Clinical Outcomes of the Resolute Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients With In-Stent Restenosis

Clinical Outcomes of Drug-Eluting versus Bare-Metal In-Stent Restenosis after the Treatment of Drug-Eluting Stent or Drug-Eluting Balloon: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have reduced the rates of in-stent restenosis (ISR) compared with bare-metal stents (BMS), DES related ISR (DES-ISR) still occurs and outcomes of DES-ISR remain unclear. The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with DES-ISR compared with patients with BMS related ISR (BMS-ISR) after the treatment of DES or drug-eluting balloon (DEB). Methods and results. We searched the literature in the main electronic databases including PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The primary endpoints were target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR). The secondary endpoints included all cause death (ACD), cardiac death (CD), myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis or re-in-stent restenosis (ST/RE-ISR), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). A total of 19 studies with 6256 participants were finally included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that the rates of TLR (P < 0.00001), TVR (P < 0.00001), CD (P=0.02), ST/RE-ISR (P < 0.00001), and MACEs (P < 0.00001) were significantly higher in the DES-ISR group than in the BMS-ISR group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the rates of MI (P=0.05) and ACD (P=0.21).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that patients with DES-ISR had worse clinical outcomes at the long-term follow-up than patients with BMS-ISR after the treatment of DES or DEB, suggesting that DES and DEB may be more effective for BMS-ISR than that for DES-ISR. Positive prevention of DES-ISR is indispensable and further studies concentrating on detecting the predictors of outcomes of DES-ISR are required.

Effectiveness and Safety of Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent (Resolute™ Integrity) in Patients with Diffuse Long Coronary Artery Disease

Background and Objectives

Diffuse long coronary artery disease (DLCAD) still has unfavorable clinical outcomes after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Resolute™ zotarolimus-eluting stent (R-ZES; Resolute™ Integrity) for patients with DLCAD.

Methods

From December 2011 to December 2014, 1,011 patients who underwent PCI using R-ZES for CAD with longer than 25 mm lesion were prospectively enrolled from 21 hospitals in Korea. We assessed the clinical outcome of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as the composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and clinically-driven target vessel revascularization at 12 months.

Results

Mean age was 63.8±10.8 years, 701 (69.3%) patients were male, 572 (87.0%) patients had hypertension, 339 (33.8%) patients had diabetes, 549 (54.3%) patients diagnosed with acute MI and 545 (53.9%) patients had multi-vessel disease (MVD). A total of 1,697 stents were implanted into a total of 1,472 lesions. The mean diameter was 3.07±0.38 mm and the length was 28.27±6.97 mm. Multiple overlapping stents were performed in 205 (13.8%) lesions. A 12-month clinical follow-up was available in 1,004 patients (99.3%). The incidences of MACE and definite stent thrombosis at 12-month were 3.0% and 0.3% respectively. On multivariate Cox-regression analysis, multiple overlapping stents implantation, previous congestive heart failure, MVD, and age ≥75 years were independent predictors of one-year MACE.

Conclusions

Our study shows that R-ZES has an excellent 1-year clinical outcome in Korean patients with DLCAD.

Comparison of new-generation drug-eluting stents versus drug-coated balloon for in-stent restenosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

The study sought to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) versus drug-coated balloon (DCB) in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR).

DESIGN

Meta-analysis using data from randomised trial found by searches on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and websites of major cardiovascular congresses.

SETTING

Only randomised trials comparing DES with DCB were included.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with ISR in the included trials.

INTERVENTIONS

New-generation DES versus DCB.

OUTCOMES

The angiographic and clinical outcomes including cardiac death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularisation (TLR), target vessel revascularisation (TVR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis were investigated.

RESULTS

Five trials including 913 patients were eligible and included. Pooled analysis in angiographic results identified that new-generation DES were associated with higher acute luminal gain (-0.31 mm, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.20, P<0.001) and lower per cent diameter stenosis (risk ratio (RR): 0.28, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.55, P=0.04). DES significantly reduced the risk of TLR (RR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.28, P=0.01) compared with DCB; however, there was no statistical differences for MACE (RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.17, P=0.53), myocardial infarction (RR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.48, P=0.69) and cardiac death (RR: 1.80, 95% CI 0.60 to 5.39, P=0.29).

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions with new-generation DES appear to be associated with significant reduction in per cent diameter stenosis and TLR at short-term follow-up, but had similar MACE, myocardial infarction and cardiac death for patients with coronary ISR compared with DCB. Appropriately powered studies with longer term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.

Second-generation drug-eluting stents versus drug-coated balloons for the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The benefit of drug-eluting stents (DES) versus drug-coated balloons (DCB) in coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) for the prevention of target lesion revascularization (TLR), stent thrombosis, and mortality remains uncertain. Our aim was to synthesize the available evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that directly compare second-generation drug-eluting stents (SG-DES) and DCB for the treatment of coronary ISR.

METHODS

Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched for RCTs or observational studies, published up to March 15, 2017. A random effects model meta-analysis investigating clinical and angiographic outcomes was conducted for RCTs and observational studies that compared SG-DES versus DCB for the treatment of ISR.

RESULTS

Ten studies and 2,173 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The two treatment strategies were proven equal with regards to TLR, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and cardiac mortality in both randomized and observational studies. No difference was found among RCTs for all-cause mortality, while in observational studies, patients who were treated with SG-DES had a lower mortality compared to DCB (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.83). In the pooled analysis also (RCTs and observational studies), SG-DES were associated with lower all-cause mortality compared to DCB. Patients treated with SG-DES were also superior in terms of minimal lumen diameter (standardized mean difference: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.12-0.66).

CONCLUSIONS

The two treatment strategies are equal for the treatment of ISR, while the difference in all-cause mortality might be potentially explained by baseline differences in the two groups among real-world studies.

Treatment options for stent restenosis: insights from intracoronary imaging, clinical trials, and registries

Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have markedly reduced the incidence of stent restenosis (SR), the increased number and complexity of percutaneous coronary interventions performed worldwide explain the sustained prevalence of SR. Intracoronary imaging techniques remain essential tools to unravel the underlying mechanical causes potentially leading to SR. Current clinical trial data suggest that DES are the most effective therapy for the management of both bare-metal stents SR and DES-SR. In this setting, however, drug-eluting balloons represent a valid therapeutic alternative with the attractive advantage of not requiring the implantation of an additional metallic layer. In this review, we will discuss trial data on the historical evolution and the evidence supporting currently available therapeutic modalities for patients with bare-metal stents SR or DES-SR.

Percutaneous coronary interventional strategies for treatment of in-stent restenosis: a network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents is the standard of care for treatment of native coronary artery stenoses, but optimum treatment strategies for bare metal stent and drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis (ISR) have not been established. We aimed to compare and rank percutaneous treatment strategies for ISR.

METHODS

We did a network meta-analysis to synthesise both direct and indirect evidence from relevant trials. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase for randomised controlled trials published up to Oct 31, 2014, of different PCI strategies for treatment of any type of coronary ISR. The primary outcome was percent diameter stenosis at angiographic follow-up. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42014014191.

FINDINGS

We deemed 27 trials eligible, including 5923 patients, with follow-up ranging from 6 months to 60 months after the index intervention. Angiographic follow-up was available for 4975 (84%) of 5923 patients 6-12 months after the intervention. PCI with everolimus-eluting stents was the most effective treatment for percent diameter stenosis, with a difference of -9·0% (95% CI -15·8 to -2·2) versus drug-coated balloons (DCB), -9·4% (-17·4 to -1·4) versus sirolimus-eluting stents, -10·2% (-18·4 to -2·0) versus paclitaxel-eluting stents, -19·2% (-28·2 to -10·4) versus vascular brachytherapy, -23·4% (-36·2 to -10·8) versus bare metal stents, -24·2% (-32·2 to -16·4) versus balloon angioplasty, and -31·8% (-44·8 to -18·6) versus rotablation. DCB were ranked as the second most effective treatment, but without significant differences from sirolimus-eluting (-0·2% [95% CI -6·2 to 5·6]) or paclitaxel-eluting (-1·2% [-6·4 to 4·2]) stents.

INTERPRETATION

These findings suggest that two strategies should be considered for treatment of any type of coronary ISR: PCI with everolimus-eluting stents because of the best angiographic and clinical outcomes, and DCB because of its ability to provide favourable results without adding a new stent layer.

FUNDING

None.

The everolimus-eluting Xience stent in small vessel disease: bench, clinical, and pathology view

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of CAD relates to the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries, which are most frequently treated today by percutaneous coronary intervention. Small vessel disease treatment represents one-third of all percutaneous coronary interventions with higher rates of restenosis and major adverse cardiac events. Initially, drug-eluting stents (DES) were developed to reduce in-stent restenosis, improving clinical outcomes and reducing the need for target vessel revascularization. However, late and very late stent thrombosis emerged as a new problem compromising DES’s long-term results. The cobalt–chromium everolimus-eluting stent (CoCr-EES) represents the results of an evolutionary process in DES technology aimed at improving the shortcomings of first-generation DES. Small vessel CAD has historically been an obstacle to long-term patency following implantation of DES. Antirestenotic efficacy has been shown to be of high relevance in small vessels. Therefore, stent selection may play an important role in determining outcomes in this subgroup of patients. This article will review the performance of CoCr-EES in the treatment of small vessel CAD from preclinical, clinical, and pathology perspectives, and it will highlight the most important findings in this regard.

Incidence and classification of neointimal proliferation and in-stent restenosis in post-stenting patients at 1-year interval: findings from non-invasive coronary computed tomography angiography

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the incidence of coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) and neointimal proliferation by coronary CT angiography (CCTA) at 1-year follow-up in asymptomatic patients.

METHODS

234 patients (mean age: 67 ± 10.2 years, range 39-88 years, 180 males and 54 females) with 379 stents were prospectively enrolled in this study. Binary ISR was classified by CCTA into 4 types using Mehran classification. Neointimal proliferation was similarly classified into focal and diffuse types. All patients with CCTA-revealed ISR or neointimal proliferation underwent further invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for validation. Fisher's exact test was used for comparison.

RESULTS

ICA revealed patent stents with neointimal proliferation in 39 patients (16.7%, 39/234) and binary ISR in 23 patients (9.8%, 23/234). Lesion-based analysis showed 12 type I ISR lesions, 4 type II ISR lesions, 1 type III ISR lesion and 7 type IV ISR lesions. Among cases with neointimal proliferation, 27 lesions were classified as focal type whereas 13 lesions were classified as diffuse type. Patients with diabetes mellitus were associated with higher incidence of CCTA-revealed neointimal proliferation (21/77 vs. 18/157, p=0.002) as well as ISR (12/77 vs. 11/157, p=0.038), compared to patients without diabetes. CCTA was found to have good diagnostic performance for neointimal proliferation and ISR detection as well as classification, with an overall accuracy of 84.4% (54/64).

CONCLUSIONS

Silent ISR as well as neointimal proliferation is not uncommon findings in asymptomatic post-stenting patients at 1-year interval, as revealed by CCTA. Patients with diabetes are prone to have higher incidence of neointimal proliferation.

Clinical results with the Resolute zotarolimus-eluting stent in total coronary occlusions

AIMS

We conducted a pooled post hoc analysis (RESOLUTE All Comers and RESOLUTE International) of patients who had the Resolute® zotarolimus-eluting stent (R-ZES) implanted in revascularised total occlusions (TO) compared with patients treated with R-ZES for non-occluded lesions.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Patients were divided into three groups: chronic TO (CTO; n=256), non-chronic TO (n=292), and no occlusion (n=2,941). Clinical and safety outcomes assessed through two years included target lesion failure (TLF: cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularisation) and Academic Research Consortium definite or probable stent thrombosis. The rate of TLF at two years was not significantly different among patients in the CTO (9.1%), TO (9.8%), and no occlusion (10.4%) groups (log-rank p=0.800); neither were the components of TLF. Definite or probable stent thrombosis occurred more frequently in the TO group (2.8% vs. 1.2% in the CTO and 1.1% in the group with no occlusion, p=0.027). There were 10 late and six very late stent thrombosis events.

CONCLUSIONS

Apart from a higher rate of stent thrombosis in patients with TO, patients with totally occluded coronary arteries who receive revascularisation with an R-ZES have clinical outcomes comparable to those who receive a similar stent in non-occluded lesions.

Resolute zotarolimus-eluting coronary stent system for the treatment of coronary artery disease

Drug eluting stents were an important addition to the interventional options available for patients with coronary artery disease, and they effectively reduced the risk of restenosis observed with bare metal stents. However, the drugs and polymers used in the composition of drug eluting stents were found to delay vascular healing and elicit inflammatory responses, which contributed to late and very late stent thrombosis events. Newer generation drug eluting stents have been engineered with polymers that are more biocompatible and have more favorable drug elution profiles. The Resolute(®) zotarolimus eluting stent (R-ZES) is a new-generation drug eluting stent. The Global RESOLUTE clinical program was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the R-ZES. The studies conducted under this program have established that the R-ZES safely and effectively treats coronary artery stenosis, with low rates of target lesion failure, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis during extended follow-up.