1
|
Ricard-Blum S, Vivès RR, Schaefer L, Götte M, Merline R, Passi A, Heldin P, Magalhães A, Reis CA, Skandalis SS, Karamanos NK, Perez S, Nikitovic D. A biological guide to glycosaminoglycans: current perspectives and pending questions. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38500384 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), except hyaluronan (HA), are sulfated polysaccharides that are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). This article summarizes key biological findings for the most widespread GAGs, namely HA, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), keratan sulfate (KS), and heparan sulfate (HS). It focuses on the major processes that remain to be deciphered to get a comprehensive view of the mechanisms mediating GAG biological functions. They include the regulation of GAG biosynthesis and postsynthetic modifications in heparin (HP) and HS, the composition, heterogeneity, and function of the tetrasaccharide linkage region and its role in disease, the functional characterization of the new PGs recently identified by glycoproteomics, the selectivity of interactions mediated by GAG chains, the display of GAG chains and PGs at the cell surface and their impact on the availability and activity of soluble ligands, and on their move through the glycocalyx layer to reach their receptors, the human GAG profile in health and disease, the roles of GAGs and particular PGs (syndecans, decorin, and biglycan) involved in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, the possible use of GAGs and PGs as disease biomarkers, and the design of inhibitors targeting GAG biosynthetic enzymes and GAG-protein interactions to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon 1, ICBMS, UMR 5246 University Lyon 1 - CNRS, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Rosetta Merline
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saito K, Goda R, Arai K, Asahina K, Kawabata M, Uchiyama H, Andou T, Shimizu H, Takahara K, Kakehi M, Yamauchi S, Nitta SI, Suga T, Fujita H, Ishikawa R, Saito Y. Interlaboratory evaluation of LC-MS-based biomarker assays. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:389-402. [PMID: 38334082 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Validation of biomarker assays is crucial for effective drug development and clinical applications. Interlaboratory reproducibility is vital for reliable comparison and combination of data from different centers. This review summarizes interlaboratory studies of quantitative LC-MS-based biomarker assays using reference standards for calibration curves. The following points are discussed: trends in reports, reference and internal standards, evaluation of analytical validation parameters, study sample analysis and normalization of biomarker assay data. Full evaluation of these parameters in interlaboratory studies is limited, necessitating further research. Some reports suggest methods to address variations in biomarker assay data among laboratories, facilitating organized studies and data combination. Method validation across laboratories is crucial for reducing interlaboratory differences and reflecting target biomarker responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoya Goda
- Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Arai
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rika Ishikawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mucopolysaccharidoses Differential Diagnosis by Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Urine Free Glycosaminoglycans—A Diagnostic Prediction Model. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030532. [PMID: 36979466 PMCID: PMC10046358 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) catabolism may lead to a cluster of rare metabolic and genetic disorders called mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). Each subtype is caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal hydrolases normally degrading GAGs. Affected tissues accumulate undegraded GAGs in cell lysosomes and in the extracellular matrix, thus leading to the MPS complex clinical phenotype. Although each MPS may present with recognizable signs and symptoms, these may often overlap between subtypes, rendering the diagnosis difficult and delayed. Here, we performed an exploratory analysis to develop a model that predicts MPS subtypes based on UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of a urine free GAG profile (or GAGome). We analyzed the GAGome of 78 subjects (38 MPS, 37 healthy and 3 with other MPS symptom-overlapping disorders) using a standardized kit in a central-blinded laboratory. We observed several MPS subtype-specific GAGome changes. We developed a multivariable penalized Lasso logistic regression model that attained 91.2% balanced accuracy to distinguish MPS type II vs. III vs. any other subtype vs. not MPS, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 73.3% to 91.7% and from 98.4% to 100%, depending on the predicted subtype. In conclusion, the urine GAGome was revealed to be useful in accurately discriminating the different MPS subtypes with a single UHPLC-MS/MS run and could serve as a reliable diagnostic test for a more rapid MPS biochemical diagnosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gatto F, Bratulic S, Jonasch E, Limeta A, Maccari F, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Lundstam S, Nielsen J, Stierner U. Plasma and Urine Free Glycosaminoglycans as Monitoring and Predictive Biomarkers in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200361. [PMID: 36848607 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE No liquid biomarkers are approved in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) despite the need to predict and monitor response noninvasively to tailor treatment choices. Urine and plasma free glycosaminoglycan profiles (GAGomes) are promising metabolic biomarkers in mRCC. The objective of this study was to explore if GAGomes could predict and monitor response in mRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled a single-center prospective cohort of patients with mRCC elected for first-line therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02732665) plus three retrospective cohorts (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00715442 and NCT00126594) for external validation. Response was dichotomized as progressive disease (PD) versus non-PD every 8-12 weeks. GAGomes were measured at treatment start, after 6-8 weeks, and every third month in a blinded laboratory. We correlated GAGomes with response and developed scores to classify PD versus non-PD, which were used to predict response at treatment start or after 6-8 weeks. RESULTS Fifty patients with mRCC were prospectively included, and all received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). PD correlated with alterations in 40% of GAGome features. We developed plasma, urine, and combined glycosaminoglycan progression scores that monitored PD at each response evaluation visit with the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93, 0.97, and 0.98, respectively. For internal validation, the scores predicted PD at treatment start with the AUC of 0.66, 0.68, and 0.74 and after 6-8 weeks with the AUC of 0.76, 0.66, and 0.75. For external validation, 70 patients with mRCC were retrospectively included and all received TKI-containing regimens. The plasma score predicted PD at treatment start with the AUC of 0.90 and at 6-8 weeks with the AUC of 0.89. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 58% and 79% at treatment start. Limitations include the exploratory study design. CONCLUSION GAGomes changed in association with mRCC response to TKIs and may provide biologic insights into mRCC mechanisms of response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sinisa Bratulic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center of the University of Texas, Houston, TX
| | - Angelo Limeta
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sven Lundstam
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Stierner
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gatto F, Dabestani S, Bratulic S, Limeta A, Maccari F, Galeotti F, Volpi N, Stierner U, Nielsen J, Lundstam S. Plasma and Urine Free Glycosaminoglycans as Monitoring Biomarkers in Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma—A Prospective Cohort Study. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 42:30-39. [PMID: 35911082 PMCID: PMC9334826 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding authors. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden (F. Gatto). Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden (S. Lundstam).
| | - Saeed Dabestani
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Kristianstad Central Hospital, Region Skane, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Kristianstad Central Hospital, Region Skane, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Sinisa Bratulic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelo Limeta
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ulrika Stierner
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- BioInnovation Institute, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sven Lundstam
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding authors. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden (F. Gatto). Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden (S. Lundstam).
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Analysis of Normal Levels of Free Glycosaminoglycans in Urine and Plasma in Adults. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101575. [PMID: 35007531 PMCID: PMC8888457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and urine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear sulfated polysaccharides that have been proposed as potential noninvasive biomarkers for several diseases. However, owing to the analytical complexity associated with the measurement of GAG concentration and disaccharide composition (the so-called GAGome), a reference study of the normal healthy GAGome is currently missing. Here, we prospectively enrolled 308 healthy adults and analyzed their free GAGomes in urine and plasma using a standardized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method together with comprehensive demographic and blood chemistry biomarker data. Of 25 blood chemistry biomarkers, we mainly observed weak correlations between the free GAGome and creatinine in urine and hemoglobin or erythrocyte counts in plasma. We found a higher free GAGome concentration – but not a more diverse composition - in males. Partitioned by gender, we also established reference intervals for all detectable free GAGome features in urine and plasma. Finally, we carried out a transference analysis in healthy individuals from two distinct geographical sites, including data from the Lifelines Cohort Study, which validated the reference intervals in urine. Our study is the first large-scale determination of normal free GAGomes reference intervals in plasma and urine and represents a critical resource for future physiology and biomarker research.
Collapse
|