Transcatheter Valve Repair for Patients With Mitral Regurgitation: 30-Day Results of the CLASP Study

Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease in Asia Pacific Region

Valvular heart disease poses a significant health burden in the Asia-Pacific region, with its epidemiology varying widely across countries caused by diverse socioeconomic and health care situations. Rheumatic heart disease remains prevalent, especially in low- to middle-income areas, while degenerative valvular diseases are emerging in developed regions caused by an aging population. Significant disparities in access to health care and intervention result in variable clinical outcomes. In the past decade, transcatheter interventions have revolutionized the management of patients with valvular heart disease globally. In the Asia-Pacific region, the uptake and development of transcatheter valvular interventions has been slow until recent years. Continued collaboration across the Asia-Pacific region is essential to mitigate the impact of the upcoming surge of valvular heart disease in this diverse and rapidly changing area.

Prospective Analysis of the Feasibility of the PASCAL System for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair (OneForAll-Registry)

BACKGROUND

Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) is increasingly applied in patients with high surgical risk. We aimed to evaluate whether the PASCAL system can be applied in an all-comers cohort irrespective of the underlying anatomy and whether technical features influence therapeutic success.

METHODS

In this prospective, observational study we enrolled consecutive patients (n = 80) with mitral regurgitation (MR) 3+ and 4+ scheduled for M-TEER. All patients were allocated to be treated with the PASCAL system irrespective of the underlying anatomy. Complexity of mitral valve anatomy was assessed according to the proposed complexity scale and the ESC/EACTS complexity scale. All patients underwent intraprocedural analysis of application of technical features of the PASCAL technology and 1-year follow-up.

RESULTS

M-TEER was successful in 98.8% of the patients. Reduction of MR 3+/4+ to MR≤ 2+ was achieved in 92.5%. Independent leaflet grasping was applied in 60.0% of procedures. The median number of grasping attempts was 4.0 ± 3.1 for the first device. Classification in degenerative, functional, or mixed MR did not correlate with procedure time and grasping attempts. In contrast, the presence of complexity criteria was linked with a longer procedure time (p = 0.002) and required more grasping attempts (p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

M-TEER with the PASCAL technology was possible in 98.8% of consecutive, all-comers patients irrespective of the underlying anatomy. Technical features were applied frequently with increasing application in complex anatomical cases. Classifications taking the anatomical complexity into account rather than the pathophysiological entity of MR seem superior to predict the technical challenges of a M-TEER procedure.

Emergent Cardiac Surgery After Transcatheter Structural Heart Procedures: Narrative Review

Transcatheter structural heart procedures have become standard therapy for elderly patients with high surgical risk. Over time, these procedures have significantly increased worldwide, accompanied by a concomitant reduction of major complications, including those requiring emergent cardiac surgery (ECS). This marked decline in ECS is due to technological advancements, improved patient selection and procedural techniques, and increased institutional and operators expertize. Moreover, most major structural complications after transcatheter structural heart procedures are now managed percutaneously, with only a small proportion requiring ECS. It is important to note that outcomes for patients requiring ECS remain unfavorable, even in the optimal setting. Currently, ECS after percutaneous structural interventions is very rare, less than 0.5%, as reported in multicenter available studies. However, fragmented data exist in the literature on the need of ECS. Indeed, low incidence, different definitions, and lack of recent reports make it difficult to have a precise and up-to-date overview of bailout surgery for treatment of procedural complications. This is the first comprehensive analysis focusing on ECS following the major frequent percutaneous structural procedures, that is, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair/replacement, and left atrial appendage occlusion. More in general, a collaborative approach among Heart Team members, along with thorough procedural planning guided by advanced imaging techniques, is essential for ensuring high-quality interventions thus minimizing the risk of adverse events.

Outcomes and Impact of Device Iterations in Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: The REPAIR Study

BACKGROUND

The PASCAL P10 system for mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair has undergone iterations, including introduction of the narrower Ace implant and the Precision delivery system.

OBJECTIVES

This study sought to evaluate outcomes and the impact of PASCAL mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair device iterations.

METHODS

The REPAIR (REgistry of PAscal for mltral Regurgitation) study is an investigator-initiated, multicenter registry including consecutive patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) treated from 2019 to 2024. Patients were stratified by device iteration: P10only, P10/AceGen1 (introduction of Ace), and P10/AcePrec (introduction of Precision). The primary endpoint was MR ≤1+ at discharge; secondary endpoints included technical success and MR durability (discharge vs 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years).

RESULTS

A total of 2,165 patients (mean age 78 ± 10 years, 44% female, 85% in NYHA functional class ≥III, EuroSCORE II [European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II] 4.9% [Q1-Q3: 3.0% to 8.1%]) were included: 660 P10only, 945 P10/AceGen1, and 560 P10/AcePrec. Median follow-up was 510 days (Q1-Q3: 369-874 days). Primary (47% [n = 1,019 of 2,142]) and secondary (52% [n = 1,123 of 2,142]) MR etiology did not change across device iterations (P = 0.547). Technical success was achieved in 97.0% (n = 2,099 of 2,165) with similar rates across device iterations (P = 0.290). MR ≤1+ was achieved in 72% (n = 1,397 of 2,085), improving with device iterations (P10only: 66% [n = 422 of 638], P10/AceGen1: 73% [n = 661 of 906], P10/AcePrec: 77% [n = 414 of 541]; P < 0.001). MR grades of ≤1+ and ≤2+ slightly worsened at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years, primarily in patients with primary MR, with no differences across iterations.

CONCLUSIONS

Device iterations of the PASCAL system resulted in increasing rates of achieving MR reduction to ≤1+ at discharge, with stable and high technical success rates. A slight deterioration of the initial result warrants further investigation.

Updated Review of Transcatheter Strategies and Intervention for Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a prevalent valvular heart disease with significant morbidity, particularly in aging populations. Management strategies for MR have evolved from traditional open-heart surgery to innovative transcatheter approaches, addressing the limitations of surgical repair in high-risk patients. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair, exemplified by devices such as MitraClip and PASCAL, has shown efficacy in reducing MR severity, improving functional capacity, and decreasing heart failure hospitalizations in selected patients. Advances in annuloplasty and chordal repair offer minimally invasive options with promising early outcomes. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement represents the frontier of MR treatment, addressing anatomical complexities unsuitable for repair, though complications such as left ventricular outflow tract obstruction persist. Emerging data from clinical trials underscore the importance of patient selection and a multidisciplinary heart team approach. In this review, each modality is discussed concerning its indications, procedural techniques, outcomes, and associated challenges. It highlights the transformative potential of transcatheter mitral valve interventions while emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation and research to optimize outcomes and expand therapeutic options for patients with severe MR.

Efficacy and safety of trans-catheter repair devices for mitral regurgitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several repair strategies emerged as possible treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR). A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the different percutaneous mitral valve repair approaches.

METHODS

PubMed and Scopus electronic databases were scanned for eligible studies until December 11th, 2023. Clinical efficacy endpoints were all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, and post-procedural NYHA functional class <3; the echocardiographic efficacy endpoint was a post-intervention residual MR less than moderate. Safety endpoints and procedural outcome measures were also assessed.

RESULTS

Eleven studies were included: 8 [N = 1662 patients, mean follow-up (FUP) 294 days] compared MitraClip® vs Pascal® device, 2 (N = 195 patients) MitraClip® vs Carillon® and 1 study (N = 186 patients) evaluated MitraClip® against Cardioband®. The Pascal®-treated group had lower MR degree compared to the MitraClip®-treated group, without difference in post-intervention mean trans-mitral gradient and in clinical and safety endpoints. A longer procedure time was observed in the Pascal® group, albeit with a lower average number of implanted devices per procedure. The two studies comparing MitraClip® and Carillon® were inconsistent in terms of both efficacy and safety outcomes, while the study evaluating MitraClip® vs Cardioband® showed that the latter might confer a significant clinical benefit, with a similar reduction in MR.

CONCLUSIONS

Pascal® is as safe and clinically effective as MitraClip® in treating patients with MR, with an apparent greater reduction in the magnitude of residual valve insufficiency over the long term. Data on Cardioband® and Carillon® are not robust enough to draw conclusions from the use of such devices.

A decade's summary of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is the most common pathology for the tricuspid valve. Moderate to severe TR is associated with morbidity and adverse outcomes. The concept that TR resolves on its own if the underlying disease is successfully treated has proven to be false. Only a few patients with significant TR are deemed suitable for surgery. Given the late presentation of patients with high perioperative risks and substantial perioperative mortality, the development of transcatheter therapies and the experience gained with transcatheter aortic valve implantation operations have turned attention towards treating this challenging group of patients. In this article, we review the treatment options and highlight the role of transcatheter valve therapies in patients with severe TR.

Early Outcomes of Two Large Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair Devices-A Propensity Score Matched Multicenter Comparison

Background/Objectives: Previous trials reported comparable results with PASCAL and earlier MitraClip generations. Limited comparative data exist for more contemporary MitraClip generations, particularly the large MitraClip XT(R/W). We aimed to evaluate acute and 30-day outcomes in patients undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) with one of the large devices, either PASCAL P10 or MitraClip XT(R/W) (3rd/4th generation). Methods: A total of 309 PASCAL-treated patients were matched by propensity score to 253 MitraClip-treated patients, resulting in 200 adequately balanced pairs. Procedural, clinical, and echocardiographic outcomes were collected for up to 30 days, including subgroup analysis for mitral regurgitation (MR) etiologies. Results: PASCAL and MitraClip patients were comparable regarding age (80 vs. 79 years), sex (female: 45.5% vs. 50.5%), and MR etiology (degenerative MR: n = 94, functional MR [FMR]: n = 96, mixed MR: n = 10 in each group). Technical success rates were comparable (96.5% vs. 96.0%; p > 0.999). At discharge, the mean gradient was higher (3.3 mmHg vs. 3.0 mmHg; p = 0.038), and the residual mitral valve orifice area was smaller in MitraClip patients (3.0 cm2 vs. 2.3 cm2; p < 0.001). At discharge, the reduction to MR ≤ 2+ was comparable (92.4% vs. 87.8%; p = 0.132). However, reduction to MR ≤ 1+ was more frequently observed in PASCAL patients (67.7% vs. 56.6%; p = 0.029), driven by the FMR subgroup (74.0% vs. 60.0%; p = 0.046). No difference was observed in 30-day mortality (p = 0.204) or reduction in NYHA-FC to ≤II (p > 0.999). Conclusions: Both M-TEER devices exhibited high and comparable rates of technical success and MR reduction to ≤2+. PASCAL may be advantageous in achieving MR reduction to ≤1+ in patients with FMR.

Transcatheter Treatment Options for Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Which Device for Which Patients?

Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular disease in the developed world, with approximately 24.2 million people being affected worldwide and a higher prevalence in older age groups. Surgical correction of degenerative mitral regurgitation is the standard of care and can restore cardiac function and provide a lasting result, especially when the mitral valve can be repaired. Secondary mitral regurgitation, or functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), describes atrial or ventricular factors leading to poor coaptation of an otherwise non-diseased valve. For FMR, traditional surgery has not produced the same level of benefit. Transcatheter mitral repair and replacement techniques that mimic surgical correction are under investigation. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair is the only approved catheter-based therapy for FMR in the US. Here, the transcatheter treatment options for FMR are reviewed.

Emerging Transcatheter Therapies for Valvular Heart Disease: Focus on Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Procedures

The emergence of percutaneous treatment options provides novel therapeutic alternatives for older and feeble patients who are at high risk for any surgical procedure. The purpose of our review was to offer an up-to-date analysis of the rapidly expanding field of percutaneous technologies for mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary procedures. Edge-to-edge repair is an established treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation (MR), while transcatheter mitral valve replacement is a potential and expanding option for managing both secondary and primary MR. However, additional advancements are necessary to enhance the safety and feasibility of this procedure. Transcatheter tricuspid intervention is an emerging option that was conceived after the success of transcatheter procedures in aortic and mitral valves, and it is currently still in the early stages of advancement. This can be attributed, at least in part, to the previously overlooked effect of tricuspid regurgitation on patient outcomes. The development of edge-to-edge repair represents the forefront of innovations in transcatheter procedures. There is a scarcity of data about tricuspid annuloplasty and replacement, and further study is necessary. Transcatheter mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary procedures show prospects for the future, while their role in clinical practice has not been definitively established.

Beyond Medical Therapy-An Update on Heart Failure Devices

Heart failure (HF) is a complex and progressive disease marked by substantial morbidity and mortality rates, frequent episodes of decompensation, and a reduced quality of life (QoL), with severe financial burden on healthcare systems. In recent years, several large-scale randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have widely expanded the therapeutic armamentarium, underlining additional benefits and the feasibility of rapid titration regimens. This notwithstanding, mortality is not declining, and hospitalizations are constantly increasing. It is widely acknowledged that even with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) on board, HF patients have a prohibitive residual risk, which highlights the need for innovative treatment options. In this scenario, groundbreaking devices targeting valvular, structural, and autonomic abnormalities have become crucial tools in HF management. This has led to a full-fledged translational boost with several novel devices in development. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an update on both approved and investigated devices.

Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: 1-Year Outcomes From the MiCLASP Study

BACKGROUND

Mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) is a guideline-recommended treatment option for patients with severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR). Outcomes with the PASCAL system in a post-market setting have not been established.

OBJECTIVES

The authors report 30-day and 1-year outcomes from the MiCLASP (Transcatheter Repair of Mitral Regurgitation with Edwards PASCAL Transcatheter Valve Repair System) European post-market clinical follow-up study.

METHODS

Patients with symptomatic, clinically significant MR were prospectively enrolled. The primary safety endpoint was clinical events committee-adjudicated 30-day composite major adverse event rate and the primary effectiveness endpoint was echocardiographic core laboratory-assessed MR severity at discharge compared with baseline. Clinical, echocardiographic, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes were assessed at 1 year.

RESULTS

A total of 544 patients were enrolled (59% functional MR, 30% degenerative MR). The 30-day composite major adverse event rate was 6.8%. MR reduction was significant from baseline to discharge and sustained at 1 year with 98% of patients achieving MR ≤2+ and 82.6% MR ≤1+ (all P < 0.001 vs baseline). One-year Kaplan-Meier estimate for survival was 87.3%, and freedom from heart failure hospitalization was 84.3%. Significant functional and quality-of-life improvements were observed at 1 year, including 71.6% in NYHA functional class I/II, 14.4-point increase in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score, and 24.2-m improvement in 6-minute walk distance (all P < 0.001 vs baseline).

CONCLUSIONS

One-year outcomes of this large cohort from the MiCLASP study demonstrate continued safety and effectiveness of M-TEER with the PASCAL system in a post-market setting. Results demonstrate high survival and freedom from heart failure hospitalization, significant and sustained MR reduction, and improvements in symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Repair versus Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery: An Observational Study

Background: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIC-MVS) has been established as preferred treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR), but mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge valve repair (M-TEER) is routinely performed in patients at high surgical risk and is increasingly performed in intermediate risk patients. Methods: From 2010 to 2021, we performed 723 M-TEER and 123 isolated MIC-MVS procedures. We applied a sensitivity analysis by matching age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), EuroSCORE II and etiology of MR. Results: Baseline characteristics showed significant differences in the overall cohort (p < 0.01): age 78.3 years vs. 61.5 years, EuroSCORE II 5.5% vs. 1.3% and LVEF 48.4% vs. 60.4% in M-TEER vs. MIC-MVS patients. Grade of MR at discharge was moderate/severe in 24.5% (171/697) in M-TEER vs. 6.5% (8/123) in MIC-MVS (p < 0.01). One-year survival was 91.5% (552/723) in M-TEER vs. 97.6% (95/123) in MIC-MVS (p = 0.04). A matching with 49 pairs (n = 98) showed comparable survival during follow-up, but a numerically higher mean mitral valve gradient of 4.1 mmHg (95% CI: 3.6-4.6) vs. 3.4 mmHg (95% CI: 3.0-3.8) in M-TEER (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Patients undergoing M-TEER had lower one-year survival than MIC-MVS, but differences disappeared after matching. Reduction in MR was less effective in M-TEER patients and postprocedural mitral valve gradients were higher.

Outcomes of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for atrial functional mitral regurgitation

BACKGROUND

The prognostic benefits of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) remain unclear in patients with atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR).

AIMS

We aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of TEER for patients with AFMR.

METHODS

We retrospectively classified functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) patients undergoing TEER into those with AFMR or ventricular FMR (VFMR). A residual MR ≤1+ at discharge was considered optimal mitral regurgitation (MR) reduction, and an elevated mean mitral valve pressure gradient (MPG) was defined as an MPG ≥5 mmHg at discharge. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and hospitalisation due to heart failure within one year.

RESULTS

Of 441 FMR patients, 125 patients were considered as having AFMR. Residual MR ≤1+ was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome in both AFMR and VFMR patients, while an MPG ≥5 mmHg was associated with a higher risk of the composite outcome in patients with AFMR but not with VFMR. AFMR patients with residual MR ≤1+ and an MPG ≥5 mmHg, as well as those with residual MR >1+, had a higher incidence of the composite outcome than those with residual MR ≤1+ and an MPG <5 mmHg (50.7%, 41.8%, and 14.3%, respectively; p<0.001). This association was consistent after adjustment for clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS

An MR reduction to ≤1+ following TEER was associated with a lower risk of clinical outcomes in patients with AFMR, while an MPG ≥5 mmHg was related to a higher risk of clinical outcomes. Optimal MR reduction by TEER may have potential benefits on the prognosis of patients with AFMR, although the prognostic benefit may be attenuated by an elevated MPG.

Mitral Valve Intervention in Elderly or High-Risk Patients: A Review of Current Surgical and Interventional Management

Mitral regurgitation is a prevalent valvular disease, and its management has gained increasing importance because of the aging population. Although traditional surgery remains the gold standard, the field of transcatheter therapies, including transcatheter edge-to-edge repair and, more recently transcatheter mitral valve replacement are advancing and are being explored as viable alternatives, particularly for patients at high surgical risk. It is essential to emphasize the necessity of a multidisciplinary team approach, involving specialized valve teams, imaging experts, cardiac anaesthesiologists, and other relevant specialists, is crucial in achieving optimal outcomes. Furthermore, proper execution of procedures, postprocedural care, and diligent follow-up for these patients are essential components for successful results. It is essential to underscore that traditional mitral valve surgery continues to play a significant role. Simultaneously, it is important to acknowledge the expanding array of transcatheter interventions available for this specific patient population.

Severe functional ischaemic mitral regurgitation: is functional a misnomer for a dysfunctional valve? A case report

Background

Mitral regurgitation (MR) in the context of left ventricular systolic dysfunction is often designated as functional, with emphasis on the underlying cardiomyopathy leading to malcoaptation of the 'otherwise normal valve'.

Case summary

A 63-year-old male with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction 20%) presented with intractable heart failure in need of inotropic support and could not be stepped down from an ICU hospital setting. Functional MR, graded as moderate on transthoracic echocardiography, was initially not considered as pertinent to the clinical condition and options discussed included initiation of dialysis for volume management, chronic inotropic support, and palliative measures. However, a re-examination of the mitral valve by transoesophageal echo revealed severe regurgitation from annular dilatation and restricted mobility during systole. Transcatheter edge to edge repair utilizing the PASCAL device resulted in marked reduction of MR followed by an abrupt clinical improvement, weaning off inotropes and discharge home 4 days later. At four-year follow-up, the patient is stable on optimal heart failure therapy.

Discussion

For many patients with heart failure and underlying cardiomyopathy, the presence of significant functional MR, instead of a 'bystander' disease, actually becomes the dominant driver of symptoms and compounds the low cardiac output state. In these patients, the term 'functional' MR becomes a misnomer, as in fact the so called 'otherwise normal' mitral valve is actually a severely dysfunctional valve with a wide malcoaptation zone. Transcatheter edge to edge repair is an effective bailout procedure for patients with low cardiac output and disproportionate severe functional MR.

The effect of a smaller spacer in the PASCAL Ace on residual mitral valve orifice area

BACKGROUND

Mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) is an established treatment for functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) associated with a risk of creating iatrogenic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the impact of the P10 and its larger spacer compared to the narrower Ace and its smaller spacer on reduction of mitral valve orifice area (MVOA) during M-TEER.

METHODS

Consecutive patients undergoing M-TEER for treatment of severe FMR were screened retrospectively. Patients with a single PASCAL device implantation within the central segments of the MV leaflets, non-complex anatomy, and baseline MVOA ≥ 3.5cm2 were selected. Intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography was used to compare MVOA reduction with 3D multiplanar reconstruction and direct planimetry. Device selection did not follow a prespecified MVOA threshold.

RESULTS

Seventy-two patients (81.0 years, IQR {74.3-85.0}) were included. In 32 patients, the P10 was implanted (44.4%). MR severity (p = 0.66), MR reduction (p = 0.73), and body surface area (p = 0.56) were comparable. Baseline MVOA tended to be smaller in P10 patients with the larger spacer (5.0 ± 1.1 vs. 5.4 ± 1.3cm2, p = 0.18), however, residual MVOA was larger in these patients (2.7 ± 0.7 vs. 2.3 ± 0.6cm2, p = 0.03). Accordingly, relative MVOA reduction was significantly less in P10 patients (- 45.9 ± 7.6 vs. - 56.3 ± 7.0%, p < 0.01). Indirect annuloplasty was more pronounced in Ace patients whereas mean transmitral gradients were similar.

CONCLUSION

In FMR patients with non-complex anatomy, the larger spacer of the P10 maintains greater MVOA with similar MR reduction. Hence, the use of the PASCAL Ace device in patients with small MVOAs might correlate with a risk of both clinically relevant orifice reduction and even iatrogenic stenosis.

Outcomes of patients undergoing edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with the Edwards PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system under conscious sedation

BACKGROUND

The development of the PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system for treating mitral regurgitation (MR) greatly extends therapeutic options.

AIMS

To assess the safety, efficacy, and time efficiency of the PASCAL system in transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) under conscious sedation (CS).

METHODS

This is a retrospective, two-center, German registry study consisting of 211 patients who underwent TEER using the PASCAL system under CS. The endpoints were to assess (1) technical, device, and procedural success as per Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (MVARC), (2) conversion rate to general anesthesia (GA), (3) hospital length of stay (LoS), (4) New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, and (5) MR compared to baseline at 30-day.

RESULTS

A total of 211 patients with a mean age of 78.4 ± 8.9 years, with 51.4% being female and 86.7% belonging to NYHA functional class III/IV and EuroSCORE II 6.3 ± 4.9%, were enrolled. Procedural success attained was 96.9%, and six patients (2.8%) required conversion from CS to GA. At 30 days follow-up, a significant improvement in MR was found in 96 patients (54.2%) patients with 0/1 grade MR and 45 patients (29.5%) were in NYHA functional class III + IV. Moreover, TEER under CS has a short hospital LoS (6.71 ± 5.29 days) and intensive care unit LoS (1.34 ± 3.49 days) with a 2.8% mortality rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Performing TEER with the PASCAL system under CS resulted in appreciable (96.9%) procedural success with low mortality and is a safe and promising alternative to GA with positive clinical outcomes.

Pharmacological Considerations during Percutaneous Treatment of Heart Failure

Heart Failure (HF) remains a global health challenge, marked by its widespread prevalence and substantial resource utilization. Although the prognosis has improved in recent decades due to the treatments implemented, it continues to generate high morbidity and mortality in the medium to long term. Interventional cardiology has emerged as a crucial player in HF management, offering a diverse array of percutaneous treatments for both acute and chronic HF. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the role of percutaneous interventions in HF patients, with a primary focus on key features, clinical effectiveness, and safety outcomes. Despite the growing utilization of these interventions, there remain critical gaps in the existing body of evidence. Consequently, the need for high-quality randomized clinical trials and extensive international registries is emphasized to shed light on the specific patient populations and clinical scenarios that stand to benefit most from these innovative devices.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter mitral valve replacement with the Tendyne system

BACKGROUND

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has emerged as alternative to transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) for treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR); however, the role of TMVR with the Tendyne system among established treatments of MR is not well defined. We assessed characteristics and outcomes of patients treated with the Tendyne system in the current clinical practice.

METHODS

We reviewed patients who underwent cardiac computed tomography and were judged eligible for the Tendyne system.

RESULTS

A total of 63 patients were eligible for TMVR with the Tendyne system. Of these, 17 patients underwent TMVR, and 46 were treated by TEER. Patients treated with the Tendyne system were more likely to have a high transmitral pressure gradient and unsuitable mitral valve morphology for TEER than those treated with TEER. TMVR with the Tendyne system reduced the severity of MR to less than 1 + in 94.1% of the patients at discharge and achieved a greater reduction in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume at the 30-day follow-up compared with TEER. In contrast, patients treated with the Tendyne system had a higher 30-day mortality than those treated with TEER, while the mortality between 30 days and one year was comparable between Tendyne and TEER.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients eligible for the Tendyne system, approximately a quarter of the patients underwent TMVR with the Tendyne system, which led substantial reduction of MR and LV reverse remodeling than TEER. In contrast, the 30-day mortality rate was higher after TMVR with the Tendyne compared to TEER.

One-Year Outcomes According to Mitral Regurgitation Etiology Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair With the PASCAL System: Results From a Multicenter Registry

BACKGROUND

We previously reported procedural and 30-day outcomes of a German early multicenter experience with the PASCAL system for severe mitral regurgitation (MR). This study reports 1-year outcomes of mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with the PASCAL system according to MR etiology in a large all-comer cohort.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes up to 1-year were investigated according to MR etiology (degenerative [DMR], functional [FMR], or mixed [MMR]) in the first 282 patients with symptomatic MR 3+/4+ treated with the PASCAL implant at 9 centers in 2019. A total of 282 patients were included (33% DMR, 50% FMR, 17% MMR). At discharge, MR reduction to ≤1+/2+ was achieved in 58%/87% of DMR, in 75%/97% of FMR, and in 78%/98% of patients with MMR (P=0.004). MR reduction to ≤1+/2+ was sustained at 30 days (50%/83% DMR, 67%/97% FMR, 74%/100% MMR) and at 1 year (53%/78% DMR, 75%/97% FMR, 67%/91% MMR) with significant differences between etiologies. DMR patients with residual MR 3+/4+ at 1-year had at least complex valve morphology in 91.7%. Valve-related reintervention was performed in 7.4% DMR, 0.7% FMR, and 0.0% MMR (P=0.010). At 1-year, New York Heart Association Functional Class was significantly improved irrespective of MR etiology (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this large all-comer cohort, mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with the PASCAL system was associated with an acute and sustained MR reduction at 1-year in all causes. However, in patients with DMR, MR reduction was less pronounced, reflecting the high incidence of complex or very complex anatomies being referred for mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.

Heart Failure and Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: A Contemporary Review

Secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) in patients with heart failure (HF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, SMR has received increasing scientific attention. Advances in echocardiography, computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have refined our ability to diagnose, quantify and characterize SMR. Concurrently, the treatment options for this high-risk patient population have continued to evolve. Guideline-directed medical therapies including beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors target the underlying cardiomyopathy, and along with diuretics to treat pulmonary congestion, remain the cornerstone of therapy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy also reduces MR, alleviates symptoms and prolongs life in selected HF patients with SMR. While data supporting surgical mitral valve repair or replacement for SMR are limited, transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has been demonstrated to improve survival, reduce the rate of hospitalization for heart failure, and improve functional capacity and quality-of-life in select patients with SMR who remain symptomatic despite medical therapy. Emerging transcatheter mitral valve repair and replacement technologies are undergoing investigation in TEER-eligible and TEER-ineligible patients. The optimal management of HF patients with SMR requires a multidisciplinary team of cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, imaging experts, and other organ specialists to select the best treatment approaches to improve the prognosis of these high-risk patients.

Short-Term Effects of Different Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Devices on Mitral Valve Geometry

Background Short-term effects on mitral valve (MV) anatomy after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair using the PASCAL system remain unknown. Precise quantification might allow for an advanced analysis of predictors for mean transmitral gradients. Methods and Results Consecutive patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for secondary mitral regurgitation using PASCAL or MitraClip systems were included. Quantification of short-term MV changes throughout the cardiac cycle was performed using peri-interventional 3-dimensional MV images. Predictors for mean transmitral gradients were identified in univariable and multivariable regression analysis. Long-term results were described during 1-year follow-up. A total of 100 patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair using PASCAL (n=50) or MitraClip systems (n=50) were included. Significant reductions of anterior-posterior diameter, annular circumference, and area throughout the cardiac cycle were found in both cohorts (P<0.05 for all). Anatomic MV orifice area remained larger in the PASCAL cohort in mid (2.8±1.0 versus 2.4±0.9 cm2; P=0.049) and late diastole (2.7±1.1 versus 2.2±0.8 cm2; P=0.036) compared with the MitraClip cohort. Besides a device-specific profile of independent predictor of mean transmitral gradients, reduction of middiastolic anatomic MV orifice area was identified as an independent predictor in both the PASCAL (β=-0.410; P=0.001) and MitraClip cohorts (β=-0.318; P=0.028). At follow-up, reduction of mitral regurgitation grade to mild or less was more durable in the PASCAL cohort (90% versus 72%; P=0.035). Conclusions PASCAL and MitraClip showed comparable short-term effects on MV geometry. However, PASCAL might better preserve MV function and demonstrated more durable mitral regurgitation reduction during follow-up. Identification of independent predictors for mean transmitral gradients might potentially help to guide device selection in the future.

Multimodality imaging for patient selection, procedural guidance, and follow-up of transcatheter interventions for structural heart disease: a consensus document of the EACVI Task Force on Interventional Cardiovascular Imaging: part 1: access routes, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and transcatheter mitral valve interventions

Transcatheter therapies for the treatment of structural heart diseases (SHD) have expanded dramatically over the last years, thanks to the developments and improvements of devices and imaging techniques, along with the increasing expertise of operators. Imaging, in particular echocardiography, is pivotal during patient selection, procedural monitoring, and follow-up. The imaging assessment of patients undergoing transcatheter interventions places demands on imagers that differ from those of the routine evaluation of patients with SHD, and there is a need for specific expertise for those working in the cath lab. In the context of the current rapid developments and growing use of SHD therapies, this document intends to update the previous consensus document and address new advancements in interventional imaging for access routes and treatment of patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation, and mitral stenosis and regurgitation.

Novel arm-width-expandable transcatheter edge-to-edge repair system: Preclinical experiment and first-in-human study

BACKGROUND

The ValveClasp system is a novel transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) device with an arm-width-expandable clip that allows treatment of patients with only one clip more frequently.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a novel TEER device in porcine models and patients.

METHODS

Fourteen young adult pigs were enrolled. A clip with an expanded arm was implanted under epicardial echocardiography and fluoroscopy guidance. Five patients with at least moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation underwent TEER using the ValveClasp system to test the safety and effectiveness of the device.

RESULTS

The device success rate was 100% (14/14) in the animal experiments, and all clips were deployed at the A2P2 segments, forming a double-orifice mitral valve. Gross observations on day 180 showed a wide and continuous tissue bridge between the leaflets. The acute procedural success rate was 100% (5/5). Only one clip was required in all patients, and all achieved effective postoperative endpoints (grade ≤2+). During 30-day follow-up, no adverse events occurred. All patients' vena Contracta width (from 8.04 0.71 mm to 3.84 ± 1.18 mm, p = 0.012), mitral regurgitation area (from 12.75 ± 3.13 cm² to 3.50 ± 1.66 cm² , p = 0.008), and left ventricular end diastolic diameter (from 52.00 ± 2.92 mm to 46.00 ± 3.08 mm, p = 0.040) were considerably decreased, without obvious mitral stenosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel arm-width-expandable ValveClasp device is safe for TEER for treating severe mitral regurgitation.

Mitral Regurgitation in Female Patients: Sex Differences and Disparities

Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular disease, particularly in older adults. Recent literature has consistently supported that there are significant differences in mitral regurgitation outcomes between male and female patients and that this is likely multifactorial. Numerous sex differences in anatomy and pathophysiology may play a role in delayed diagnoses, referrals, and treatments for female patients. Despite the recognition of these discrepancies in the literature, many guidelines that steer clinical care do not incorporate these factors into society recommendations. Identifying and validating sex-specific diagnostic parameters and increasing the representation of female patients in trials of new mitral regurgitation treatment modalities are key factors in improving outcomes for female patients.

Insight into tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair: no longer the forgotten valve

INTRODUCTION

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is one of the most prevalent types of valvular heart disease linked to poor prognosis in patients with heart failure and is usually ignored. TR has received considerable attention due to the progressive advancements in transcatheter therapies in recent years.

AREAS COVERED

With relatively solid data and rapid technological advancements, tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (T-TEER) is the most frequently employed in a series of tricuspid transcatheter interventional treatments for TR. However, the efficacy and technical benefits of T-TEER are limited because of the unique anatomical characteristics and pathological mechanisms of the tricuspid valve. The aim of this review is to summarize reported data on current status of T-TEER and to provide an expert opinion regarding the challenges it is now experiencing and future development direction and approach.

EXPERT OPINION

T-TEER is a significant treatment for TR, but its effectiveness and technical promotion are limited due to the tricuspid valve unique anatomical characteristics and pathological mechanisms. The selection criteria for suitable patients, the choice of when to intervene, device innovation, the advancement of ultrasound technology, and the volume of evidence in evidence-based medicine all indicate that the disorder of TR will eventually be better treated and understood.

Secondary Mitral Regurgitation and Heart Failure: Current Advances in Diagnosis and Management

The causes of mitral regurgitation (MR) can be broadly divided into primary and secondary causes. Although primary MR is caused by degenerative alterations of the mitral valve and the mitral valve apparatus, secondary (functional) MR is multifactorial and related to dilation of the left ventricle and/or mitral annulus commonly resulting in concomitant restriction of the leaflets. Therefore, the treatment of secondary MR (SMR) is complex and includes guideline directed heart failure therapy along with surgical and transcatheter approaches that have shown effectiveness in certain subgroups. This review aims to provide insight into current advances in diagnosis and management of SMR.

PASCAL repair system for patients with mitral regurgitation: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) of the mitral valve has emerged as the standard treatment for patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) with high surgical risk. Even though MitraClip is widely used, the novel PASCAL device system offers distinct technical features. We aim to study the safety and efficacy of the PASCAL repair system in clinically significant MR.

METHODS

PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched for articles published from August 2016 until June 2022 to identify studies that investigated the safety and efficacy of PASCAL for patients with degenerative, functional and mixed MR. Primary performance endpoints were technical, device, and procedural successes. Primary safety endpoint was composite 30 day major adverse events (MAE). Secondary endpoints were MR grade at discharge and 30 days, 30 day postprocedural NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), change in 6-min walk distance (6MWD), 30-day and 12-month all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

We included twelve retrospective and prospective observational studies and one randomized controlled study consisting of 1028 patients with severe, symptomatic MR (NYHA III-IV: 84.0%, MR ≥ 3+: 99.7%) and high surgical risk (mean logistic EuroSCORE of 16.4).Technical success was 95.7%, procedural success was 95.2%, and device success was 86.1% relative to the weighted average. MR grade was ≤2+ in 94.7% of patients at discharge and 94.0% patients at 30-day follow-up. Mean 30-day and 12-month mortality after device implantation were 4.54% and 12.2%.

CONCLUSION

The PASCAL repair system appears to be a safe and effective therapeutic option to treat severe, symptomatic MR in high surgical risk patients.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in Patients With Anatomically Complex Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation

BACKGROUND

Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair is safe and effective in treating degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) patients at prohibitive surgical risk, but outcomes in complex mitral valve anatomy patients vary.

OBJECTIVES

The PASCAL IID registry assessed safety, echocardiographic, and clinical outcomes with the PASCAL system in prohibitive risk patients with significant symptomatic DMR and complex mitral valve anatomy.

METHODS

Patients in the prospective, multicenter, single-arm registry had 3+ or 4+ DMR, were at prohibitive surgical risk, presented with complex anatomic features based on the MitraClip instructions for use, and were deemed suitable for the PASCAL system by a central screening committee. Enrolled patients were treated with the PASCAL system. Safety, effectiveness, and functional and quality-of-life outcomes were assessed. Study oversight also included an echocardiographic core laboratory and clinical events committee.

RESULTS

The study enrolled 98 patients (37.2% ≥2 independent significant jets, 15.0% severe bileaflet/multi scallop prolapse, 13.3% mitral valve orifice area <4.0 cm², and 10.6% large flail gap and/or large flail width). The implant success rate was 92.9%. The 30-day composite major adverse event rate was 11.2%. At 6 months, 92.4% patients achieved MR ≤2+ and 56.1% achieved MR ≤1+ (P < 0.001 vs baseline). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival, freedom from major adverse events, and heart failure hospitalization at 6 months were 93.7%, 85.6%, and 92.6%, respectively. Patients experienced significant symptomatic improvement compared with baseline (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The outcomes of the PASCAL IID registry establish the PASCAL system as a useful therapy for prohibitive surgical risk DMR patients with complex mitral valve anatomy. (PASCAL IID Registry within the Edwards PASCAL TrAnScatheter Valve RePair System Pivotal Clinical Trial [CLASP IID] NCT03706833).

Comparison of American and European Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease

This review compares the recommendations of the recent 2020 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) and 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) guidelines on the management of patients with valvular heart disease (VHD). ACC/AHA and ESC/EACTS guidelines are both the updated versions of previous 2017 documents. Both guidelines fundamentally agree on the extended indications of percutaneous valve interventions, the optimal use of imaging modalities other than 2D echocardiography, the importance of a multidisciplinary Heart Team as well as active patient participation in clinical decision making, more widespread use of NOACs and earlier intervention with lower left ventricular dilatation thresholds to decrease long-term mortality. The differences between the guidelines are mainly related to the classification of the severity of valve pathologies and frequency of follow-up, level of recommendations of valve intervention indications in special patient groups such as frail patients and the left ventricular diameter and ejection fraction thresholds for intervention.

Valvular Heart Disease: New Concepts in Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches

This review discusses recent advancements in the field of valvular heart disease. Topics covered include recognition of the impact of atrial fibrillation on development and assessment of valvular disease, strategies for global prevention of rheumatic heart disease, understanding and management of secondary mitral regurgitation, the updated classification of bicuspid aortic valve disease, recognition of heightened cardiovascular risk associated with moderate aortic stenosis, and a growing armamentarium of transcatheter therapies.

Transcatheter edge to edge repair using the ease-of-use valve clamp system for functional mitral regurgitation: a primary report

PURPOSE

The ValveClamp system is a novel edge-to-edge mitral valve repair system designed for the ease of operation. We report the outcomes of our initial experience of treating functional mitral regurgitation (MR) with the ValveClamp system.

METHODS

The subjects of this study were patients with symptomatic functional MR despite standard medical therapy, who were treated with transapical ValveClamp implantation. The patients were divided into an atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) group and a ventricular functional mitral regurgitation (VFMR) group. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were evaluated at baseline and then at the 3-month follow up.

RESULTS

Twelve patients, with a median age of 71 years (range 65-78 years), were assigned to the AFMR group (n = 5) or the VFMR group (n = 7). The device implantation rate was 100%, and 10 (83.3%) patients required implantation of only one clamp. The catheter time was less than 10 min in half of the patients, the fastest time being 5 min. There were no procedure-related complications. At the 3-month follow up, all patients were free from all-cause mortality, surgery, and rehospitalization. MR improved to ≤ 2 + in all 12 patients with MR grade 3 + or 4 + at baseline, (100%) and to ≤ 1 + in 9 of these patients (75%), with a low-pressure gradient. The left atrial diameter and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter decreased significantly in both the AFMR and VFMR groups. The left ventricular eject fraction at the 3-month follow up showed a rising trend in both the AFMR and VFMR groups, whereas PASP decreased remarkably. All 12 patients with baseline NYHA functional class III/IV (100%) showed improvement of at least 1 class, and 2 of these patients (16.7%) showed improvement of at least 2 classes.

CONCLUSIONS

The ValveClamp system is simple and effective for transapical transcatheter edge to edge repair in patients with functional MR.

Iberian experience with PASCAL transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for mitral valve regurgitation

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The PASCAL system is a novel device for transcatheter mitral valve repair based on the edge-to-edge concept. The unique features of this device might have a relevant impact on the repair outcomes. There are few data on clinical outcomes in real-life registries. The aim of this study was to report the early Iberian experience (Spain and Portugal) of the PASCAL system.

METHODS

Procedural and 30-day outcomes were investigated in consecutive patients with symptomatic severe mitral regurgitation (MR) treated with the PASCAL system at 10 centers. Primary efficacy endpoints were technical success and degree of residual MR at discharge. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of major adverse events (MAE) at 30 days.

RESULTS

We included 68 patients (age, 75 [68-81] years; 38% women; EuroSCORE II 4.5%). MR etiology was degenerative in 25%, functional in 65%, and mixed in 10%. A total of 71% of patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class≥III. Technical success was achieved in 96% and independent capture was used in 73% of procedures. In the treated population, MR at discharge was≤2+ in 100%, with no in-hospital deaths. At 30 days, the MAE rate was 5.9%, the all-cause mortality rate was 1.6%, 98% were in NYHA functional class≤II, and 95% had MR≤2+ (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Transcatheter mitral valve repair with the PASCAL system was safe and effective, with high procedural success and low rates of MAE. At 30 days, MR was significantly reduced, with a significant improvement in functional status.

Randomized Comparison of Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation in Prohibitive Surgical Risk Patients

BACKGROUND

Severe symptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) has a poor prognosis in the absence of treatment, and new transcatheter options are emerging.

OBJECTIVES

The CLASP IID (Edwards PASCAL Transcatheter Valve Repair System Pivotal Clinical Trial) randomized trial (NCT03706833) is the first to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the PASCAL system compared with the MitraClip system in patients with significant symptomatic DMR. This report presents the primary safety and effectiveness endpoints for the trial.

METHODS

Patients with 3+ or 4+ DMR at prohibitive surgical risk were assessed by a central screening committee and randomized 2:1 (PASCAL:MitraClip). Study oversight also included an echocardiography core laboratory and a clinical events committee. The primary safety endpoint was the composite major adverse event rate at 30 days. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the proportion of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) ≤2+ at 6 months.

RESULTS

A prespecified interim analysis in 180 patients demonstrated noninferiority of the PASCAL system vs the MitraClip system for the primary safety and effectiveness endpoints of major adverse event rate (3.4% vs 4.8%) and MR ≤2+ (96.5% vs 96.8%), respectively. Functional and quality-of-life outcomes significantly improved in both groups (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with MR ≤1+ was durable in the PASCAL group from discharge to 6 months (PASCAL, 87.2% and 83.7% [P = 0.317 vs discharge]; MitraClip, 88.5% and 71.2% [P = 0.003 vs discharge]).

CONCLUSIONS

The CLASP IID trial demonstrated safety and effectiveness of the PASCAL system and met noninferiority endpoints, expanding transcatheter treatment options for prohibitive surgical risk patients with significant symptomatic DMR.

Early Outcomes of 2 Mitral Valve Transcatheter Leaflet Approximation Devices: A Propensity Score-Matched Multicenter Comparison

BACKGROUND

In addition to the edge-to-edge MitraClip repair system, the edge-to-spacer PASCAL repair system was approved for percutaneous treatment of severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Comparative data are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to compare procedural and short-term safety and efficacy of 2 leaflet-based transcatheter mitral valve repair systems.

METHODS

Procedural and 30-day outcomes were investigated in a propensity score-matched cohort of 307 PASCAL and 307 MitraClip patients at 10 sites. Matching criteria included sex, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association functional class, MR etiology, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left atrial volume index, and vena contracta width. The primary efficacy endpoints were technical success and degree of residual MR at discharge. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of major adverse events (MAE).

RESULTS

Technical success was 97.0% in the PASCAL group and 98.0% in the MitraClip group (P = 0.624). MR ≤2+ at discharge was comparable in both groups (PASCAL: 93.8% vs MitraClip: 92.4%; P = 0.527), with more patients exhibiting MR ≤1+ in the PASCAL group (70.5% vs 56.6%; P < 0.001). The postprocedural mean gradient was significantly higher in the MitraClip group (3.3 ± 1.5 mm Hg vs 3.9 ± 1.7 mm Hg; P < 0.001). At 30 days, all-cause mortality and MAE rates were similar (mortality: 1.7% vs 3.3%; P = 0.299; MAE: 3.9% vs 5.2%; P = 0.562).

CONCLUSIONS

In this first large propensity score-matched comparison, procedural success rates and MAE did not differ significantly between patients treated with the PASCAL or MitraClip valve repair system. Procedural results with less than moderate MR and no elevated transmitral gradient were more common in the PASCAL group, which might have an impact on long-term outcome.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Acute Mitral Regurgitation With Cardiogenic Shock Secondary to Mechanical Complication

INTRODUCTION

Acute MR due to mechanical mitral valve (MV) complications frequently results in cardiogenic shock and requires emergency surgical intervention. There was limited evidence for alternative treatment like MitraClip for patients at prohibitive surgical risk. We aimed to study the technical features and outcomes of emergency transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) using the MitraClip system for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) secondary to acute mitral regurgitation (MR) and mechanical MV complication.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We performed institutional review and systemic literature review to identify all TEER for CS patients due to acute mitral regurgitation and mechanical MV complication. Clinical endpoints included device success rate assessed at the end of procedure, ability to wean off MCS, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality at 30-day.

RESULTS

Eight patients were identified from institutional review. Detail anatomical analysis found that patients with mechanical MV complications related to myocardial infarction had a lower transseptal height achieved during MitraClip (3.6 ± 0.1 cm vs 4.3 ± 0.3 cm, p = 0.03) than those not related. Pooled analysis for cases from institutional review (n = 8) and systemic literature review (n = 16) was performed. The device success rate was 68.8 %. Seventy-five percent (n = 18) cases required mechanical circulatory support (MCS), and 94.4 % were able to wean off MCS. At 30-day, the cardiovascular mortality was 4.5 % and the all-cause mortality was 9.1 %.

CONCLUSIONS

In CS patients due to acute MR and mechanical MV complications, TEER with/without MCS was feasible with a reasonable device success rate.

Exercise MR-proANP unmasks latent right heart failure in CTEPH

OBJECTIVE

The present study was designed to investigate the dynamics of right atrial pressure (RAP) and mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) during physical exercise in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and to determine whether these parameters might serve as a tool to measure exercise-dependent atrial stress as an indicator of right heart failure.

METHODS

This prospective observational cohort study included 100 CTEPH patients who underwent right heart catheterization during physical exercise (eRHC). Blood samples for MR-proANP measurement were taken prior, during, and after eRHC. MR-proANP levels were correlated to RAP levels at rest, at peak exercise (eRAP), and during recovery. RAP at rest ≤7 mmHg was defined as normal and eRAP >15 mmHg as suggestive of right heart failure.

RESULTS

During eRHC mean RAP increased from 6 mmHg (standard deviation, SD 4) to 16 mmHg (SD 7; p < 0.001). MR-proANP levels and dynamics correlated with RAP at rest (r_s = 0.61; p < 0.001) and at peak exercise (r_s = 0.66; p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed the peak MR-proANP level (B = 0.058; p = 0.004) and the right atrial area (B = 0.389; p < 0.001) to be associated with eRAP dynamics. A peak MR-proANP level ≥139 pmol/L (AUC = 0.81) and recovery level ≥159 pmol/L (AUC = 0.82) predicted an eRAP >15 mmHg. Physical exercise unmasked right heart failure in 39% of patients with normal RAP at rest; these patients were also characterized by a more distinct increase in MR-proANP levels (p = 0.005) and higher peak (p < 0.001) and recovery levels (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

RAP and MR-proANP dynamics unmask manifest and latent right heart failure in CTEPH patients.

Mitral Regurgitation in the High-Risk Patient: Integrating an Expanding Armamentarium of Transcatheter Devices Into the Treatment Algorithm

Over the last decade, multiple transcatheter mitral valve repair and replacement strategies have emerged, yet there is only 1 US Food and Drug Administration approved device, the MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Current guidelines support the use of the MitraClip in high or prohibitive surgical risk patients, but there are many patients that are not anatomically suited for the device. This review article discusses the approach to degenerative and functional mitral regurgitation in the high-prohibitive risk patient, how to choose transcatheter treatment options (both approved and investigational), and potential management for therapy failure.

Percutaneous mitral valve repair in patients developing severe mitral regurgitation early after an acute myocardial infarction: A review

Acute mitral regurgitation (MR) may develop in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) because of papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture. Severe acute MR in this scenario is a life-threatening complication associated with hemodynamic instability and pulmonary edema, and has been linked to a worse prognosis even after reperfusion. Patients treated solely with medical therapy have the highest mortality rates. Surgery has been the only treatment strategy until recently, but the results of the technique are hindered by high rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the development of less invasive interventions for correcting MR would be ideal. We aimed to review the current role of transcatheter interventions in this clinical setting.

Sekundäre AV-Klappeninsuffizienzen – Stellenwert der interventionellen Therapie

Sekundäre Mitral- und Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienzen treten häufig im Kontext des Herzinsuffizienz-Syndroms auf durch geometrische oder funktionelle Veränderungen der Herzkammern und/oder -vorhöfe trotz strukturell intakter Klappe. Durch Volumenbelastung der Ventrikel können diese entscheidend zur Symptomatik und Progression der Herzinsuffizienz beitragen und sind dadurch von erheblicher prognostischer Bedeutung. Aufgrund des hohen OP-Risikos waren die Therapieoptionen traditionell oft auf eine Behandlung der Herzinsuffizienz beschränkt. Die Entwicklung von kathetergestützten Techniken ermöglicht die Behandlung der sekundären AV-Klappeninsuffizienz mit akzeptablem Risiko und ist aufgrund aktueller Studienergebnisse ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Herzinsuffizienz-Therapie. Im Folgenden geben wir einen Überblick über interventionelle Strategien zur Behandlung der sekundären AV-Klappeninsuffizienzen und deren aktuellen Stellenwert in der klinischen Praxis.

One-Year Outcomes of Early, Compassionate Use of the PASCAL Ace Implant System for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair

Background

Continued development of transcatheter mitral repair technologies is needed to address the large and diverse population of high-risk patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR). The new PASCAL Ace implant system, with its narrower profile, complements the original PASCAL transcatheter valve repair system. The aim of this study is to report 1-year outcomes from the early, compassionate-use observational experience with the novel PASCAL Ace implant system.

Methods

After heart team assessment, adults with symptomatic moderate-to-severe (3+) or severe (4+) MR despite optimal medical therapy were treated under compassionate use at 3 hospitals internationally. Data were prospectively collected, and outcomes were assessed over a 12-month follow-up period.

Results

Seventeen patients (mean age 76 years, 65% male, mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Operative Mortality score 9.6) were treated. MR etiology was degenerative in 29%, functional in 65%, and mixed in 6%; 59% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV. Technical success was achieved in 100%, and procedural success in 94%. At 1 year, MR grade ≤2+ was achieved in 93% (p < 0.001) with 88% survival rate and 94% free from heart failure hospitalization. The composite major adverse event rate was 6% and 100% of patients had ≤NYHA class II symptoms (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

At 1 year, the PASCAL Ace implant system demonstrated feasibility in this early, compassionate use experience in a small group of symptomatic patients with anatomically complex MR. The unique features of the PASCAL Ace implant may expand the treatable MR population.

Epidemiological Trends in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair over the Last Decade: Functional vs. Structural Mitral Regurgitation

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of patients who underwent percutaneous mitral valve (MV) repair over the last decade, as well as to determine the potential changes in trends of these parameters among patients with structural and functional MR (SMR and FMR).

METHODOLOGY

We analyzed all patients who underwent interventional MV repair in our institution between January 2010 and March 2021. Our study included both SMR and FMR patients. All data were obtained from a local registry.

RESULTS

Nine hundred and seventeen patients (357 SMR patients and 563 FMR patients) were involved in this study. We did not find significant differences in demographical, clinical and hemodynamic characteristics among SMR and FMR patients. Left ventricular remodeling and systolic dysfunction were more pronounced in FMR patients. Systemic vascular resistance was the only hemodynamic parameter that differed between SMR and FMR patients; it was higher in SMR group. An evaluation of the trend between the first and last five years of our experience revealed that the number of patients treated with this technique is constantly increasing, but that this is more pronounced in SMR patients. It was also found that the operative risk of SMR and FMR patients was significantly higher in the first five years. Additionally, our results showed change in medical therapy in MR patients over the last decade in terms of increased use of angiotensin II receptor blockers and the introduction of angiotensin receptor II blocker-neprilysin inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

SMR and FMR patients who underwent interventional MV repair have similar clinical and hemodynamic characteristics. The percentage of SMR patients increased more significantly than FMR patients over the last five years.