inhibitor)/amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) in novel formulated effervescent granules was estimated in rabbit plasma using a validated, selective and rapid LC-MS/MS method. Separation and detection of pantoprazole, amitriptyline and internal standards namely omeprazole and dothiepin, respectively, were achieved at ambient column temperature on C₁₈. Acetonitrile: 4mM ammonium acetate solution (comprising 0.05 % formic acid) (40:60, v/v) was used as mobile phase and the flow rate of 0.6 mLmin^-1 was applied. Liquid-liquid extraction technique with diethyl ether: dichloromethane (70:30, v/v) was used to extract the cited drugs from rabbit plasma. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) in the positive ionization mode was carried out for quantification. The method was validated over linear concentration range of 0.01-4μgmL^-1 and 0.001-0.1 μgmL^-1 for Pan and Ami respectively, with regression coefficient (r²) ≥ 0.9961. The intra- and inter-run precisions (%CV) were ≤4.03. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 95.92%-100.24 %. Pan and Ami were stable during three freeze-thaw cycle and post-preparative stability. The work also aimed to formulate immediate release novel effervescent granules by melt granulation technique. Nine formulae were assessed by validated dissolution test for their micrometric properties and dissolution profile. Experimental design was applied to select formula that fulfilled the desired criteria of optimum release of pantoprazole and amitriptyline with optimum micrometric properties for the study. A single period randomized open-label parallel design was applied on Chancellor's rabbit. The selected formula showed superior pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole and amitriptyline than that of marketed products.

Rabeprazole: A comprehensive profile

Rabeprazole belongs to the class of anti-secretory drugs, with benzimidazoles substitution. These drugs induce gastric acid secretion through precise inhibition of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (acid or proton pump). This effect helps to treat and prevent conditions in which gastric acid directly aggravates symptoms such as duodenal and gastric ulcers. This chapter includes a comprehensive review of rabeprazole in terms of nomenclature, its physical-chemical properties, methods of preparation and ADME profiles. In addition, the chapter also includes a review of several methods for analysis of rebeprazole in its dosage forms and biological fluids.

The art of suicidal molecular seduction for targeting drug resistance

The development of drug resistance is one of the most significant challenges of the current century in the pharmaceutical industry. Superinfections, cancer chemoresistance, and resistance observed in many non-infectious diseases are nullifying the efforts and monetary supplies, put in the advent of new drug molecules. Millions of people die because of this drug resistance developed gradually through extensive use of the drugs. Inherently, some drugs are less prone to become ineffective by drug resistance than others. Covalent inhibitors bind to their targets via a biologically permanent bound with their cognate receptor and therefore display more potent inhibiting characteristics. Suicide inhibitors or mechanism-based inhibitors are one of the covalent inhibitors, which require a pre-activation step by their targeting enzyme. This step accrues their selectivity and specificity with respect to other covalent inhibitors. After that pre-activation step, they produce an analogue of the transition state of the catalytic enzyme, which is practically incapable of dissociating from the enzyme. Suicide inhibitors, due to their high intrinsic affinity toward the related enzyme, are resistant to many mechanisms involved in the development of drug resistance and can be regarded as one of the enemies of this scientific hurdle. These inhibitors compete even with monoclonal antibodies in terms of their cost-effectiveness and efficacy.

Lansoprazole Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Flow Injection Coupled with Acidic KMnO4-Quinine Chemiluminescence System

A simple and rapid flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method based on the reaction of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and quinine was established for the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. A linear calibration curve was achieved over the range from 0.01 to 20.0 mg L^-1 LNP (R² = 0.9997 (n = 8); RSD = 1.1 - 3.7% (n = 4)) with a limit of detection of 3.0 × 10^-3 mg L^-1 (S/N = 3) and injection throughput of 150 h^-1. By applying the Student t-test (calculated t-test value: t = 1.059907664, and tabulated t-distributed (95%) = 2.200985) it was found that the proposed method and reported spectrophotometric method were not significantly different. The LNP was efficiently extracted and the recovery of LNP from the spiked pharmaceutical formulations was in the range of 91.0 - 105.9% (%RSD = 1.6 - 3.6, n = 4). No significant interference activity was detected from the excipients commonly found in the drug samples analyzed. The possible chemiluminescence emission mechanism is discussed briefly.